この研究は、国立難聴者およびその他のコミュニケーション障害研究所（R21DC010806からCAMおよびJCSおよびR01DC011285からCAMへの助成金）の支援を受けました。

このプロトコールには、オスのFischer 344-Brownノルウェーラットを6ヶ月齢および30ヶ月齢で使用する。ラットは国立老化げっ歯類コロニーから入手した。ラット喉頭の構造はヒトのものと類似しており、機能的に気道保護および種特異的発声に役立つので、この研究のためにラットを使用した。この研究は、実験動物の人間のケアおよび使用に関するPHS方針に従って行われ、実験動物のケアおよび使用のためのNIHガイド、および動物福祉法（7 USC以下）;動物使用プロトコールは、ケンタッキー大学の施設動物用ケアおよび使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認された。 1.ラットの麻酔<ol><li>緩衝生理食塩水中でケタミン塩酸塩（解離麻酔薬）と塩酸キシラジン（鎮静薬と鎮痛薬）を混合して麻酔薬を調製する。最終溶液中のケタミンおよびキシラジンの濃度は、100mg / 8mg / kg体重をそれぞれ測定した。 </li><li> 25Gの針を備えた注射器を用いて腹腔内投与によりラットに麻酔薬を注入する。 </li><li>つま先または足を鉗子で挟むことによってラットが十分に麻酔されていることを確認する。ラットがピンチに反応しない場合、手術が始まります。ラットが反射または筋収縮を伴ってつま先のつまみに反応する場合は、1-2分待ってピンチ試験を繰り返します。ラットが再び反応する場合は、ラットを新しい動物に交換し、ステップ1.2から始まる手順を繰り返す。 </li><li>角膜が乾燥するのを防ぐために、ラットが動かなくなった後、ラットの眼に眼科用軟膏を塗布する。 </li></ol> 2.浸透圧ポンプインプラント<ol><li>ラットを腹側の無菌手術領域に配置する。メラキシカムを麻酔薬として投与する。 25Gの針を備えた注射器を使用して体重1kgあたり1-4mgの用量で腹腔内投与する。 </li><li>クリッパーを使って近似値を削除する首の後ろから毛皮を1 &quot;x 1&quot;平方に、肩の間に約1 &quot;の尾を付けてください。できるだけ皮膚に近づけてください。 </li><li>エタノール（70％）を消毒して背中と首を濡らします。 </li><li>シェービングした後、アルコールでヨウ素 - アルコール仕上げをしながら、3回のスクラブで首の背面を擦ってください。 </li><li> 34℃に設定された加熱パッド上に置くことによってラットの体温を維持する。 </li><li> 全身NTF4処理のために、50μLのNTF4または生理食塩水で無菌的に調製した浸透圧ポンプを充填する（ 図1 ）。 <ol><li>メスを使用して、肩甲骨間の空間に頭皮だけで約2cmの幅の水平切開を行う。片側の手で鉗子で切開の後端を持ち上げながら、止血の先端を挿入し、切開の後部を静かに押す。 </li><li>止血鉗子の先端が約2cm cの後喉頭部を切開部に切開し、止血鉗子のハンドルを開き、切開部の皮下に中空の「ポケット」を形成するために先端を広げる。これはポンプの設置場所になります。 </li></ol></li><li> NTF4とポケット切開部位の治癒との相互作用を最小限にするために、挿入時にポンプ送達ポータルの端部を先に向けます。 </li><li>いずれかのNTF4生理食塩水50μLを7 14日間送達する。 7日群には6.72mg /日のNTF4を投与し、総投与量は47.04mgであった。 14日群は6.72mg /日を受け、総用量94.08mgのNTF4 25を与えた 。 </li><li> 5-0ナイロン縫合糸、止血鉗子を使用して、ポンプを配置するために作られた切開を閉じる。 </li><li>彼らが麻酔から回復するにつれて、ラットを最低30分間観察する。モニタリングの完了基準は、動物が活動的になり、ケージの周りを移動し、水を飲み、グルーミングなどの他の正常な活動を開始することを含む。 </li><li>動物を毎日監視する最初の1週間は、手術部位の治癒、正常な飼料および水の消費、尿/糞の通過、およびストレス、痛みまたは他の術後合併症の異常な行動徴候を観察することにより、 </li><li>ラットに痛みや苦痛があると思われる場合は、痛みを和らげるために、カルプロフェンの5mg / kg皮下注射を24時間毎に5日間まで与える。 </li><li>感染が疑われる場合は、獣医に相談して、傷が適切に治癒するようにしてください。 </li><li>ラットが入っている実験群に応じて、糸からの刺激を防ぐために、手術の7-10日後に5-0ナイロン縫合糸を外す。 </li></ol> 3.直接注射用ラットの麻酔<ol><li>処置の前夜にラットの食物を控える。これにより、内視鏡または注射針を塞ぐ食物がないことが保証される。 </li><li>ラットを秤量し、アセプロマジン1〜2mg / kg体重を調製する。筋肉内に注射する（IMの場所は甲状腺機能亢進症の筋肉を残した）。 </li><li>誘導箱にラットを置きます。 5％イソフルランおよび1 LO 2を有する誘導ボックス内の麻酔を誘導する。 </li><li> 2％イソフルランおよび600mLのO 2を用いてラットをノーズコーンに移動する。 </li><li>つま先または足を鉗子で挟むことによってラットが十分に麻酔されていることを確認する。ラットがピンチに反応しない場合、注入プロトコールを開始することができる。ラットが反射または筋収縮を伴ってつま先のつまみに反応する場合は、1-2分待ってピンチ試験を繰り返します。ラットが再び反応する場合、ラットを新しい動物に交換し、ステップ3.4から手順を繰り返す。 </li></ol>直接注入および視覚化<ol><li> NTF4または生理食塩水を含む無菌的に調製した50μL用量を、注入前に25℃に設定したH 2 O浴に30分間置く。 </li><li>プレキシガラスプラットホーム上の仰臥位およびリクライニング位置にラットを配置する（ 図2 ）。サスラットを前傾姿勢で、プラットホームの頂部を横切って引っ張られたガイドワイヤーを介して、前頭部の切歯から懸垂する。 </li><li> 50 mm、30ゲージ、100μLシリンジを1.9 mm、30°の洞内視鏡に取り付けます（ 図3 ）。 注：シリンジアセンブリは、カニューレを内視鏡の外壁にしっかりと保持する治具を介して取り付けられています。内視鏡は、声帯の視覚化および注射器の口腔内誘導を可能にする。カニューレ先端の位置は、各動物の前に調整され、先端が内視鏡視野（ 図4 ）によって完全かつ明確に視認可能であることを保証する。 </li><li>舌を伸ばして横に動かすには、ゴムで先端を覆われた鉗子のペアを使用します。その後、口腔開存性を維持するためにプラスチックの鏡を挿入します。 1.5〜2 cmの長さに切断された5 mLのプラスチックシリンジバレルから検鏡を行い、切断された端をバリ取りして滑らかに研磨する。 </li><li>ロアーのライトを消すハロゲン光源を内視鏡に取り付ける。手順をキャプチャするには、ビデオレコーダーをオンにします。 </li><li>ラットの口に挿入したときにガラス先端に結露が発生するのを最小限にするために、内視鏡の遠位端を温水に数秒間浸します。 </li><li>モニターからの視覚フィードバックを使用して、針を注意深く左の声帯の領域に導く。 </li><li> 声帯に完全にアクセスするために、動物の呼吸サイクルの吸息段階で、溶液の注入に時間を合わせる。呼吸の吸気段階の間、声帯は完全に露出される。 <ol><li>声帯が完全に見えるようになったら、針を声帯の白い内側の縁の横方向に見られる左甲状腺腫に挿入します。注射針を適所に置いて、シリンジの押し込みによって注射液を送達する。 </li></ol></li><li>内視鏡とビデオプレーヤーのハロゲン光源をオフにして、オムライト。 </li><li>ラットをそのホームケージに戻し、加熱パッド上に置く。 </li><li>加熱パッドから取り出す前にラットを回復させる。ケージ内の食品と水を交換してください。 </li><li>注射後7日間ラットをモニターし、安楽死させる。凍結切除のための喉頭を取り除く24 。 </li></ol> 5.ラットの安楽死<ol><li>ラットをケタミン塩酸塩およびキシラジン塩酸塩（100mg / kg体重当たり8mgの腹腔内注射）で麻酔する。 </li><li>内側のthoracotomy後に放血によって安楽死させる。 </li></ol>

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著者は何も開示することはない。

喉頭の筋肉は、老化の好ましくない影響を受け易い。以前の研究では、収縮機能およびミオシンアイソフォームシフトの変化に加えて、繊維サイズの変化、繊維の総数、再生能力、NMJサイズおよび量の変化を含む老齢喉頭筋の変化が示されている4,11,27,30,31 。高齢の喉頭筋は、ニューロトロフィンの適用によって変化させることができる。これらの変化は容易に測定することができる。した?...

喉頭の筋肉は急速かつ一貫して収縮し、老化の悪影響を受け易い。この一定の活動は、65歳以上の人の1日 、 2日 、 3日 、 4日 、 5日 、 6日 、 7日に観察される声の問題または嚥下障害に寄与すると考えられている。いくつかの分子的および病態生理学的機序がこの年齢関連機能不全に寄与する。これらのメカニズムには、喉頭粘膜の改造、筋繊維萎縮または喪失、筋繊維再生の欠如、または声帯の屈曲および声門閉鎖の不可能化を引き起こす萎縮が含まれ得る（8,9,10,11）。現時点で実証された治療法はありませんこれらの筋肉の年齢に関連した変化を徹底的に防止またはリハビリします。 神経筋伝達の有効性の調節は、神経運動の性能に大きく影響する可能性がある。ニューロトロフィンのファミリーには、神経成長因子（NGF）、脳由来神経成長因子（BDNF）、ニューロトロフィン3（NTF3）およびNTF4 12,13が含まれる 。ニューロトロフィンは、シナプスの効力を調節することが示されている1,4 。肝細胞増殖因子、トランスフォーミング増殖因子ベータおよび線維芽細胞成長因子は、最近、ヒトにおいて声帯瘢痕の治療のために使用されている15-17。 NTF4はNMJの有効性も規制している。 NTF4を欠くマウスは、分解されたNMJ11,18,19を示す。これらの研究は、治療薬の有望な効果をもたらす老人性喉頭筋障害の老化および成長因子による衰弱。 声帯の組織への直接注射療法は、ヒトにおいて前例のないことではない。例えば、ボツリヌス毒素の局所注入は、現在、喉頭の筋肉に影響を与える神経運動障害、例えば痙攣性発声障害および両側性再発性喉頭神経麻痺に対する有効な治療として使用されている20,21 。ヒアルロン酸ハイドロゲルは、別の注射剤であり、声帯怖さと声門不全を治療するために使用される22,23 。注射喉頭形成術は、様々なコミュニケーション障害を治療するために使用することができる24 。これらの直接注射方法は、高齢者の声機能および嚥下を改善することを約束している。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurotrophin 4</td>
			<td>Pepro Tech</td>
			<td>450-04</td>
			<td>200ng in 50&#956;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alzet Osmotic Pump</td>
			<td>DURECT Corporation</td>
			<td>2001D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30&#176; endoscope</td>
			<td>Stoltz</td>
			<td>61029D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mm 30 gauge 100-&#956;l syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>84850 and 201812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>saline (sodium chloride solution)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8776</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>56344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylazine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>33198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 G 5/8 needle</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>305901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>8897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clippers</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>44-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon</td>
			<td>2716</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iodine (Betadine)</td>
			<td>Purdue Pharma L.P.</td>
			<td>606404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heating pad</td>
			<td>Sunbeam</td>
			<td>731-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 nylon suture thread</td>
			<td>AD Surgical</td>
			<td>PMN-518R6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>crile hemostat</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13005-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>delicate suture tying forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11063-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>meloxicam</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>49756</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>carprofen</td>
			<td>Merritt Veterinary Supplies</td>
			<td>148700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>antibiotic ointment</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>57110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acepromizine Aceproject</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>3845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane Isothesia</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>50033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>induction box (anesthetizing box)</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>50-0116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oxygen compressed tank</td>
			<td>Scott Gross</td>
			<td>UN1072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plexiglas platform</td>
			<td>Small Parts Inc (Amazon)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rubber tipped forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools rubber</td>
			<td>11075-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>liquid rubber for forceps above</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>42518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic spectula (BD syringe cut to length)</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>halogen light source rhino-laryngeal stroboscope</td>
			<td>Kay-Pentax</td>
			<td>RLS 9100 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>video recorder</td>
			<td>Kay-Pentax</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417-100TAB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cryostat Mictotom HM525</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>HM 525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gill 1 hematoxylin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10143-142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shandon eosin-Y alcoholic</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>6766007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-sodium channel Nav1.5 antibody produced in rabbit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texas red-X phalloidin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alpha- bungarotoxin alexa fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>B-13422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small animal anaesthesia machine</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical</td>
			<td>CDS 9000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

subcutaneous neurotrophin 4 infusion using osmotic pumps or direct muscular injection enhances aging rat laryngeal muscles

高齢者における喉頭機能不全は、声調障害から嚥下障害および気道保護反射障害の主要な原因である。年齢関連の喉頭筋機能不全を対象とする治療法は、あるとしてもごくわずかです。ニューロトロフィンは、神経筋接合部（NMJ）の筋肉の神経支配および分化に関与する。神経栄養因子は、神経伝達物質放出を増加させることによって神経筋伝達を増強すると考えられている。神経筋接合部（NMJ）は、ラットの喉頭筋の老化において、機能低下を示す証拠とともに、より小さく、豊富ではない。私たちは、ヒトの喉頭筋の高齢化における機能を改善するための治療薬としての将来の臨床用途へのNTF4の影響を探った。ここでは、NTF4の適用に応答してラット喉頭筋の老化能力を調べるための、NTF4の全身投与および直接注射のための詳細なプロトコールを提供する。この方法では、ラットはNTF4を全身的に oまたは声帯を介して直接注入することによって行われる。喉頭筋を解剖し、形態学および年齢関連の脱神経の組織学的検査に用いた。

2週間の浸透圧ポンプ注入後またはNTF4の直接注入後1週間後にラットを安楽死させた。喉頭を収穫し、凍結保護剤（30％スクロースおよび70％リン酸緩衝生理食塩水）に入れ、次にクライオスタットで10μmの幅で連続的に切片化した。高齢の喉頭筋はNTF4の投与によって影響を受ける25 。若年ラットおよび老齢ラットに加えて、我々は、甲状腺機能亢進?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles at JoVE.com

Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles

ここでは、ラットの老化喉頭筋をリモデリングするために、ニューロトロフィン4（NTF4）の使用を全身的かつ直接的に記述するためのプロトコールを提示する。

浸透圧ポンプまたは直接的筋肉注射を用いる皮下ニューロトロフィン4注入は、老齢ラット喉頭筋を増強する

Laryngeal dysfunction in the elderly is a major cause of disability, from voice disorders to dysphagia and loss of airway protective reflexes. Few, if ...

subcutaneous-neurotrophin-4-infusion-using-osmotic-pumps-or-direct

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.3K ビュー.  University of Kentucky. ここでは、ラットの老化喉頭筋をリモデリングするために、ニューロトロフィン4（NTF4）の使用を全身的かつ直接的に記述するためのプロトコールを提示する。 

ビデオ: Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles

Isolation and Characterization of Satellite Cells from Rat Head Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent problems in speech, swallowing, and sucking. In vitro culture systems that allow the study of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) from head muscles are crucial to develop new therapies based on tissue engineering to promote muscle regeneration after surgery. These systems will offer new perspectives for the treatment of cleft palate patients. A protocol for the isolation, culture and differentiation of satellite cells from head muscles is presented. The isolation is based on enzymatic digestion and trituration to release the satellite cells. In addition, this protocol comprises an innovative method using extracellular matrix gel coatings of millimeter size, which requires only low numbers of satellite cells for differentiation assays.

This protocol describes the isolation of satellite cells from branchiomeric head muscles of a 9 week-old rat. The muscles originate from different branchial arches. Subsequently, the satellite cells are cultured on a spot coating of millimeter size to study their differentiation. This approach avoids the expansion and passaging of satellite cells.

ラットヘッドBranchiomeric筋肉から衛星細胞の単離とキャラクタリゼーション

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent ...

発生生物学

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, Klf-4, and c-Myc), typically expressed by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Due to their similarity with hESCs, iPSCs have become an important tool for potential patient-specific regenerative medicine, avoiding ethical issues associated with hESCs. In order to obtain cells suitable for clinical application, transgene-free iPSCs need to be generated to avoid transgene reactivation, altered gene expression and misguided differentiation. Moreover, a highly efficient and inexpensive reprogramming method is necessary to derive sufficient iPSCs for therapeutic purposes. Given this need, an efficient non-integrating episomal plasmid approach is the preferable choice for iPSC derivation. Currently the most common cell type used for reprogramming purposes are fibroblasts, the isolation of which requires tissue biopsy, an invasive surgical procedure for the patient. Therefore, human peripheral blood represents the most accessible and least invasive tissue for iPSC generation.
In this study, a cost-effective and viral-free protocol using non-integrating episomal plasmids is reported for the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats after whole blood centrifugation and without density gradient separation.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a source of patient-specific tissues for clinical applications and basic research. Here, we present a detailed protocol to reprogram human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats into viral-free iPSCs using non-integrating episomal plasmids.

非統合ソームプラスミドを用いて凍結軟膜から誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. Although numerous immortalized adipogenic cell lines have been established, adipose-derived stem cells from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous white adipose tissues provide a reliable cellular system ex vivo much closer to adipose development in vivo. Pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) are isolated from 7- to 9-day old piglets. The dorsal white fat depot of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues is sliced, minced and collagenase digested. These pADSC exhibit strong potential to differentiate into adipocytes. Moreover, the pADSC also possess multipotency, assessed by selective stem cell markers, to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. These pADSC can be used for clarification of molecular switches in regulating classical adipocyte differentiation or in direction to other mesenchymal cell types of mesodermal origin. Furthermore, extended lineages into cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin have recently been achieved. Therefore, pADSC derived in this protocol provide an abundant and assessable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with full multipotency for studying adipose development and application to tissue engineering of regenerative medicine.

This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies.

ブタ皮下脂肪組織から分離し、脂肪由来幹細胞の分化

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

Analysis of Zebrafish Kidney Development with Time-lapse Imaging Using a Dissecting Microscope Equipped for Optical Sectioning

In order to understand organogenesis, the spatial and temporal alterations that occur during development of tissues need to be recorded. The method described here allows time-lapse analysis of normal and impaired kidney development in zebrafish embryos by using a fluorescence dissecting microscope equipped for structured illumination and z-stack acquisition. To visualize nephrogenesis, transgenic zebrafish (Tg(wt1b:GFP)) with fluorescently labeled kidney structures were used. Renal defects were triggered by injection of an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide against the Wilms tumor gene wt1a, a factor known to be crucial for kidney development.
The advantage of the experimental setup is the combination of a zoom microscope with simple strategies for re-adjusting movements in x, y or z direction without additional equipment. To circumvent focal drift that is induced by temperature variations and mechanical vibrations, an autofocus strategy was applied instead of utilizing a usually required environmental chamber. In order to re-adjust the positional changes due to a xy-drift, imaging chambers with imprinted relocation grids were employed.
In comparison to more complex setups for time-lapse recording with optical sectioning such as confocal laser scanning&#160;or light sheet microscopes, a zoom microscope is easy to handle. Besides, it offers dissecting microscope-specific benefits such as high depth of field and an extended working distance.
The method to study organogenesis presented here can also be used with fluorescence stereo microscopes not capable of optical sectioning. Although limited for high-throughput, this technique offers an alternative to more complex equipment that is normally used for time-lapse recording of developing tissues and organ dynamics.

The method described here allows time-lapse analysis of organ development in zebrafish embryos by using a fluorescence dissecting microscope capable of performing optical sectioning and simple strategies of readjustment to correct focal and planar drift.

解剖顕微鏡を使用したタイムラプスイメージングとゼブラフィッシュ腎臓の開発の分析は、光学切片のための装備します

In order to understand organogenesis, the spatial and temporal alterations that occur during development of tissues need to be recorded. The method ...

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The effects these exposures have on mammary gland development are typically evaluated using either basic dimensional measurements or by scoring morphological characteristics. However, the broad range of methods for interpreting developmental changes could lead to inconsistent translations across laboratories. A common method of assessment is needed so that proper interpretations can be formed from data being compared across studies. The present study describes the application of the Sholl analysis method to quantify mammary gland branching characteristics. The Sholl method was originally developed for use in quantifying neuronal dendritic patterns. By using ImageJ, an open-source image analysis software package, and a plugin developed for this analysis, the mammary gland branching density and the complexity of a mammary gland from a peripubertal female rat were determined. The methods described here will enable the use of the Sholl analysis as an effective tool for quantifying an important characteristic of mammary gland development.

Mammary gland development in the rodent has typically been evaluated using descriptive assessments or by measuring basic physical attributes. Branching density is an indicator of mammary development that is difficult to quantify objectively. This protocol describes a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of mammary gland branching characteristics.

ショール分析法を用いたラット乳腺全身の分枝密度の定量

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

Isolation of Type I and Type II Pericytes from Mouse Skeletal Muscles

Pericytes are perivascular multipotent cells that show heterogeneity in different organs or even within the same tissue. In skeletal muscles, there are at least two pericyte subpopulations (called type I and type II), which express different molecular markers and have distinct differentiation capabilities. Using NG2-DsRed and Nestin-GFP double-transgenic mice, type I (NG2-DsRed+Nestin-GFP-) and type II (NG2-DsRed+Nestin-GFP+) pericytes have been successfully isolated. However, the availability of these double-transgenic mice prevents the widespread use of this purification method. This work describes an alternative protocol that allows for the easy and simultaneous isolation of type I and type II pericytes from skeletal muscles. This protocol utilizes the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique and targets PDGFR&#946;, rather than NG2, together with the Nestin-GFP signal. Following isolation, type I and type II pericytes show distinct morphologies. In addition, type I and type II pericytes isolated with this new method, like those isolated from the double-transgenic mice, are adipogenic and myogenic, respectively. These results suggest that this protocol can be used to isolate pericyte subpopulations from skeletal muscles and possibly from other tissues.

This work describes a FACS-based protocol that allows for easy and simultaneous isolation of type I and type II pericytes from skeletal muscles.

マウス骨格筋からのI型およびII型ペリクルの単離

Pericytes are perivascular multipotent cells that show heterogeneity in different organs or even within the same tissue. In skeletal muscles, there are at ...

Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell cycle arrest activated in response to different damaging stimuli. Activation of cellular senescence is a hallmark of various pathophysiological conditions including tumor suppression, tissue remodeling and aging. The inducers of cellular senescence in vivo are still poorly characterized. However, a number of stimuli can be used to promote cellular senescence ex vivo. Among them, most common senescence-inducers are replicative exhaustion, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, genotoxic drugs, oxidative stress, and demethylating and acetylating agents. Here, we will provide detailed instructions on how to use these stimuli to induce fibroblasts into senescence. This protocol can easily be adapted for different types of primary cells and cell lines, including cancer cells. We also describe different methods for the validation of senescence induction. In particular, we focus on measuring the activity of the lysosomal enzyme Senescence-Associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-gal), the rate of DNA synthesis using 5-ethynyl-2&#39;-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, the levels of expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p16 and p21, and the expression and secretion of members of the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). Finally, we provide example results and discuss further applications of these protocols.

Here, we discuss a series of protocols for induction and validation of cellular senescence in cultured cells. We focus on different senescence-inducing stimuli and describe the quantification of common senescence-associated markers. We provide technical details using fibroblasts as a model, but the protocols can be adapted to various cellular models.

ひと初代細胞における細胞老化の誘導性

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell cycle arrest activated in response to different damaging stimuli. Activation of cellular senescence is a ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

ノードと走査型電子顕微鏡と蛍光抗体法マウント全体を使用して Gastrulating のマウス胚における脊索板を可視化

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Adult Zebrafish Injury Models to Study the Effects of Prednisolone in Regenerating Bone Tissue

Zebrafish are able to regenerate various organs, including appendages (fins) after amputation. This involves the regeneration of bone, which regrows within roughly two weeks after injury. Furthermore, zebrafish are able to heal bone rapidly after trepanation of the skull, and repair fractures that can be easily introduced into zebrafish bony fin rays. These injury assays represent feasible experimental paradigms to test the effect of administered drugs on rapidly forming bone. Here, we describe the use of these 3 injury models and their combined use with systemic glucocorticoid treatment, which exerts bone inhibitory and immunosuppressive effects. We provide a workflow on how to prepare for immunosuppressive treatment in adult zebrafish, illustrate how to perform fin amputation, trepanation of calvarial bones, and fin fractures, and describe how the use of glucocorticoids affects both bone forming osteoblasts and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage as part of innate immunity in bone tissue.

Here, we describe 3 adult zebrafish injury models and their combined use with immunosuppressive drug treatment. We provide guidance on imaging of regenerating tissues and on detecting bone mineralization therein.

骨組織の再生にプレドニゾロンの効果を研究する大人のゼブラフィッシュ傷害モデル

Zebrafish are able to regenerate various organs, including appendages (fins) after amputation. This involves the regeneration of bone, which regrows ...

Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Adult Mouse Fibroblast to Erythroid Progenitors

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell fate determining and maturing factors. We previously set out to define the minimal set of factors necessary for instructing red blood cell development using direct lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced erythroid progenitors/precursors (iEPs). We showed that overexpression of Gata1, Tal1, Lmo2, and c-Myc (GTLM) can rapidly convert murine and human fibroblasts directly to iEPs that resemble bona fide erythroid cells in terms of morphology, phenotype, and gene expression. We intend that iEPs will provide an invaluable tool to study erythropoiesis and cell fate regulation. Here we describe the stepwise process of converting murine tail tip fibroblasts into iEPs via transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR). In this example, we perform the reprogramming in fibroblasts from erythroid lineage-tracing mice that express the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under the control of the erythropoietin receptor gene (EpoR) promoter, enabling visualization of erythroid cell fate induction upon reprogramming. Following this protocol, fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into iEPs within five to eight days. 
While improvements can still be made to the process, we show that GTLM-mediated reprogramming is a rapid and direct process, yielding cells with properties of bona fide erythroid progenitor and precursor cells.

Here we present our protocol for producing induced erythroid progenitors (iEPs) from mouse adult fibroblasts using transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR).

リネージュの赤芽球系前駆細胞に成体マウス線維芽細胞のリプログラミングを直接します。

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell ...