Name: nmr spectroscopy as a robust tool for the rapid evaluation of the lipid profile of fish oil supplements
Uploaded: 2017-05-01T11:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 54 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Rapid Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Fish Oil Supplements at JoVE.com

この作品は、オハイオ州立大学の健康ディスカバリーテーマのための食品とオハイオ州立大学食品科学省によってサポートされていました。著者は、ペンシルベニア州立大学でオハイオ州立大学のNMR施設とNMR施設に感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardless+1H+NMR+determination+of+pharmacologically+active+substances+in+dietary+supplements+and+medicines+that+have+been+illegally+traded+over+the+internet.">Standardless 1H NMR determination of pharmacologically active substances in dietary supplements and medicines that have been illegally traded over the internet.</a> Drug Test. Anal. 5 (6), 400-411 (2013).</li><li>Berger, S., Braun, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> 200 and more NMR experiments: a practical course. , (2004).</li><li>Knothe, G., Kenar, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+fatty+acid+profile+by+1H-NMRspectroscopy.">Determination of the fatty acid profile by 1H-NMRspectroscopy.</a> Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106, 88-96 (2004).</li><li>Sacchi, R., Medina, J. I., Aubourg, S. P., Paolillo, I. G. L., Addeo, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+High-Resolution+13C+NMR+Analysis+of+Lipids+Extracted+from+the+White+Muscle+of+Atlantic+Tuna+(Thunnus+alalunga).">Quantitative High-Resolution 13C NMR Analysis of Lipids Extracted from the White Muscle of Atlantic Tuna (Thunnus alalunga).</a> J. Agric. Food Chem. 41 (8), 1247-1253 (1993).</li><li>Dais, P., Misiak, M., Hatzakis, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+marine+dietary+supplements+using+NMR+spectroscopy.">Analysis of marine dietary supplements using NMR spectroscopy.</a> Anal. Methods. 7 (12), 5226-5238 (2015).</li><li>Pickova, J., Dutta, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholesterol+Oxidation+in+Some+Processed+Fish+Products.">Cholesterol Oxidation in Some Processed Fish Products.</a> J. Anal. Oil Chem. Soc. 80 (10), 993-996 (2003).</li><li>Siddiqui, N., Sim, J., Silwood, C. J. L., Toms, H., Iles, R. A., Grootveld, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicomponent+analysis+of+encapsulated+marine+oil+supplements+using+high-resolution+1H+and+13C+NMR+techniques.">Multicomponent analysis of encapsulated marine oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR techniques.</a> J. of Lipid Rsrch. 44 (12), 2406-2427 (2003).</li><li>Sua&#180;rez, E. R., Mugford, P. F., Rolle, A. J., Burton, I. W., Walter, J. A., Kralovec, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=13C-NMR+Regioisomeric+Analysis+of+EPA+and+DHA+in+Fish+Oil+Derived+Triacylglycerol+Concentrates.">13C-NMR Regioisomeric Analysis of EPA and DHA in Fish Oil Derived Triacylglycerol Concentrates.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 87, 1425-1433 (2010).</li><li>Youlin, X. A., Moran, S., Nikonowiczband, E. P., Gao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Z-restored+spin-echo+13C+1D+spectrum+of+straight+baseline+free+of+hump,+dip+and+roll.">Z-restored spin-echo 13C 1D spectrum of straight baseline free of hump, dip and roll.</a> Magn. Reson. Chem. 46, 432-435 (2008).</li><li>Tengku-Rozaina, T. M., Birch, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positional+distribution+of+fatty+acids+on+hoki+and+tuna+oil+triglycerides+by+pancreatic+lipase+and+13C+NMR+analysis.">Positional distribution of fatty acids on hoki and tuna oil triglycerides by pancreatic lipase and 13C NMR analysis.</a> Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 116 (3), 272-281 (2014).</li><li>Berry, S. E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triacylglycerol+structure+and+interesterification+of+palmitic+and+stearic+acid-rich+fats:An+overview+and+implications+for+cardiovascular+disease.">Triacylglycerol structure and interesterification of palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats:An overview and implications for cardiovascular disease.</a> Nutr. Res. Rev. 22 (1), 3-17 (2009).</li><li>Hunter, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+effects+of+dietary+fatty+acids+as+related+to+their+position+on+triglycerides.">Studies on effects of dietary fatty acids as related to their position on triglycerides.</a> Lipids. 36, 655-668 (2001).</li><li>Vlahov, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regiospecific+analysis+of+natural+mixtures+of+triglycerides+using+quantitative+13C+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+of+acyl+chain+carbonyl+carbons.">Regiospecific analysis of natural mixtures of triglycerides using quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of acyl chain carbonyl carbons.</a> Magnetic Res. in Chem. 36, 359-362 (1998).</li></ol>

著者は、開示することは何もありません。

トラブルシューティングのための変更と戦略 スペクトル品質 。 NMR信号の線幅及びNMRスペクトルの分解能は、従って、磁場の均一性を最適化するためのプロセスである、シミングに大きく依存します。ルーチン分析のために、1Dシミングが適切であると3Dシミングは、それが定期的にNMR員によって行われることを考えると、必要とされません。そうでない場合、...

食餌中のn-3脂肪酸の摂取は、心疾患1、2、3、4、炎症性疾患および糖尿病5のように、いくつかの状態に対して有益であることが証明されています。西洋食は、n -3脂肪酸の貧しい考えられているので、魚油サプリメントの消費量は、nを改善することが推奨され-6 / N -3消費者の栄養1のバランス。魚油サプリメントの消費量の最近の増加にもかかわらず、質問は、これらの製品のいくつかの安全性、信頼性、および品質について残ります。魚油サプリメントの迅速かつ正確な組成分析は、適切にこれらの商用製品の品質を評価し、消費者の安全を確保するために不可欠です。 魚油サプリメントを評価するための最も一般的な方法論Sは、ガスクロマトグラフィー（GC）及び赤外分光法（IR）です。これらは非常に敏感な方法ですが、彼らはいくつかの欠点がある6。 GC分析は、個々の化合物の分離および誘導体が7必要であり、脂質酸化を分析8,9の間に発生する可能性があるため、時間がかかり（4~8時間）です。 IR分光法を定量することができるがIRバンドは、単一化合物10に起因することが可能な例外はあるが、予測モデルは、部分最小二乗回帰（PLSR）を使用して構築する必要があります。 PLSR解析11の時間を増大させる多数のサンプルの分析を必要とします。このため、魚油多数のサンプルの正確かつ迅速な分析を可能にする新しい分析手法の開発に関心が高まっています。このようオフィとしての組織国立衛生研究所（NIH）と食品医薬品局（FDA）でのサプリメントのCE（ODS）は、これらの新しいメソッド12、13を開発するための公式分析化学者協会（AOAC）と協力してきました。 スクリーニングおよびそのような栄養補助食品などの多成分マトリックスを評価するための最も有望な分析方法の一つは、核磁気共鳴（NMR）分光法14、15です。 NMR分光法は、いくつかの利点を有する：それは非破壊的かつ定量的な技術は、それはサンプル調製に最小限必要であり、優れた精度と再現性を特徴とします。それは、溶媒を少量しか使用しているためまた、NMR分光法は、環境に配慮した方法論です。 NMR分光法の主な欠点は、他のanalytiと比較して相対的に低い感度でありますCALの方法は、しかし、そのような強い磁場、種々の直径の極低温プローブ、高度なデータ処理、及び多目的パルスシーケンス及び技術として計測における最近の技術進歩は、nM範囲まで感度が増加しています。 NMR計測は、高コストではあるが、NMR分光計の長寿命およびNMRの多くのアプリケーションは、長期的には、分析のコストを下げます。この詳細なビデオプロトコルは、フィールドに新しい実践者が1 Hおよび魚油サプリメントの13の C NMR分光分析に関連した問題を回避するためのものです。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Avance III 850 NMR instrument</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avance III 500 NMR instrument</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCI 5 mm probe</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>Helium cooled inverse (proton deetected) NMR probe featuring three independent channels (&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H, &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C, &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N)</td></tr><tr><td>BBO prodigy 5 mm probe</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>Nitrogen cooled observe (X-nuclei detected) probe, featuring two channels; one for &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H and &lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;F detectionand one for X-nuclei (covering from &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N to &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P)</td></tr><tr><td>Spinner turbin</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>NMR spinners are made by polymer materials and they have a rubber o-ring to hold the NMR tube securely in place</td></tr><tr><td>Topspin 3.5</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>deuterated chloroform</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>&amp;nbsp;865-49-6</td><td>99.8 atom % D, contains 0.03 TMS</td></tr><tr><td>2,6-Di-&lt;em&gt;tert&lt;/em&gt;-butyl-4-methylphenol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>&amp;nbsp;128-37-0</td><td>purity &gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Fish oil samples</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NMR tubes</td><td>New Era</td><td>NE-RG5-7</td><td>5mm OD Routine &amp;ldquo;R&amp;rdquo; Series NMR Sample Tube</td></tr><tr><td>BSMS</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>Bruker Systems Management System; control system device</td></tr></tbody></table>

nmr spectroscopy as a robust tool for the rapid evaluation of the lipid profile of fish oil supplements

西洋の食事は、したがって、魚油サプリメントの消費はこれらの必須栄養素の摂取量を増やすことが推奨され、nは -3脂肪酸に乏しいです。この研究の目的は、二つの異なるNMR器具を利用した高分解能1 H及び13 C NMR分光法を用いてカプセル化された魚油サプリメントの定性・定量分析を実証することです。 500 MHzおよび850 MHz装置。両方のプロトン（1 H）および炭素（13 C）NMRスペクトルは、魚油サプリメントの主要な構成成分の定量的決意のために使用することができます。魚油サプリメント中の脂質の定量は、当該1Dスペクトルに適切なNMRシグナルの積分によって達成されます。 1 H及び13 C NMRにより得られた結果は、2つの核と2つの機器間の分解能と感度の差にもかかわらず、互いによく一致しています。 1 H NMRプランスペクトルは1時間に10分から続く13の C NMR分析とは対照的に、1分未満に記録することができるようにSAより迅速な分析は、13 C NMRに比べ。 13 C NMRスペクトルは、しかし、はるかに有益です。個々の脂肪酸のより大きな数の定量的データを提供することができ、グリセロール骨格上の脂肪酸の位置分布を決定するために使用することができます。両方の核を精製または分離工程を必要とせずにただ1つの実験において定量的情報を提供することができます。磁界の強度はほとんどが13 C NMRに対するその低い解像度に1 H NMRスペクトルに影響を与える、しかし、低コストのNMR機器を効率的に食品業界および品質管理研究所による標準的な方法として適用することができます。

1 H及び13の C NMRスペクトルは、二つのNMR機器を用いて、市販の魚油サプリメントのために収集しました。 850 MHzおよび500 MHzの分光計。これらのスペクトルは、ドコサヘキサエン酸（DHA）とエイコサペンタエン酸（EPA）、例えばNなどのn -1アシル鎖及び栄養的に重要な指標として、他の化合物などの魚油の成分の定量的決意のために使用す?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Rapid Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Fish Oil Supplements at JoVE.com

NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Rapid Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Fish Oil Supplements

ここで、高分解能1 H及び13 C核磁気共鳴（NMR）分光法は、カプセル化された魚油サプリメントの定量的および定性的分析のための迅速かつ信頼性の高いツールとして使用しました。

魚油サプリメントの脂質プロファイルの迅速な評価のための強力なツールとしてNMR分光法

The western diet is poor in n-3 fatty acids, therefore the consumption of fish oil supplements is recommended to increase the intake of these essential ...

nmr-spectroscopy-as-robust-tool-for-rapid-evaluation-lipid-profile

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

25.9K ビュー.  The Ohio State University. ここで、高分解能1 H及び13 C核磁気共鳴（NMR）分光法は、カプセル化された魚油サプリメントの定量的および定性的分析のための迅速かつ信頼性の高いツールとして使用しました。 

ビデオ: NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Rapid Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Fish Oil Supplements

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

微細藻類中の脂肪酸含量および組成の分析

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

環境学

A Simple and Rapid Protocol for Measuring Neutral Lipids in Algal Cells Using Fluorescence

Algae are considered excellent candidates for renewable fuel sources due to their natural lipid storage capabilities. Robust monitoring of algal fermentation processes and screening for new oil-rich strains requires a fast and reliable protocol for determination of intracellular lipid content. Current practices rely largely on gravimetric methods to determine oil content, techniques developed decades ago that are time consuming and require large sample volumes. In this paper, Nile Red, a fluorescent dye that has been used to identify the presence of lipid bodies in numerous types of organisms, is incorporated into a simple, fast, and reliable protocol for measuring the neutral lipid content of Auxenochlorella protothecoides, a green alga. The method uses ethanol, a relatively mild solvent, to permeabilize the cell membrane before staining and a 96 well micro-plate to increase sample capacity during fluorescence intensity measurements. It has been designed with the specific application of monitoring bioprocess performance. Previously dried samples or live samples from a growing culture can be used in the assay.

A simple protocol to determine the neutral lipid content of algal cells using a Nile Red staining procedure is described. This time-saving technique offers an alternative to traditional gravimetric-based lipid quantification protocols. It has been designed for the specific application of monitoring bioprocess performance.

蛍光を用いて藻体で中性脂肪を測定するための簡単​​かつ迅速なプロトコル

Algae are considered excellent candidates for renewable fuel sources due to their natural lipid storage capabilities. Robust monitoring of algal ...

化学

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Fatty acids (FAs) are useful biomarkers in food web ecology because they are typically assimilated as a complete molecule and transferred into consumer tissue with minor or no modification, allowing the dietary routing between different trophic levels. However, the FA trophic marker approach is still hampered by the limited knowledge in lipid metabolism of the soil fauna. This study used entirely labelled palmitic acid (13C16:0, 99 atom%) as a tracer in fatty acid metabolism pathways of two widespread soil Collembola, Protaphorura fimata and Heteromurus nitidus. In order to investigate the fate and metabolic modifications of this precursor, a method of isotopologue profiling is presented, performed by mass spectrometry using single ion monitoring. Moreover, the upstream laboratory feeding experiment is described, as well as the extraction and methylation of dominant lipid fractions (neutral lipids, phospholipids) and the related formula and calculations. Isotopologue profiling does not only yield the overall 13C enrichment in fatty acids derived from the 13C labeled precursor but also produces the pattern of isotopologues exceeding the mass of the parent ion (i.e., the FA molecular ion M+) of each labeled FA by one or more mass units (M+1, M+2, M+3, etc.). This knowledge allows conclusions on the ratio of dietary routing of an entirely consumed FA in comparison to de novo biosynthesis. The isotopologue profiling is suggested as a useful tool for evaluation of fatty acid metabolism in soil animals to disentangle trophic interactions.

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

The fatty acid trophic marker approach, i.e., the assimilation of fatty acids as entire molecule and transfer into consumer tissue with no or minor modification, is hampered by knowledge gaps in fatty acid metabolism of small soil invertebrates. Isotopologue profiling is provided as a valuable tool to disentangle trophic interactions.

脂肪酸13C Isotopologue プロファイリング栄養炭素転送および無脊椎動物消費者の脂質代謝への洞察力を提供します。

Fatty acids (FAs) are useful biomarkers in food web ecology because they are typically assimilated as a complete molecule and transferred into consumer ...

生化学

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to characterize. However, to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) production resulting from the decomposition of NOM, a molecular-level characterization coupled with microbial proteome analyses is necessary. Further, climate and environmental changes are expected to perturb natural ecosystems, potentially upsetting complex interactions that influence both the supply of organic matter substrates and the microorganisms performing the transformations. A detailed molecular characterization of the organic matter, microbial proteomics, and the pathways and transformations by which organic matter is decomposed will be necessary to predict the direction and magnitude of the effects of environmental changes. This article describes a methodological throughput for comprehensive metabolite characterization in a single sample by direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proteomics analysis. This approach results in a fully-paired dataset which improves statistical confidence for inferring pathways of organic matter decomposition, the resulting CO2 and CH4 production rates, and their responses to environmental perturbation. Herein we present results of applying this method to NOM samples collected from peatlands; however, the protocol is applicable to any NOM sample (e.g., peat, forested soils, marine sediments, etc.).

This protocol describes a single throughput for complementary analytical and omics techniques culminating in a fully-paired characterization of natural organic matter and microbial proteomics in different ecosystems. This approach permits robust comparisons for identifying metabolic pathways and transformations important for describing greenhouse gas production and predicting responses to environmental change.

シングル スループット複雑な天然有機物の混合物の評価の補完的な高解像度分析の手法

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to ...

Determination of Total Lipid and Lipid Classes in Marine Samples

Lipids are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen and, therefore, provide a greater specific energy than other organic macromolecules in the sea. Being carbon- and hydrogen-rich they are also hydrophobic and can act as a solvent and absorption carrier for organic contaminants and thus can be drivers of pollutant bioaccumulation in marine ecosystems. Their hydrophobic nature facilitates their isolation from seawater or biological specimens: marine lipid analysis begins with sampling and then extraction in non-polar organic solvents, providing a convenient method for their separation from other substances in an aquatic matrix.
If seawater has been sampled, the first step usually involves separation into operationally defined &#39;dissolved&#39; and &#39;particulate&#39; factions by filtration. Samples are collected and lipids isolated from the sample matrix typically with chloroform for truly dissolved matter and colloids, and with mixtures of chloroform and methanol for solids and biological specimens. Such extracts may contain several classes from biogenic and anthropogenic sources. At this time, total lipids and lipid classes may be determined. Total lipid can be measured by summing individually determined lipid classes which customarily have been chromatographically separated. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detection (FID) is regularly used for the quantitative analysis of lipids from marine samples. TLC-FID furnishes synoptic lipid class information and, by summing classes, a total lipid measurement.
Lipid class information is especially useful when combined with measurements of individual components e.g., fatty acids and/or sterols, after their release from lipid extracts. The wide variety of lipid structures and functions means they are used broadly in ecological and biogeochemical research assessing ecosystem health and the degree of influence by anthropogenic impacts. They have been employed to measure substances of dietary value to marine fauna (e.g., aquafeeds and/or prey), and as an indicator of water quality (e.g., hydrocarbons).

This protocol is for the determination of lipids in seawater and biological specimens. Lipids in filtrates are extracted with chloroform or mixtures of chloroform and methanol in the case of solids. Lipid classes are measured by rod thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection and their sum gives the total lipid content.

海洋試料における総脂質および脂質クラスの決定

Lipids are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen and, therefore, provide a greater specific energy than other organic macromolecules in the sea. Being ...

A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and very simple lipidome, is a valuable model for studying biological functions of various lipid species in multicellular eukaryotes2,3,5. S. cerevisiae has 10 major classes of lipids with chain lengths mainly of 16 or 18 carbon atoms and either zero or one degree of unsaturation6,7. Existing methods for lipid identification and quantification - such as high performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, fluorescence microscopy, and gas chromatography followed by MS - are well established but have low sensitivity, insufficiently separate various molecular forms of lipids, require lipid derivitization prior to analysis, or can be quite time consuming. Here we present a detailed description of our experimental approach to solve these inherent limitations by using survey-scan ESI/MS for the identification and quantification of the entire complement of lipids in yeast cells. The described method does not require chromatographic separation of complex lipid mixtures recovered from yeast cells, thereby greatly accelerating the process of data acquisition. This method enables lipid identification and quantification at the concentrations as low as g/ml and has been successfully applied to assessing lipidomes of whole yeast cells and their purified organelles. Lipids extraction from whole yeast cells for using this method of lipid analysis takes two to three hours. It takes only five to ten minutes to run each sample of extracted and dried lipids on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-electrospray source.

We describe a new quantitative lipidomics method for identifying numerous lipid species in yeast using survey-scan electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). This method exceeds currently available methods for lipid identification and quantification in the ability to resolve various molecular forms of lipids, sensitivity, and speed.

エレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析法を用いて酵母Lipidomeの定量評価

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast ...

生物学

Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Brain by High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Tissue Extracts

Studies of gene expression on the RNA and protein levels have long been used to explore biological processes underlying disease. More recently, genomics and proteomics have been complemented by comprehensive quantitative analysis of the metabolite pool present in biological systems. This strategy, termed metabolomics, strives to provide a global characterization of the small-molecule complement involved in metabolism. While the genome and the proteome define the tasks cells can perform, the metabolome is part of the actual phenotype. Among the methods currently used in metabolomics, spectroscopic techniques are of special interest because they allow one to simultaneously analyze a large number of metabolites without prior selection for specific biochemical pathways, thus enabling a broad unbiased approach. Here, an optimized experimental protocol for metabolomic analysis by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy is presented, which is the method of choice for efficient quantification of tissue metabolites. Important strengths of this method are (i) the use of crude extracts, without the need to purify the sample and/or separate metabolites; (ii) the intrinsically quantitative nature of NMR, permitting quantitation of all metabolites represented by an NMR spectrum with one reference compound only; and (iii) the nondestructive nature of NMR enabling repeated use of the same sample for multiple measurements. The dynamic range of metabolite concentrations that can be covered is considerable due to the linear response of NMR signals, although metabolites occurring at extremely low concentrations may be difficult to detect. For the least abundant compounds, the highly sensitive mass spectrometry method may be advantageous although this technique requires more intricate sample preparation and quantification procedures than NMR spectroscopy. We present here an NMR protocol adjusted to rat brain analysis; however, the same protocol can be applied to other tissues with minor modifications.

The neurochemistry of mammalian brain is changed in many neurological and systemic diseases. Characteristic profiles of cerebral metabolites can be efficiently obtained based on crude extracts of brain tissue. To this end, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy is employed, enabling detailed quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations (metabolomics).

組織抽出物の高分解能核磁気共鳴分光法によるラット脳のメタボローム解析

Studies of gene expression on the RNA and protein levels have long been used to explore biological processes underlying disease. More recently, genomics ...

神経科学

Shotgun Lipidomics of Rodent Tissues

Lipids play a vital role as essential components of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Constant technological improvements in mass spectrometry have made lipidomics a powerful analytical tool for monitoring tissue lipidome compositions in homeostatic as well as disease states. This paper presents a step-by-step protocol for a shotgun lipid analysis method that supports the simultaneous detection and quantification of a few hundred molecular lipid species in different tissue and biofluid samples at high throughput. This method leverages automated nano-flow direct injection of a total lipid extract spiked with labeled internal standards without chromatographic separation into a high-resolution mass spectrometry instrument. Starting from sub-microgram amounts of rodent tissue, the MS analysis takes 10 min per sample and covers up to 400 lipids from 14 lipid classes in mouse lung tissue. The method presented here is well suited for studying disease mechanisms and identifying and quantifying biomarkers that indicate early toxicity or beneficial effects within rodent tissues.

Shotgun mass spectrometry-based lipidomics delivers a sensitive quantitative snapshot of a broad spectrum of lipid classes simultaneously in a single measurement from various rodent tissues.

げっ歯類組織のショットガンリピドミクス

Lipids play a vital role as essential components of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Constant technological improvements in mass spectrometry have ...

Concentration of Metabolites from Low-density Planktonic Communities for Environmental Metabolomics using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Environmental metabolomics is an emerging field that is promoting new understanding in how organisms respond to and interact with the environment and each other at the biochemical level1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of several technologies, including gas chromatography&#x2013;mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with considerable promise for such studies. Advantages of NMR are that it is suitable for untargeted analyses, provides structural information and spectra can be queried in quantitative and statistical manners against recently available databases of individual metabolite spectra2,3. In addition, NMR spectral data can be combined with data from other omics levels (e.g. transcriptomics, genomics) to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the physiological responses of taxa to each other and the environment4,5,6. However, NMR is less sensitive than other metabolomic techniques, making it difficult to apply to natural microbial systems where sample populations can be low-density and metabolite concentrations low compared to metabolites from well-defined and readily extractable sources such as whole tissues, biofluids or cell-cultures. Consequently, the few direct environmental metabolomic studies of microbes performed to date have been limited to culture-based or easily defined high-density ecosystems such as host-symbiont systems, constructed co-cultures or manipulations of the gut environment where stable isotope labeling can be additionally used to enhance NMR signals7,8,9,10,11,12. Methods that facilitate the concentration and collection of environmental metabolites at concentrations suitable for NMR are lacking. Since recent attention has been given to the environmental metabolomics of organisms within the aquatic environment, where much of the energy and material flow is mediated by the planktonic community13,14, we have developed a method for the concentration and extraction of whole-community metabolites from planktonic microbial systems by filtration. Commercially available hydrophilic poly-1,1-difluoroethene (PVDF) filters are specially treated to completely remove extractables, which can otherwise appear as contaminants in subsequent analyses. These treated filters are then used to filter environmental or experimental samples of interest. Filters containing the wet sample material are lyophilized and aqueous-soluble metabolites are extracted directly for conventional NMR spectroscopy using a standardized potassium phosphate extraction buffer2. Data derived from these methods can be analyzed statistically to identify meaningful patterns, or integrated with other omics levels for comprehensive understanding of community and ecosystem function.

A method for metabolite extraction from microbial planktonic communities is presented. Whole community sampling is achieved by filtration onto specially prepared filters. After lyophilization, aqueous-soluble metabolites are extracted. This approach allows for application of environmental metabolomics to trans-omics investigations of natural or experimental microbial communities.

核磁気共鳴分光法を用いた環境メタボロミクスのための低密度プランクトンコミュニティからの代謝物の濃度

Environmental metabolomics is an emerging field that is promoting new understanding in how organisms respond to and interact with the environment and each ...

Lipidomics and Transcriptomics in Neurological Diseases

Lipids serve as the primary interface to brain insults or stimuli conducive to neurological diseases and are a reservoir for the synthesis of lipids with various signaling or ligand function that can underscore the onset and progression of diseases. Often changing at the presymptomatic level, lipids are an emerging source of drug targets and biomarkers. Many neurological diseases exhibit neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuronal excitability as common hallmarks, partly modulated by specific lipid signaling systems. The interdependence and interrelation of synthesis of various lipids prompts a multilipid, multienzyme, and multireceptor analysis in order to derive the commonalities and specificities of neurological contexts and to expedite the unravelling of mechanistic aspects of disease onset and progression. Ascribing lipid roles to distinct brain regions advances the determination of lipid molecular phenotype and morphology associated with a neurological disease.
Presented here is a modular protocol suitable for the analysis of membrane lipids and downstream lipid signals along with mRNA of enzymes and mediators underlying their functionality, extracted from discrete brain regions that are relevant for a particular neurological disease and/or condition. To ensure accurate comparative lipidomic profiling, the workflows and operating criteria were optimized and standardized for: i) brain sampling and dissection of regions of interest, ii) co-extraction of multiple lipid signals and membrane lipids, iii) dual lipid/mRNA extraction, iv) quantification by liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring (LC/MRM), and v) standard mRNA profiling. This workflow is amenable for the low tissue amounts obtained by sampling of the functionally discrete brain subregions (i.e. by brain punching), thus preventing bias in multimolecular analysis due to tissue heterogeneity and/or animal variability. To reveal peripheral consequences of neurological diseases and establish translational molecular readouts of neurological disease states, peripheral organ sampling, processing, and their subsequent lipidomic analysis, as well as plasma lipidomics, are also pursued and described. The protocol is demonstrated on an acute epilepsy mouse model.

This article presents a modular protocol for tissue lipidomics and transcriptomics, and plasma lipidomics in neurological disease mouse models targeting lipids underlying inflammation and neuronal activity, membrane lipids, downstream messengers, and mRNA-encoding enzymes/receptors underlying lipid function. Sampling, sample processing, extraction, and quantification procedures are outlined.

神経疾患におけるリピドミクスとトランスクリプトミクス

Lipids serve as the primary interface to brain insults or stimuli conducive to neurological diseases and are a reservoir for the synthesis of lipids with ...

魚油サプリメントの脂質プロファイルの迅速な評価のための強力なツールとしてNMR分光法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

微細藻類中の脂肪酸含量および組成の分析

蛍光を用いて藻体で中性脂肪を測定するための簡単かつ迅速なプロトコル

脂肪酸¹³C Isotopologue プロファイリング栄養炭素転送および無脊椎動物消費者の脂質代謝への洞察力を提供します。

シングルスループット複雑な天然有機物の混合物の評価の補完的な高解像度分析の手法

海洋試料における総脂質および脂質クラスの決定

エレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析法を用いて酵母Lipidomeの定量評価

組織抽出物の高分解能核磁気共鳴分光法によるラット脳のメタボローム解析

げっ歯類組織のショットガンリピドミクス

核磁気共鳴分光法を用いた環境メタボロミクスのための低密度プランクトンコミュニティからの代謝物の濃度

神経疾患におけるリピドミクスとトランスクリプトミクス

魚油サプリメントの脂質プロファイルの迅速な評価のための強力なツールとしてNMR分光法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

微細藻類中の脂肪酸含量および組成の分析

蛍光を用いて藻体で中性脂肪を測定するための簡単​​かつ迅速なプロトコル

脂肪酸13C Isotopologue プロファイリング栄養炭素転送および無脊椎動物消費者の脂質代謝への洞察力を提供します。

シングル スループット複雑な天然有機物の混合物の評価の補完的な高解像度分析の手法

海洋試料における総脂質および脂質クラスの決定

エレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析法を用いて酵母Lipidomeの定量評価

組織抽出物の高分解能核磁気共鳴分光法によるラット脳のメタボローム解析

げっ歯類組織のショットガンリピドミクス

核磁気共鳴分光法を用いた環境メタボロミクスのための低密度プランクトンコミュニティからの代謝物の濃度

神経疾患におけるリピドミクスとトランスクリプトミクス

蛍光を用いて藻体で中性脂肪を測定するための簡単かつ迅速なプロトコル

脂肪酸¹³C Isotopologue プロファイリング栄養炭素転送および無脊椎動物消費者の脂質代謝への洞察力を提供します。

シングルスループット複雑な天然有機物の混合物の評価の補完的な高解像度分析の手法