この研究は、国立難聴者およびその他のコミュニケーション障害研究所（R21DC010806からCAMおよびJCSおよびR01DC011285からCAMへの助成金）の支援を受けました。

このプロトコールには、オスのFischer 344-Brownノルウェーラットを6ヶ月齢および30ヶ月齢で使用する。ラットは国立老化げっ歯類コロニーから入手した。ラット喉頭の構造はヒトのものと類似しており、機能的に気道保護および種特異的発声に役立つので、この研究のためにラットを使用した。この研究は、実験動物の人間のケアおよび使用に関するPHS方針に従って行われ、実験動物のケアおよび使用のためのNIHガイド、および動物福祉法（7 USC以下）;動物使用プロトコールは、ケンタッキー大学の施設動物用ケアおよび使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認された。 1.ラットの麻酔<ol><li>緩衝生理食塩水中でケタミン塩酸塩（解離麻酔薬）と塩酸キシラジン（鎮静薬と鎮痛薬）を混合して麻酔薬を調製する。最終溶液中のケタミンおよびキシラジンの濃度は、100mg / 8mg / kg体重をそれぞれ測定した。 </li><li> 25Gの針を備えた注射器を用いて腹腔内投与によりラットに麻酔薬を注入する。 </li><li>つま先または足を鉗子で挟むことによってラットが十分に麻酔されていることを確認する。ラットがピンチに反応しない場合、手術が始まります。ラットが反射または筋収縮を伴ってつま先のつまみに反応する場合は、1-2分待ってピンチ試験を繰り返します。ラットが再び反応する場合は、ラットを新しい動物に交換し、ステップ1.2から始まる手順を繰り返す。 </li><li>角膜が乾燥するのを防ぐために、ラットが動かなくなった後、ラットの眼に眼科用軟膏を塗布する。 </li></ol> 2.浸透圧ポンプインプラント<ol><li>ラットを腹側の無菌手術領域に配置する。メラキシカムを麻酔薬として投与する。 25Gの針を備えた注射器を使用して体重1kgあたり1-4mgの用量で腹腔内投与する。 </li><li>クリッパーを使って近似値を削除する首の後ろから毛皮を1 &quot;x 1&quot;平方に、肩の間に約1 &quot;の尾を付けてください。できるだけ皮膚に近づけてください。 </li><li>エタノール（70％）を消毒して背中と首を濡らします。 </li><li>シェービングした後、アルコールでヨウ素 - アルコール仕上げをしながら、3回のスクラブで首の背面を擦ってください。 </li><li> 34℃に設定された加熱パッド上に置くことによってラットの体温を維持する。 </li><li> 全身NTF4処理のために、50μLのNTF4または生理食塩水で無菌的に調製した浸透圧ポンプを充填する（ 図1 ）。 <ol><li>メスを使用して、肩甲骨間の空間に頭皮だけで約2cmの幅の水平切開を行う。片側の手で鉗子で切開の後端を持ち上げながら、止血の先端を挿入し、切開の後部を静かに押す。 </li><li>止血鉗子の先端が約2cm cの後喉頭部を切開部に切開し、止血鉗子のハンドルを開き、切開部の皮下に中空の「ポケット」を形成するために先端を広げる。これはポンプの設置場所になります。 </li></ol></li><li> NTF4とポケット切開部位の治癒との相互作用を最小限にするために、挿入時にポンプ送達ポータルの端部を先に向けます。 </li><li>いずれかのNTF4生理食塩水50μLを7 14日間送達する。 7日群には6.72mg /日のNTF4を投与し、総投与量は47.04mgであった。 14日群は6.72mg /日を受け、総用量94.08mgのNTF4 25を与えた 。 </li><li> 5-0ナイロン縫合糸、止血鉗子を使用して、ポンプを配置するために作られた切開を閉じる。 </li><li>彼らが麻酔から回復するにつれて、ラットを最低30分間観察する。モニタリングの完了基準は、動物が活動的になり、ケージの周りを移動し、水を飲み、グルーミングなどの他の正常な活動を開始することを含む。 </li><li>動物を毎日監視する最初の1週間は、手術部位の治癒、正常な飼料および水の消費、尿/糞の通過、およびストレス、痛みまたは他の術後合併症の異常な行動徴候を観察することにより、 </li><li>ラットに痛みや苦痛があると思われる場合は、痛みを和らげるために、カルプロフェンの5mg / kg皮下注射を24時間毎に5日間まで与える。 </li><li>感染が疑われる場合は、獣医に相談して、傷が適切に治癒するようにしてください。 </li><li>ラットが入っている実験群に応じて、糸からの刺激を防ぐために、手術の7-10日後に5-0ナイロン縫合糸を外す。 </li></ol> 3.直接注射用ラットの麻酔<ol><li>処置の前夜にラットの食物を控える。これにより、内視鏡または注射針を塞ぐ食物がないことが保証される。 </li><li>ラットを秤量し、アセプロマジン1〜2mg / kg体重を調製する。筋肉内に注射する（IMの場所は甲状腺機能亢進症の筋肉を残した）。 </li><li>誘導箱にラットを置きます。 5％イソフルランおよび1 LO 2を有する誘導ボックス内の麻酔を誘導する。 </li><li> 2％イソフルランおよび600mLのO 2を用いてラットをノーズコーンに移動する。 </li><li>つま先または足を鉗子で挟むことによってラットが十分に麻酔されていることを確認する。ラットがピンチに反応しない場合、注入プロトコールを開始することができる。ラットが反射または筋収縮を伴ってつま先のつまみに反応する場合は、1-2分待ってピンチ試験を繰り返します。ラットが再び反応する場合、ラットを新しい動物に交換し、ステップ3.4から手順を繰り返す。 </li></ol>直接注入および視覚化<ol><li> NTF4または生理食塩水を含む無菌的に調製した50μL用量を、注入前に25℃に設定したH 2 O浴に30分間置く。 </li><li>プレキシガラスプラットホーム上の仰臥位およびリクライニング位置にラットを配置する（ 図2 ）。サスラットを前傾姿勢で、プラットホームの頂部を横切って引っ張られたガイドワイヤーを介して、前頭部の切歯から懸垂する。 </li><li> 50 mm、30ゲージ、100μLシリンジを1.9 mm、30°の洞内視鏡に取り付けます（ 図3 ）。 注：シリンジアセンブリは、カニューレを内視鏡の外壁にしっかりと保持する治具を介して取り付けられています。内視鏡は、声帯の視覚化および注射器の口腔内誘導を可能にする。カニューレ先端の位置は、各動物の前に調整され、先端が内視鏡視野（ 図4 ）によって完全かつ明確に視認可能であることを保証する。 </li><li>舌を伸ばして横に動かすには、ゴムで先端を覆われた鉗子のペアを使用します。その後、口腔開存性を維持するためにプラスチックの鏡を挿入します。 1.5〜2 cmの長さに切断された5 mLのプラスチックシリンジバレルから検鏡を行い、切断された端をバリ取りして滑らかに研磨する。 </li><li>ロアーのライトを消すハロゲン光源を内視鏡に取り付ける。手順をキャプチャするには、ビデオレコーダーをオンにします。 </li><li>ラットの口に挿入したときにガラス先端に結露が発生するのを最小限にするために、内視鏡の遠位端を温水に数秒間浸します。 </li><li>モニターからの視覚フィードバックを使用して、針を注意深く左の声帯の領域に導く。 </li><li> 声帯に完全にアクセスするために、動物の呼吸サイクルの吸息段階で、溶液の注入に時間を合わせる。呼吸の吸気段階の間、声帯は完全に露出される。 <ol><li>声帯が完全に見えるようになったら、針を声帯の白い内側の縁の横方向に見られる左甲状腺腫に挿入します。注射針を適所に置いて、シリンジの押し込みによって注射液を送達する。 </li></ol></li><li>内視鏡とビデオプレーヤーのハロゲン光源をオフにして、オムライト。 </li><li>ラットをそのホームケージに戻し、加熱パッド上に置く。 </li><li>加熱パッドから取り出す前にラットを回復させる。ケージ内の食品と水を交換してください。 </li><li>注射後7日間ラットをモニターし、安楽死させる。凍結切除のための喉頭を取り除く24 。 </li></ol> 5.ラットの安楽死<ol><li>ラットをケタミン塩酸塩およびキシラジン塩酸塩（100mg / kg体重当たり8mgの腹腔内注射）で麻酔する。 </li><li>内側のthoracotomy後に放血によって安楽死させる。 </li></ol>

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著者は何も開示することはない。

喉頭の筋肉は、老化の好ましくない影響を受け易い。以前の研究では、収縮機能およびミオシンアイソフォームシフトの変化に加えて、繊維サイズの変化、繊維の総数、再生能力、NMJサイズおよび量の変化を含む老齢喉頭筋の変化が示されている4,11,27,30,31 。高齢の喉頭筋は、ニューロトロフィンの適用によって変化させることができる。これらの変化は容易に測定することができる。した?...

喉頭の筋肉は急速かつ一貫して収縮し、老化の悪影響を受け易い。この一定の活動は、65歳以上の人の1日 、 2日 、 3日 、 4日 、 5日 、 6日 、 7日に観察される声の問題または嚥下障害に寄与すると考えられている。いくつかの分子的および病態生理学的機序がこの年齢関連機能不全に寄与する。これらのメカニズムには、喉頭粘膜の改造、筋繊維萎縮または喪失、筋繊維再生の欠如、または声帯の屈曲および声門閉鎖の不可能化を引き起こす萎縮が含まれ得る（8,9,10,11）。現時点で実証された治療法はありませんこれらの筋肉の年齢に関連した変化を徹底的に防止またはリハビリします。 神経筋伝達の有効性の調節は、神経運動の性能に大きく影響する可能性がある。ニューロトロフィンのファミリーには、神経成長因子（NGF）、脳由来神経成長因子（BDNF）、ニューロトロフィン3（NTF3）およびNTF4 12,13が含まれる 。ニューロトロフィンは、シナプスの効力を調節することが示されている1,4 。肝細胞増殖因子、トランスフォーミング増殖因子ベータおよび線維芽細胞成長因子は、最近、ヒトにおいて声帯瘢痕の治療のために使用されている15-17。 NTF4はNMJの有効性も規制している。 NTF4を欠くマウスは、分解されたNMJ11,18,19を示す。これらの研究は、治療薬の有望な効果をもたらす老人性喉頭筋障害の老化および成長因子による衰弱。 声帯の組織への直接注射療法は、ヒトにおいて前例のないことではない。例えば、ボツリヌス毒素の局所注入は、現在、喉頭の筋肉に影響を与える神経運動障害、例えば痙攣性発声障害および両側性再発性喉頭神経麻痺に対する有効な治療として使用されている20,21 。ヒアルロン酸ハイドロゲルは、別の注射剤であり、声帯怖さと声門不全を治療するために使用される22,23 。注射喉頭形成術は、様々なコミュニケーション障害を治療するために使用することができる24 。これらの直接注射方法は、高齢者の声機能および嚥下を改善することを約束している。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Neurotrophin 4</td><td>Pepro Tech</td><td>450-04</td><td>200 ng in 50 &amp;mu;L</td></tr><tr><td>Alzet Osmotic Pump</td><td>DURECT Corporation</td><td>2001D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>30 &amp;deg; endoscope</td><td>Stoltz</td><td>61029D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mm 30 gauge 100-&amp;mu;L syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>84850 and 201812</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>saline (sodium chloride solution)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8776</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ketamine hydrochloride</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>56344</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>xylazine hydrochloride</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>33198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 G 5/8 needle</td><td>Becton-Dickinson</td><td>305901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 mL syringe</td><td>Becton-Dickinson</td><td>309659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ophthalmic ointment</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>8897</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>clippers</td><td>Oster</td><td>44-018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Decon</td><td>2716</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iodine (Betadine)</td><td>Purdue Pharma L.P.</td><td>606404</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>heating pad</td><td>Sunbeam</td><td>731-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-0 nylon suture thread</td><td>AD Surgical</td><td>PMN-518R6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>crile hemostat</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>13005-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>delicate suture tying forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11063-07</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>meloxicam</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>49756</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>carprofen</td><td>Merritt Veterinary Supplies</td><td>148700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>antibiotic ointment</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>57110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>acepromizine Aceproject</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>3845</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isoflurane Isothesia</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>50033</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>induction box (anesthetizing box)</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>50-0116</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>oxygen compressed tank</td><td>Scott Gross</td><td>UN1072</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plexiglas platform</td><td>Small Parts Inc (Amazon)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rubber tipped forceps</td><td>Fine science tools rubber</td><td>11075-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>liquid rubber for forceps above</td><td>Lowe&#039;s</td><td>42518</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plastic spectula (BD syringe cut to length)</td><td>Becton-Dickinson</td><td>309659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>halogen light source rhino-laryngeal stroboscope</td><td>Kay-Pentax</td><td>RLS 9100 B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>video recorder</td><td>Kay-Pentax</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S0389-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4417-100TAB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cryostat Mictotom HM525</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>HM 525</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gill 1 hematoxylin</td><td>VWR</td><td>10143-142</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shandon eosin-Y alcoholic</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>6766007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-sodium channel Nav1.5 antibody produced in rabbit</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S0819</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Texas red-X phalloidin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T7471</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>alpha- bungarotoxin alexa fluor 488 conjugate</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>B-13422</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small animal anaesthesia machine</td><td>Smiths Medical</td><td>CDS 9000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

subcutaneous neurotrophin 4 infusion using osmotic pumps or direct muscular injection enhances aging rat laryngeal muscles

高齢者における喉頭機能不全は、声調障害から嚥下障害および気道保護反射障害の主要な原因である。年齢関連の喉頭筋機能不全を対象とする治療法は、あるとしてもごくわずかです。ニューロトロフィンは、神経筋接合部（NMJ）の筋肉の神経支配および分化に関与する。神経栄養因子は、神経伝達物質放出を増加させることによって神経筋伝達を増強すると考えられている。神経筋接合部（NMJ）は、ラットの喉頭筋の老化において、機能低下を示す証拠とともに、より小さく、豊富ではない。私たちは、ヒトの喉頭筋の高齢化における機能を改善するための治療薬としての将来の臨床用途へのNTF4の影響を探った。ここでは、NTF4の適用に応答してラット喉頭筋の老化能力を調べるための、NTF4の全身投与および直接注射のための詳細なプロトコールを提供する。この方法では、ラットはNTF4を全身的に oまたは声帯を介して直接注入することによって行われる。喉頭筋を解剖し、形態学および年齢関連の脱神経の組織学的検査に用いた。

2週間の浸透圧ポンプ注入後またはNTF4の直接注入後1週間後にラットを安楽死させた。喉頭を収穫し、凍結保護剤（30％スクロースおよび70％リン酸緩衝生理食塩水）に入れ、次にクライオスタットで10μmの幅で連続的に切片化した。高齢の喉頭筋はNTF4の投与によって影響を受ける25 。若年ラットおよび老齢ラットに加えて、我々は、甲状腺機能亢進?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles at JoVE.com

Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles

ここでは、ラットの老化喉頭筋をリモデリングするために、ニューロトロフィン4（NTF4）の使用を全身的かつ直接的に記述するためのプロトコールを提示する。

浸透圧ポンプまたは直接的筋肉注射を用いる皮下ニューロトロフィン4注入は、老齢ラット喉頭筋を増強する

Laryngeal dysfunction in the elderly is a major cause of disability, from voice disorders to dysphagia and loss of airway protective reflexes. Few, if ...

subcutaneous-neurotrophin-4-infusion-using-osmotic-pumps-or-direct

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.3K ビュー.  University of Kentucky. ここでは、ラットの老化喉頭筋をリモデリングするために、ニューロトロフィン4（NTF4）の使用を全身的かつ直接的に記述するためのプロトコールを提示する。 

ビデオ: Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular (ICV) and Intravenous (IV) Injection in Mice

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most often results in failure of potential therapeutics designed for neurodegenerative disorders 1,2. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), in which the lower motor neurons are affected, can benefit greatly from introducing the therapeutic agents into the CNS. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate two different injection paradigms to deliver therapeutic materials into neonatal mice soon after birth. One of these methods is injecting directly into cerebral lateral ventricles (Intracerebroventricular) which results in delivery of materials into the CNS through the cerebrospinal fluid 3,4. The second method is a temporal vein injection (intravenous) that can introduce different therapeutics into the circulatory system, leading to systemic delivery including the CNS 5. Widespread transduction of the CNS is achievable if an appropriate viral vector and viral serotype is utilized. Visualization and utilization of the temporal vein for injection is feasible up to postnatal day 6. However, if the delivered material is intended to reach the CNS, these injections should take place while the blood brain barrier is more permeable due to its immature status, preferably prior to postnatal day 2. The fully developed blood brain barrier greatly limits the effectiveness of intravenous delivery. Both delivery systems are simple and effective once the surgical aptitude is achieved. They do not require any extensive surgical devices and can be performed by a single person. However, these techniques are not without challenges. The small size of postnatal day 2 pups and the subsequent small target areas can make the injections difficult to perform and initially challenging to replicate.

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular ICV and Intravenous IV Injection in Mice

This article demonstrates two very different methods of injection: 1) into the brain (intracerebroventricular) and 2) systemic (intravenous) to introduce the therapeutic agents into the central nervous system of neonatal mice.

マウスの脳室内（ICV）と静脈（IV）注入による治療薬のデリバリー

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most ...

医学

Subcutaneous Administration of Muscarinic Antagonists and Triple-Immunostaining of the Levator Auris Longus Muscle in Mice

Hind limb muscles of rodents, such as gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior, are frequently used for in vivo pharmacological studies of the signals essential for the formation and maintenance of mammalian NMJs. However, drug penetration into these muscles after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration is often incomplete or uneven and many NMJs can remain unaffected. Although systemic administration with devices such as mini-pumps can improve the spatiotemporal effects, the invasive nature of this approach can cause confounding inflammatory responses and/or direct muscle damage. Moreover, complete analysis of the NMJs in a hind limb muscle is challenging because it requires time-consuming serial sectioning and extensive immunostaining. 
The mouse LAL is a thin, flat sheet of muscle located superficially on the dorsum of the neck. It is a fast-twitch muscle that functions to move the pinna. It contains rostral and caudal portions that originate from the midline of the cranium and extend laterally to the cartilaginous portion of each pinna. The muscle is supplied by a branch of the facial nerve that projects caudally as it exits the stylomastoid foramen. We and others have found LAL to be a convenient preparation that offers advantages for the investigation of both short and long-term in vivo effects of drugs on NMJs and muscles. First, its superficial location facilitates multiple local applications of drugs under light anesthesia. Second, its thinness (2-3 layers of muscle fibers) permits visualization and analysis of almost all the NMJs within the muscle. Third, the ease of dissecting it with its nerve intact together with the pattern of its innervation permits supplementary electrophysiological analysis in vitro9,5. Last, and perhaps most importantly, a small applied volume (&tilde;50&mu;l) easily covers the entire muscle surface, provides a uniform and prolonged exposure of all its NMJs to the drug and eliminates the need for a systemic approach1,8.

We describe procedures for repeated administration of inhibitors of muscarinic signaling to the levator auris longus (LAL) muscle of young adult mice and for subsequent immunostaining of its neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in wholemounts. The LAL muscle has unique advantages for revealing in vivo pharmacological effects on NMJs.

皮下ムスカリン拮抗薬の管理およびマウスにおける挙筋オーリスの筋筋のトリプル免疫染色

Hind limb muscles of rodents, such as gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior, are frequently used for in vivo  pharmacological studies of the signals ...

神経科学

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of skeletal muscle atrophy. The model surgical protocol is described and demonstrated in C57Black6 mice. &#160;

脛骨神経切断 - マウスにおける脱神経誘発性骨格筋萎縮のために標準化されたモデル

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. ...

Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory system is characterized by its ability to give rise to new neurons even in adult animals. This particular ability is partly due to the presence of OECs which create a favorable microenvironment for neurogenesis. This property of OECs has been used for cellular transplantation such as in spinal cord injury models. Although the peripheral nervous system has a greater capacity to regenerate after nerve injury than the central nervous system, complete sections induce misrouting during axonal regrowth in particular after facial of laryngeal nerve transection. Specifically, full sectioning of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) induces aberrant axonal regrowth resulting in synkinesis of the vocal cords. In this specific model, we showed that OECs transplantation efficiently increases axonal regrowth.
OECs are constituted of several subpopulations present in both the olfactory mucosa (OM-OECs) and the olfactory bulbs (OB-OECs). We present here a model of cellular transplantation based on the use of these different subpopulations of OECs in a RLN injury model. Using this paradigm, primary cultures of OB-OECs and OM-OECs were transplanted in Matrigel after section and anastomosis of the RLN. Two months after surgery, we evaluated transplanted animals by complementary analyses based on videolaryngoscopy, electromyography (EMG), and histological studies. First, videolaryngoscopy allowed us to evaluate laryngeal functions, in particular muscular cocontractions phenomena. Then, EMG analyses demonstrated richness and synchronization of muscular activities. Finally, histological studies based on toluidine blue staining allowed the quantification of the number and profile of myelinated fibers.
All together, we describe here how to isolate, culture, identify and transplant OECs from OM and OB after RLN section-anastomosis and how to evaluate and analyze the efficiency of these transplanted cells on axonal regrowth and laryngeal functions.

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth of the primary olfactory neurons. This specific property can be used for cellular transplantation. We present here a model of cellular transplantation based on the use of OECs in a laryngeal nerve injury model.

末梢神経損傷後の機能回復を評価する嗅神経鞘細胞の移植

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory ...

Intramuscular Injections Along the Motor End Plates: A Minimally Invasive Approach to Shuttle Tracers Directly into Motor Neurons

Diseases affecting the integrity of spinal cord motor neurons are amongst the most debilitating neurological conditions. Over the last decades, the development of several animal models of these neuromuscular disorders has provided the scientific community with different therapeutic scenarios aimed at delaying or reversing the progression of these conditions. By taking advantage of the retrograde machinery of neurons, one of these approaches has been to target skeletal muscles in order to shuttle therapeutic genes into corresponding spinal cord motor neurons. Although once promising, the success of such gene delivery approach has been hampered by the sub-optimal number of transduced motor neurons it has so far shown to yield. Motor end plates (MEPs) are highly specialized regions on the skeletal musculature that are in direct synaptic contact to the spinal cord &#945; motor neurons. In this regard, it is important to note that, so far, the efforts to retrogradely transfer genes into motor neurons were made without reference to the location of the MEP region in the targeted muscles. Here, we describe a simple protocol 1) to reveal the exact location of the MEPs on the surface of skeletal muscles and 2) to use this information to guide the intramuscular delivery and subsequent optimal retrograde transport of retrograde tracers into motor neurons. We hope to utilize the results from these tracing experiments in further studies into investigating retrograde transport of therapeutic genes to spinal cord motor neurons through the targeting of MEPs.

The efficacy of intramuscular uptake and retrograde transport of molecules to corresponding motor neurons depends on the location of the injection sites with respect to the motor end plates (MEPs). Here, we describe how to locate MEPs on skeletal muscles to optimise retrograde transport of tracers into motor neurons.

モーターエンドプレートに沿って筋肉内注射：直接運動ニューロンへのシャトルトレーサーへの低侵襲アプローチ

Diseases affecting the integrity of spinal cord motor neurons are amongst the most debilitating neurological conditions. Over the last decades, the ...

Nerve Stimulator-guided Injection of Autologous Stem Cells Near the Equine Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) commonly affects horses and is characterized by abnormal respiratory sounds and exercise intolerance. The recurrent laryngeal nerve shows lesions of demyelination. The benefit of applying stem cells to demyelinated nerves has been demonstrated in various animal models. The aim of the study was to test the feasibility and safety of a peri-neuronal injection of autologous muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in healthy horses by using an electrical nerve stimulator.
Muscle-derived stems cell are obtained from five healthy Standardbred horses by sampling 20 mg of muscle tissue with a semi-automatic 14 G biopsy needle from the triceps muscle. Movements of the larynx are monitored via upper-airway video endoscopy. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is approached with an insulated nerve block needle. Nerve stimulation is applied, starting at 2 mA, and the successful abduction of the left arytenoid is monitored. The stimulation intensity is reduced progressively. When a loss of the motor response is observed at 0.5 mA, 107 autologous muscle-derived stem cells are injected. Two examiners, who are blinded to the time point, score the laryngeal function of the horses prior to the treatment and at day 1, day 7, and day 28 after the injection of the cells. In a sixth horse, 1 mL of 2% lidocaine is injected to further confirm the correct positioning of the needle. This leads to a temporary paralysis of the left arytenoid cartilage.
This study proves that the recurrent laryngeal nerve can be approached with the help of an electrical nerve stimulator and that the electrical stimulation of the nerve is well tolerated by the horses. No modification of the laryngeal function was observed in any of the horses after the injection of the stem cells. Further studies should be conducted to describe the effects of a peri-neuronal injection of autologous muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells to horses suffering from RLN.

Here, we present a protocol to inject autologous muscle-derived stem cells in the proximity to the recurrent laryngeal nerve with the help of an electrical nerve stimulator. This novel technique may become useful for the treatment of equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.

神経刺激誘導馬の左反回神経に近い自家幹細胞注入

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) commonly affects horses and is characterized by abnormal respiratory sounds and exercise intolerance. The recurrent ...

An Implantable System For Chronic In Vivo Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in assessing neuromuscular function. Chronic recording of EMG activity reflecting a muscle&#8217;s reinnervation status after nerve injury has been limited, due to the invasive nature of traditional EMG recording techniques. In this regard, an implantable system is designed for long-term, in vivo EMG recording and nerve stimulation. It has been applied and tested in a study on reinnervation of laryngeal muscles. This system consists of 1) two bipolar electrode nerve cuffs and leads for stimulating each of two nerves: the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN); 2) two EMG recording electrodes and leads for each of the two laryngeal muscles: posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle and thyroarytenoid-lateral cricoarytenoid (TA-LCA) muscle complex; and 3) a skin receptacle interfacing all implanted lead terminals to an external recording preamplifier and stimulator using a connection cable. The wire leads are Teflon-coated, multi-filament, type 316 stainless steel. They are coiled and can stretch during body movement of the awake animal to prevent lead breakage and electrode migration. This system is implanted during an aseptic surgery. Afterwards, baseline EMG recordings are performed before the RLN is transected in the second surgery to study muscle reinnervation. Throughout the study, multiple physiological sessions are conducted in the anesthetized animal to obtain evoked and spontaneous EMG activity that reflects the reinnervation status of laryngeal muscles. The system is compact, free of infection over the course of the study, and highly durable. This implantable system can provide a reliable platform for research in which long-term recording or nerve stimulation is required in an anesthetized or freely moving animal.&#160;

Presented here is a protocol for the manufacturing of an implantable system for in vivo chronological recording of evoked and spontaneous electromyographic potentials. The system is applied to the investigation of reinnervation of laryngeal muscles following nerve injury. &#160;&#160;

慢性生体内筋電図用埋め込み型システム

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in ...

Preparation of the Rat Vocal Fold for Neuromuscular Analyses

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures for rat laryngeal dissection, flash-freezing, and cryosectioning of the vocal folds. This study describes how to cryosection vocal folds in both longitudinal and cross-sectional planes. A novelty of this protocol is the laryngeal tracking during cryosectioning that ensures accurate identification of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and reduces the chance of tissue loss. Figures demonstrate the progressive cryosectioning in both planes. Twenty-nine rat hemi-larynges were cryosectioned and tracked from the emergence of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the first section that included the full vocal fold. The full vocal fold was visualized for all animals in both planes. There was high variability in the distance from the appearance of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the full vocal fold in both planes. Weight was not correlated to depth of laryngeal landmarks, suggesting individual variability and other factors related to tissue preparation may be responsible for the high variability in the appearance of landmarks during sectioning. This study details a methodology and presents morphological data for preparing the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular investigation. Due to high individual variability, laryngeal landmarks should be closely tracked during cryosectioning to prevent oversectioning tissue and tissue loss. The use of a consistent methodology, including adequate tissue preparation and awareness of landmarks within the rat larynx, will assist with consistent results across studies and aid new researchers interested in using the rat vocal fold as a model to investigate laryngeal neuromuscular mechanisms.

This protocol describes methods used to prepare rat vocal folds for histochemical neuromuscular study.

神経筋解析のためのラット声帯の調製

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>マウス長耳挙筋におけるエレクトロポレーションと神経損傷

Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Short&#45;Term Reinnervation of the Cranial Levator Auris Longus Skeletal Muscle

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse controlling the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers to allow the coordinated movement of many organisms. At the NMJ, a presynaptic motor axon terminal contacts a muscle postsynaptic domain and is covered by terminal Schwann cells. The integrity and function of the NMJ is compromised under several conditions, including aging, neuromuscular diseases, and traumatic injuries. To analyze the potential contribution of muscle-derived proteins to NMJ maintenance and regeneration, an in vivo gene transfer strategy has been combined with the denervation of the cranial levator auris longus (LAL) muscle after mechanical nerve injury. Previous findings showed that the forced expression of control fluorescent proteins does not alter NMJ organization or neurotransmission. This procedure aims to describe a detailed method of in vivo electroporation of the LAL muscle followed by transection or crushing of the specific branch of the facial nerve innervating cranial muscles, leading to NMJ denervation and reinnervation, respectively. The combination of these experimental strategies in the convenient LAL muscle constitutes an efficient method to study the potential contribution of muscle protein overexpression or silencing in the context of short-term NMJ reinnervation.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:神経損傷後の神経筋接合部における筋タンパク質の再生的役割

Here, we present a protocol that combines in vivo electroporation and denervation of the cranial levator auris longus (LAL) muscle. This procedure enables the study of the potential role of muscle-derived proteins in the regeneration of the neuromuscular synapse.

頭蓋挙筋長耳骨格筋の In vivo エレクトロポレーションと短期再神経支配の組み合わせ

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse controlling the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers to allow the coordinated movement of many ...

浸透圧ポンプまたは直接的筋肉注射を用いる皮下ニューロトロフィン4注入は、老齢ラット喉頭筋を増強する

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神経筋解析のためのラット声帯の調製

頭蓋挙筋長耳骨格筋の In vivo エレクトロポレーションと短期再神経支配の組み合わせ

頭蓋挙筋長耳骨格筋の In vivo エレクトロポレーションと短期再神経支配の組み合わせ