Name: in vitro and in vivo assessment of t, b and myeloid cells suppressive activity and humoral responses from transplant recipients
Uploaded: 2017-08-12T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 18 min 48 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients at JoVE.com

この作品は、ANR (ANR-11-LABX-0016-01)、IHU セスタス プロジェクトも、資金を管理する"Investissements d'Avenir"フランス政府プログラムの一部である Labex 囲碁プロジェクト (n ° ANR-11-LABX-0016-01) のコンテキストで実現した、"Investissements d'Avenir「フランス政府プログラム、管理によって、フランス国立研究機関 (ANR) (ANR-10-IBHU-005)。IHU セスタス プロジェクトはナントとペイ ・ ド ・ ラ ・ ロワール地方でもサポートされます。

著者は、彼らは競合する金銭的な利益があることを宣言します。

新しく移植の受信者へ合計脾細胞の養子送金する誘導または治療による細胞の存在を検出する効率的な方法です。ホスト照射誘起過渡のリンパ球減少は、転送後の細胞生存率と許容範囲の確立を推進しています。また、亜致死照射は免疫寛容免疫再構築、感染耐性34と呼ばれる現象の中に新しい細胞に変換するプロパティを持つセルの時間を残します。通常、よく説明 CD4<sup...

ラット心臓移植寛容誘導とメンテナンスのメカニズムを解読するためのトレランス誘導治療を評価するために信頼性の高い臓器移植モデルで、機能的有能で支配的な細胞を誘発する可能性があります。以下のプロトコルは、ルイス 1 a 受信者ラット (LEW.1A、RT1、) に、完全に不一致異所性心臓移植ルイス 1 w ドナー ラット (LEW.1W、RT1u) をについて説明します。この台木に急性拒絶反応は急速に (約 7 日間) で発生して簡単に測定、腹部の触診を破って移植によって評価されることができます。ここでラットの心臓移植への耐性を誘導するために 3 つのプロトコルを提案する.これらのモデルで耐性誘導や各種規制のセルによって維持されます。最初に、CD40Ig をエンコード アデノ ウイルスと CD40 CD40L の相互作用のブロック (AdCD40Ig) による CD8 の世代二次グラフト受信者1に転送+ Treg ときに対して耐性を誘導することができます。さらに、による cd8 陽性+細胞 (抗 CD8α 抗体) に生成 AdCD40Ig 扱われる受信者 Bregs と RegMCs の2。CD8 の深い分析+ Treg プロパティは、インターロイキン-34 (IL-34)、Fibroleukin 2 (FGL-2)3,4,5,6 として定義されているいくつかの免疫調節分子の重要な役割を強調表示.(AAV ベクター) と IL-34 の過剰発現は、RegMCs の世代を通じて自己寛容を誘導に対し FGL 2 の過剰発現は細胞の複雑なネットワークを基になる Bregs を誘発しました。
慢性拒絶反応はゆっくり開発し、長期、慢性拒絶反応に対する許容範囲を区別するために詳細な分析が必要です。移植は通常細胞浸潤の評価 immunohistology7による血管壁と補完 C4d 沈着の肥厚、線維化。組織学方法、動物の犠牲を必要とするまたは生検を移植、ここで忍容性同種のさまざまな機能を評価する簡単な方法を説明: 出現および細胞と血液から抗ドナー抗体応答の機能フローサイトメトリーによるサンプル (ここでは、我々 は蛍光活性化セル (FACS) を並べ替えを使用)。
公差、同種移植を治療の逮捕後のメンテナンスは8細胞の誘導と一般に関連付けられました。最後の十年の研究は、CD4 に焦点を当てた+Treg 満場一致で特徴と+キー マーカー Foxp3 によってそれら、CD25高CD127-9,10,11。同様に、いくつかのマーカーは、CD8 に帰因した+ Treg CD122 よう+、CD28-、CD45RC低、PD1+とヘリオス+1、12,13,14,15,16,17. 年、GITR、CTLA4、およびサイトカインの発現 (IL-10、TGFβ、イリノイ州 34、IL 35、FGL-2) Treg プロファイル3,4,6,13にさらに関連付けられました。 18,19,20,21。Bregs、RegMCs、NKTregs などの新たな規制のセル人口は、関連性の高い特定のマーカーを欠けています。確かに、Bregs は大抵未熟な CD24 として報告されますあいまいな CD27 の発現と時々 IL-10、TGFβ、またはグランザイム B22,23,24の生産、+の細胞します。骨髄性細胞系列の複雑さには、CD14、CD16、CD80、CD86、CD40、CD209a、または CD163 の25,26などの規制や炎症性のプロファイルを定義するいくつかのマーカーの組み合わせが必要です。最後に、いくつかのマーカーは、CD11b など NKTregs を識別するために報告されている+CD27+表現型を記述するために27,28,29 TGFβ+、しかしより多くの研究が必要 ,30,31,32。したがって、抑制活性の証拠はさらに新しいバイオ マーカーの同定については表現型を正当化するために必要な新しい免疫メディエーターと新しい細胞療法に範囲を拡張します。
細胞の抑制活性を評価する 2 つの補完的な手法を提案する.まず、体外法ドナー抗原提示細胞 (APCs) 異なる比率で 6 日間で刺激したラベル付きエフェクター T 細胞の抑制細胞を培養で構成され、分析、エフェクター T 細胞の増殖をドナー監督免疫抑制を反映しています。投与したラットからの細胞は素朴なラットおよび非投与移植ラット抑制活性のため (またはその他の規制のセル人口) から抑制: エフェクターの比率の範囲内のセルに直接比較できます。また、このメソッドは、すべての移植を必要としない、6 日以内に結果が得られます。第二に、体内のメソッドは、目的の細胞を投与群のラットから新しく照射移植の受信者に転送するで構成されます。B 細胞、骨髄細胞、T 細胞から世間知らずの非投与ラット、養子の転送時にグラフト生存を延長する、急性拒絶反応を抑制することができる通常、扱われる受信者から増強作用抑制活性を持つ細胞があるこれらの属性1,2,3,4,33。受信者の照射によるリンパ球減少症に対して転送細胞血液の恒常性によって影響を受けませんし、抗ドナー免疫反応をより簡単にマスターできるように推奨します。両方の方法は、同種造血幹細胞の in vitro利用第三者 Apc または生体内で養子伝達抑制のためサードパーティ心移植の受信者に細胞は抗ドナー特異性の解析を許可します。体内法表現悪い細胞のかなりの数を必要とするのに対し、細胞の亜集団は抑制活性の in vitro33より簡単に評価できます。
体液性応答は、寛容の状態、ドナー抗原に対する抗体の監督のコントロールを評価するためにも測定できます。確かに、寛容は、ドナーに対する体液性応答の不在が、受信者が新しい抗原に対する体液性応答を開発するための能力の保全と記憶応答の保全によって特徴付けられます。まず、alloantibody 検出の原理は、移植の受信者から次のドナー細胞血清型のインキュベーション受信者抗体によるドナー細胞の認識に基づいています。外因性の抗原に対する 2 番目、体液性応答は、長期許容受信者鍵穴カサガイ ヘモシアニン (KLH) が乳化フロイント完全アジュバントの評価次刺激をすることができます。抗原に対する特異 IgM および IgG 抗体の存在を検出できます 4 と 13 日、それぞれ、免疫、酵素リンク免疫測定法 (ELISA)34以下。第三に、移植と赤血球染色受信者血清日収集 +8 と移植 +17 日-7 と +3 で異種の赤い血球 (赤血球) の注射による免疫学的記憶の保存を評価できます。これらすべてのメソッドは、免疫グロブリンのサブタイプの同定、特定の二次抗体と FACS の汚損によって未満 1.5 h で結果の迅速な収集や elisa 法によるいくつかの時間を使用しています。
最後に、これらのプロトコルは移植モデルのために設計されて、ある程度、自己免疫疾患モデルに適用することができます。法の原則は、すべての種に置き換えることができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;animals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LEW.1W and LEW.1A rats</td><td>Janvier Labs, France</td><td></td><td>8 weeks old,&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>BN third party donor rats</td><td>Janvier Labs, France</td><td></td><td>8 weeks old,&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;catalogue number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AdCD40Ig</td><td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td><td></td><td>home made plasmids</td></tr><tr><td>IL34-AAV</td><td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td><td></td><td>home made plasmids</td></tr><tr><td>FGL2-AAV</td><td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td><td></td><td>home made plasmids</td></tr><tr><td>anti-TCRab</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>R7/3 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD25</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>OX39 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD8</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>OX8 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD45RA</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>OX33 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD161</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>3.2.3 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD11b/c</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>OX42 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-TCRgd</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>V65 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD45RC</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>OX22 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD4</td><td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td><td>OX35 clone</td><td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD45R</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td>#554881, His24 clone</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-rat IgG-FITC</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, INC, Baltimore, USA</td><td>#112-096-071</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-rat IgG1</td><td>Serotec</td><td>#MCA 194</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-rat IgG2a</td><td>Serotec</td><td>#MCA 278</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-rat IgG2b</td><td>Serotec</td><td>#MCA 195</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-rat IgM-FITC</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, INC, Baltimore, USA</td><td>#115-095-164</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>streptavidin HRP</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td>#554066</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KLH</td><td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td><td>#9013-72-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS 1X</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td></td><td>Phosphate Buffer Solution without calcium and magnesium,&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td><td>#9005-64-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TMB substrate reagent kit</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td>#555214</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CellTrace&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; CFSE cell proliferation kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#C34554</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 medium 1X</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#31870-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>penicilline streptomycine</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hepes Buffer</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#15630-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>non essential amino acids</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#11140-035</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium pyruvate</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#11360-039</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 beta mercaptoethanol</td><td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td><td>#M3148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Proliferation Dye eFluor&amp;reg; 450 Cell</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#65-0842-85</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutamine</td><td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td><td>#G3126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>#D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase D</td><td>Roche Diagnostics, Germany</td><td>#11088882001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td><td>#E5134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl 0.9%</td><td>Fresenius Kabi</td><td>#B230561</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic dynabeads</td><td>Dynal, Invitrogen</td><td>#11033</td><td>Goat anti-mouse IgG</td></tr><tr><td>One Comp eBeads</td><td>Ebiosciences, San Diego, USA</td><td>#01-1111-42</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Betadine</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Naplbuphine</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Terramycine</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Meloxicam</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rompun</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ringer lactate</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Red blood cell lysis solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Dilute 8,29g NH4Cl (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA A-9434), 1g KHCO3 (Prolabo 26 733.292) and 37.2mg EDTA (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA E5134) in 800ml H2O. Adjust pH to 7.2-7.4 and complete to 1L with H2O.</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase D</td><td></td><td></td><td>Dilute 1g collagenase in 500 ml RPMI-1640 + 5 ml Hepes + 2% FCS</td></tr><tr><td>PBS-FCS (2%)-EDTA (0.5%)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Add 5 mL EDTA 0,1M (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA E5134) and 20ml FCS to 1ml PBS 1X</td></tr><tr><td>CFSE (Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer Kit Invitrogen)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Dilute 50&amp;micro;g (=1 vial) of CFDA SE (component A) in 90&amp;mu;l DMSO (component B) solution to obtain a 10mM stock solution. Then, dilute stock solution at 1/20 000 in PBS 1X to obtain a 0.5&amp;mu;M solution</td></tr><tr><td>complete medium for coculture</td><td></td><td></td><td>500ml complete RPMI-1640 medium with 5 ml Penicillin (80 unit/ml)-Steptomycin (80 mg/ml), 5 ml L-Glutamine, 5 ml Non Essential Amino Acids (100X), 5ml Pyruvate Sodium (100mM), 5 ml HEPES buffer (1M), 2.5 ml b mercaptomethanol (7 ml of 2-bmercaptoethanol stock diluted in 10 ml RPMI), 10% FCS</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;catalog number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;equipments&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>falcon 50ml</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td>#227261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>falcon 15ml</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td>#188271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sieve</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning plastic culture dishes</td><td>VWR, Pessac</td><td>#391-0439</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100&amp;micro;m and 60&amp;micro;m tissue filters</td><td>Sefar NITEX, Heiden, Switzerland</td><td>#03-100/44 and #03-60/35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96 wells U bottom plates for coculture</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Falcon U-bottom Tissue Culture plate, sterile, Corning</td><td>#353077</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96 wells V bottom plates for FACS staining</td><td>ThermoScientifique, Danemark</td><td>#249570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96 wells flat bottom ELISA plates</td><td>Nunc Maxisorb</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>seringue for spleen crush</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td>#309649</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ELISA reader</td><td>SPARK 10M, Tecan, Switzerland</td><td>SPARK 10M, Tecan, Switzerland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>centrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bain marie&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X rays irradiator</td><td>Lincolshire, England</td><td>Faxitron CP160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>solar agitator</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS Canto II</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS Aria II</td><td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>magnet</td><td>Thermo Fisher&amp;nbsp;Scientific Inc, USA</td><td>12302D</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in vitro and in vivo assessment of t, b and myeloid cells suppressive activity and humoral responses from transplant recipients

移植の主な関心事は、細胞の誘導を介して特定のトレランスを達成するためにです。トレランスのメカニズムの理解には、信頼性の高いモデルが必要です。ここでは、共刺激が引き起こす信号の封鎖すること遺伝子導入による免疫制御分子の発現によって誘導されるラットの心臓移植への耐性のモデルについて述べる。これらの各モデルは、制御性 T 細胞 (Treg)、B 細胞 (Bregs) や骨髄性細胞 (RegMCs) など細胞の生体内で生成できます。本稿で述べる特定し、寛容誘導と保守.に彼らの責任を決定するための in vitroとin vivoの規制細胞活性の定義に使用されている 2 つの相補的なプロトコルまず、体外抑制アッセイは用量依存的にエフェクター免疫応答の抑制能力を持つ細胞の迅速な同定を可能し、サイトカイン測定や細胞毒性などさらに分析に使用することができます。第二に、新しく照射接木された受信者に寛容な扱われた受信者からセルの養子転送監督移植免疫反応を制御するおよび/または新しい細胞 (の変換でこれらの細胞性免疫寛容を強調表示呼ばれる感染性トレランス)。これらのメソッドは、表現型の既知のマーカーとセルに制限されておらず、任意のセル人口を拡張することができます。さらに、ドナー監督 allospecificity 細胞 (フィールドで重要な目標) の第三者によるドナーの細胞を使用して評価することができますまたは体外か体内に移植します。最後に、これらの細胞の特定の免疫寛容の容量を調べるには、体液性抗ドナー抗体と受信者の新しいまたは元の知られている抗原に対する体液性応答を開発する能力を評価するためのプロトコルを提供します。説明耐性のモデルはさらに新しいバイオ マーカーと免疫制御分子を識別するために細胞を特徴付けるために使用ことができます、他の移植モデルまたは齧歯動物または人間の自己免疫疾患に適応。

(図 2)、同時に Apc (図 1)、細胞および Treg の並べ替えに続く抑制の活動の評価、または個別に (図 4)、他の推定上規制セル (図 3) ができ完了生体内で直接注入する細胞と体外CFSE 明るさ (図 5) の測定によって。ドナー (図 6)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients at JoVE.com

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

ここでは、受信者からの明瞭な細胞のサブセットの抑制能力と受信者ドナーまたは外因性の抗原への免疫の状態、移植、耐性を誘導し、 in vitroとin vivo評価プロトコルを提案します。

体外と体内の T, B, 骨髄細胞の抑制活性と移植から体液性応答の評価

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

in-vitro-vivo-assessment-t-b-myeloid-cells-suppressive-activity

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

14.1K ビュー.  INSERM, Université de Nantes. ここでは、受信者からの明瞭な細胞のサブセットの抑制能力と受信者ドナーまたは外因性の抗原への免疫の状態、移植、耐性を誘導し、 in vitroとin vivo評価プロトコルを提案します。

ビデオ: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response following an infection. Despite efforts to identify unique surface marker on Tregs, the only unique feature is their ability to suppress the proliferation and function of effector T cells. While it is clear that only in vitro assays can be used in assessing human Treg function, this becomes problematic when assessing the results from cross-sectional studies where healthy cells and cells isolated from subjects with autoimmune diseases (like Type 1 Diabetes-T1D) need to be compared. There is a great variability among laboratories in the number and type of responder T cells, nature and strength of stimulation, Treg:responder ratios and the number and type of antigen-presenting cells (APC) used in human in vitro suppression assays. This variability makes comparison between studies measuring Treg function difficult. The Treg field needs a standardized suppression assay that will work well with both healthy subjects and those with autoimmune diseases. We have developed an in vitro suppression assay that shows very little intra-assay variability in the stimulation of T cells isolated from healthy volunteers compared to subjects with underlying autoimmune destruction of pancreatic &beta;-cells. The main goal of this piece is to describe an in vitro human suppression assay that allows comparison between different subject groups. Additionally, this assay has the potential to delineate a small loss in nTreg function and anticipate further loss in the future, thus identifying subjects who could benefit from preventive immunomodulatory therapy1. Below, we provide thorough description of the steps involved in this procedure. We hope to contribute to the standardization of the in vitro suppression assay used to measure Treg function. In addition, we offer this assay as a tool to recognize an early state of immune imbalance and a potential functional biomarker for T1D.

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Tregs are potent suppressors of the immune system. There is a lack of unique surface markers to define them, hence, definitions of Tregs are primarily functional. Here we describe an optimized in vitro assay capable of identifying immune imbalance in subjects at risk to develop T1D.

ヒトのインビトロ</em免疫バランスの初期状態の認識のためのスクリーニングツールとして>抑制

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response ...

免疫・感染学

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological deficiencies. GVHD is caused by mature alloreactive T cells present in the bone marrow graft that are infused into the recipient and cause damage to host organs. However, in mice, T cells must be added to the bone marrow inoculum to cause GVHD. Although extensive work has been done to characterize T cell responses post transplant, bioluminescent imaging technology is a non-invasive method to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo. 
Following lethal irradiation, recipient mice are transplanted with bone marrow cells and splenocytes from donor mice. T cell subsets from L2G85.B6 (transgenic mice that constitutively express luciferase) are included in the transplant. By only transplanting certain T cell subsets, one is able to track specific T cell subsets in vivo, and based on their location, develop hypotheses regarding the role of specific T cell subsets in promoting GVHD at various time points. At predetermined intervals post transplant, recipient mice are imaged using a Xenogen IVIS CCD camera. Light intensity can be quantified using Living Image software to generate a pseudo-color image based on photon intensity (red = high intensity, violet = low intensity). 
Between 4-7 days post transplant, recipient mice begin to show clinical signs of GVHD. Cooke et al.1 developed a scoring system to quantitate disease progression based on the recipient mice fur texture, skin integrity, activity, weight loss, and posture. Mice are scored daily, and euthanized when they become moribund. Recipient mice generally become moribund 20-30 days post transplant. 
Murine models are valuable tools for studying the immunology of GVHD. Selectively transplanting particular T cell subsets allows for careful identification of the roles each subset plays. Non-invasively tracking T cell responses in vivo adds another layer of value to murine GVHD models.

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation is a widely used technique to study immunological mechanisms governing graft-versus-host disease in humans. The ability to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo allows for detailed analysis of the development and perpetuation of T cell responses during graft-versus-host disease.

移植片対宿主病の誘導および<emインビボで&gt;</emMHCマッチしたマウスモデルを使用する&gt; T細胞のモニタリング

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

初代ヒトナイーブおよびメモリーT細胞から誘導した調節性T細胞の生成

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Potentiation of the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells in tumors, along with their efficient tumor infiltration, is a key element of successful immunotherapies. Several studies have indicated that tumor infiltrating myeloid cells (e.g., myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)) suppress cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, and that targeting these regulatory myeloid cells can improve immunotherapies. Here, we present an in vitro assay system to evaluate immune suppressive effects of monocytic-MDSCs and TAMs on the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells. To this end, we first cultured na&#239;ve splenic CD8+ T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 activating antibodies in the presence or absence of suppressor cells, and then co-cultured the pre-activated T cells with target cancer cells in the presence of a fluorogenic caspase-3 substrate. Fluorescence from the substrate in cancer cells was detected by real-time fluorescence microscopy as an indicator of T-cell induced tumor cell apoptosis. In this assay, we can successfully detect the increase of tumor cell apoptosis by CD8+ T cells and its suppression by pre-culture with TAMs or MDSCs. This functional assay is useful for investigating CD8+ T cell suppression mechanisms by regulatory myeloid cells and identifying druggable targets to overcome it via high throughput screening.

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

We describe here a protocol to investigate cytotoxicity of pre-activated CD8+ T cells against cancer cells by detecting apoptotic cancer cells via real-time microscopy. This protocol can investigate mechanisms behind myeloid cell-induced T cell suppression and evaluate compounds aimed at replenishing T cells via blockade of immune suppressive myeloid cells.

CD8 による培養腫瘍細胞のアポトーシスのリアルタイム検出+ T 細胞腫瘍浸潤骨髄細胞の免疫抑制機能を勉強するには

Potentiation of the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells in tumors, along with their efficient tumor infiltration, is a key element of successful ...

がん研究

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is a rapid in vivo manifestation of T cell-dependent immune response to a foreign antigen (Ag) that the host immune system has experienced in the recent past. DTH reactions are often divided into a sensitization phase, referring to the initial antigen experience, and a challenge phase, which usually follows several days after sensitization. The lack of a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to a recall Ag demonstrated by skin testing is often regarded as an evidence of anergy. The traditional DTH assay has been effectively used in diagnosing many microbial infections.
Despite sharing similar immune features such as lymphocyte infiltration, edema, and tissue necrosis, the direct DTH is not a feasible diagnostic technique in transplant patients because of the possibility of direct injection resulting in sensitization to donor antigens and graft loss. To avoid this problem, the human-to-mouse "trans-vivo" DTH assay was developed 1,2. This test is essentially a transfer DTH assay, in which human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and specific antigens were injected subcutaneously into the pinnae or footpad of a na&iuml;ve mouse and DTH-like swelling is measured after 18-24 hr 3. The antigen presentation by human antigen presenting cells such as macrophages or DCs to T cells in highly vascular mouse tissue triggers the inflammatory cascade and attracts mouse immune cells resulting in swelling responses. The response is antigen-specific and requires prior antigen sensitization. A positive donor-reactive DTH response in the Tv-DTH assay reflects that the transplant patient has developed a pro-inflammatory immune disposition toward graft alloantigens.
The most important feature of this assay is that it can also be used to detect regulatory T cells, which cause bystander suppression. Bystander suppression of a DTH recall response in the presence of donor antigen is characteristic of transplant recipients with accepted allografts 2,4-14. The monitoring of transplant recipients for alloreactivity and regulation by Tv-DTH may identify a subset of patients who could benefit from reduction of immunosuppression without elevated risk of rejection or deteriorating renal function.
A promising area is the application of the Tv-DTH assay in monitoring of autoimmunity15,16 and also in tumor immunology 17.

We describe a valuable diagnostic assay that could potentially be used to decide the withdrawal of immunosuppression after transplant without elevated risk of graft rejection. The assay uses the principles of Delayed Type Hypersensitivity and provides accurate assessment of both donor specific effector and regulatory immune responses mounted by recipients.

抗原特異的規制用のトランス生体内遅延型過敏アッセイ

Delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is a rapid in vivo manifestation of T cell-dependent immune response to a foreign antigen (Ag) that the host ...

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

T cell exhaustion is a major factor in failed pathogen clearance during chronic viral infections. Immunoregulatory pathways, such as PD-1 and IL-10, are upregulated upon this ongoing antigen exposure and contribute to loss of proliferation, reduced cytolytic function, and impaired cytokine production by CD4 and CD8 T cells. In the murine model of LCMV infection, administration of blocking antibodies against these two pathways augmented T cell responses. However, there is currently no in vitro assay to measure the impact of such blockade on cytokine secretion in cells from human samples. Our protocol and experimental approach enable us to accurately and efficiently quantify the restoration of cytokine production by HIV-specific CD4 T cells from HIV infected subjects.
Here, we depict an in vitro experimental design that enables measurements of cytokine secretion by HIV-specific CD4 T cells and their impact on other cell subsets. CD8 T cells were depleted from whole blood and remaining PBMCs were isolated via Ficoll separation method. CD8-depleted PBMCs were then incubated with blocking antibodies against PD-L1 and/or IL-10R&#945; and, after stimulation with an HIV-1 Gag peptide pool, cells were incubated at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2. After 48 hr, supernatant was collected for cytokine analysis by beads arrays and cell pellets were collected for either phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry or transcriptional analysis using qRT-PCR. For more detailed analysis, different cell populations were obtained by selective subset depletion from PBMCs or by sorting using flow cytometry before being assessed in the same assays. These methods provide a highly sensitive and specific approach to determine the modulation of cytokine production by antigen-specific T-helper cells and to determine functional interactions between different populations of immune cells.

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

We developed an in vitro assay to investigate the role of immunoregulatory pathways in the regulation of cytokine secretion by HIV-specific CD4 T cells.

インビトロアッセイで HIV特異的CD4 T細胞エフェクター機能に対する免疫調節経路の影響を評価する

T cell exhaustion is a major factor in failed pathogen clearance during chronic viral infections. Immunoregulatory pathways, such as PD-1 and IL-10, are ...

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of immunotherapies. Here we describe the use of fluorescent target array (FTA) technology, which utilizes vital dyes such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), violet laser excitable dyes (CellTrace Violet: CTV) and red laser excitable dyes (Cell Proliferation Dye eFluor 670: CPD) to combinatorially label mouse lymphocytes into &#62;250 discernable fluorescent cell clusters. Cell clusters within these FTAs can be pulsed with major histocompatibility (MHC) class-I and MHC class-II binding peptides and thereby act as target cells for CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. These FTA cells remain viable and fully functional, and can therefore be administered into mice to allow assessment of CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of FTA target cells and CD4+ T cell-meditated help of FTA B cell target cells in real time in vivo by flow cytometry. Since &#62;250 target cells can be assessed at once, the technique allows the monitoring of T cell responses against several antigen epitopes at several concentrations and in multiple replicates. As such, the technique can measure T cell responses at both a quantitative (e.g.&#160;the cumulative magnitude of the response) and a qualitative (e.g.&#160;functional avidity and epitope-cross reactivity of the response) level. Herein, we describe how these FTAs are constructed and give an example of how they can be applied to assess T cell responses induced by a recombinant pox virus vaccine.

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in detail in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response. Here we describe the use of fluorescent target arrays (FTAs) in an in vivo T cell assay that assesses &#62;250 parameters simultaneously by flow cytometry.

T細胞応答の評価のための蛍光ターゲット配列の使用<em&gt;インビボ</em

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of ...

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis maintenance by regulating the immune response. The primary role of Treg cells is to suppress the proliferation of effector T (Teff) cells and the production of cytokines such as IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, and IL-2. It has been demonstrated that Treg cells&#39; ability to inhibit the function of Teff cells is enhanced during persistent pathogen infection and cancer development. To clarify the function of Treg cells under resting or inflamed conditions, a variety of in vitro suppression assays using mouse or human Treg cells have been devised. The main aim of this study is to develop a method to compare the differences in phenotype and suppressive function between resting and activated Treg cells. To isolate activated Treg cells, mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13), a chronic strain of LCMV. Treg cells isolated from the spleen of LCMV CL13-infected mice exhibited both the activated phenotype and enhanced suppressive activity compared with resting Treg cells isolated from na&#239;ve mice. Here, we describe the basic protocol for ex vivo phenotype analysis to distinguish activated Treg cells from resting Treg cells. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for the measurement of the suppressive activity of fully activated Treg cells.

Here, we describe a protocol to analyze the phenotype of regulatory T (Treg) cells isolated from na&#239;ve and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. In addition, we provide a process to evaluate the suppressive activity of the Treg cells.

表現型および慢性リンパ球性脈絡髄膜炎ウイルスに感染したマウスから単離された活性化制御性T細胞の機能解析

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance ...

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

The measurement of immunological reactivity to donor antigens in transplant recipients is likely to be crucial for the successful reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppression. The mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), limiting dilution assays, and trans-vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay have all been applied to this question, but these methods have limited predictive ability and/or significant practical limitations that reduce their usefulness. Imaging flow cytometry is a technique that combines the multiparametric quantitative powers of flow cytometry with the imaging capabilities of fluorescent microscopy. We recently made use of an imaging flow cytometry approach to define the proportion of recipient T cells capable of forming mature immune synapses with donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using a well-characterized mouse heart transplant model, we have shown that the frequency of in vitro immune synapses among T-APC membrane contact events strongly predicted allograft outcome in rejection, tolerance, and a situation where transplant survival depends on induced regulatory T cells. The frequency of T-APC contacts increased with T cells from mice during acute rejection and decreased with T cells from mice rendered unresponsive to alloantigen. The addition of regulatory T cells to the in vitro system reduced prolonged T-APC contacts. Critically, this effect was also seen with human polyclonally expanded, naturally occurring regulatory T cells, which are known to control the rejection of human tissues in humanized mouse models. Further development of this approach may allow for a deeper characterization of the alloreactive T-cell compartment in transplant recipients. In the future, further development and evaluation of this method using human cells may form the basis for assays used to select patients for immunosuppression minimization, and it can be used to measure the impact of tolerogenic therapies in the clinic.

This paper describes a method for measuring alloreactivity in a mixed population of T cells using imaging flow cytometry.

イメージングフローサイトメトリーを使用したT細胞同種反応性の測定

The measurement of immunological reactivity to donor antigens in transplant recipients is likely to be crucial for the successful reduction or withdrawal ...

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses elicited against tumor- and pathogen-derived peptides. They offer several advantages over traditional killing assays. First, they permit the monitoring of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity within architecturally intact secondary lymphoid organs, typically in the spleen. Second, they allow for mechanistic studies during the priming, effector and recall phases of CTL responses. Third, they provide useful platforms for vaccine/drug efficacy testing in a truly in vivo setting. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for the examination of concomitant CTL responses against more than one peptide epitope of a model tumor antigen (Ag), namely, simian virus 40 (SV40)-encoded large T Ag (T Ag). Like most other clinically relevant tumor proteins, T Ag harbors many potentially immunogenic peptides. However, only four such peptides induce detectable CTL responses in C57BL/6 mice. These responses are consistently arranged in a hierarchical order based on their magnitude, which forms the basis for TCD8 &#8220;immunodominance&#8221; in this powerful system. Accordingly, the bulk of the T Ag-specific TCD8 response is focused against a single immunodominant epitope while the other three epitopes are recognized and responded to only weakly. Immunodominance compromises the breadth of antitumor TCD8 responses and is, as such, considered by many as an impediment to successful vaccination against cancer. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular factors and mechanisms that dictate or shape TCD8 immunodominance. The protocol we describe here is tailored to the investigation of this phenomenon in the T Ag immunization model, but can be readily modified and extended to similar studies in other tumor models. We provide examples of how the impact of experimental immunotherapeutic interventions can be measured using in vivo cytotoxicity assays.

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

We describe here a flow cytometry-based in vivo killing assay that enables examination of immunodominance in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to a model tumor antigen. We provide examples of how this elegant assay may be employed for mechanistic studies and for drug efficacy testing.

腫瘍特異的 CD8+ T 細胞応答における Immunodominance を研究するためのインビボ細胞毒性アッセイ

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte ...

体外と体内の T, B, 骨髄細胞の抑制活性と移植から体液性応答の評価

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ヒトのインビトロ抑制

移植片対宿主病の誘導および

初代ヒトナイーブおよびメモリーT細胞から誘導した調節性T細胞の生成

CD8 による培養腫瘍細胞のアポトーシスのリアルタイム検出⁺ T 細胞腫瘍浸潤骨髄細胞の免疫抑制機能を勉強するには

抗原特異的規制用のトランス生体内遅延型過敏アッセイ

インビトロアッセイで HIV特異的CD4 T細胞エフェクター機能に対する免疫調節経路の影響を評価する

T細胞応答の評価のための蛍光ターゲット配列の使用

表現型および慢性リンパ球性脈絡髄膜炎ウイルスに感染したマウスから単離された活性化制御性T細胞の機能解析

イメージングフローサイトメトリーを使用したT細胞同種反応性の測定

腫瘍特異的 CD8⁺ T 細胞応答における Immunodominance を研究するためのインビボ細胞毒性アッセイ