著者らは、この方法とTiago Ferreira博士（McGill University、カナダ、ケベック州モントリオール）の継続的な成功のために、Michael Islingling博士（ノースカロライナ州ダーラム）を認めたいと思っています。 Shollアプリケーションのサポート。

<ol>
	<li>Sholl, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+organization+of+the+neurons+in+the+visual+and+motor+cortices+of+the+cat.">Dendritic organization of the neurons in the visual and motor cortices of the cat.</a> J Anat. 87 (4), 387-406 (1953).</li><li>Ferreira, T. A., Iacono, L. L., Gross, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotonin+receptor+1A+modulates+actin+dynamics+and+restricts+dendritic+growth+in+hippocampal+neurons.">Serotonin receptor 1A modulates actin dynamics and restricts dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 32 (1), 18-26 (2010).</li><li>Stanko, J. P., Easterling, M. R., Fenton, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Sholl+analysis+to+quantify+changes+in+growth+and+development+in+rat+mammary+gland+whole+mounts.">Application of Sholl analysis to quantify changes in growth and development in rat mammary gland whole mounts.</a> Reprod Toxicol. 54, 129-135 (2015).</li><li>Assis, S., Warri, A., Cruz, M. I., Hilakivi-Clarke, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+Mammary+Gland+Morphology+and+Breast+Cancer+Risk+in+Rats.">Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (44), e2260 (2010).</li><li>Plante, I., Stewart, M. K., Laird, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Mammary+Gland+Development+and+Function+in+Mouse+Models.">Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (53), e2828 (2011).</li><li>ImageJ User Guide. IJ 1.46r. ImageJ Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide/146.html">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide/146.html</a> (2012)</li><li>Tucker, D. K., Foley, J. F., Hayes-Bouknight, S. A., Fenton, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+High-quality+Hematoxylin+and+Eosin-stained+Sections+from+Rodent+Mammary+Gland+Whole+Mounts+for+Histopathologic+Review.">Preparation of High-quality Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained Sections from Rodent Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Histopathologic Review.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 44 (7), 1059-1064 (2016).</li><li>Fenton, S. E., Hamm, J. T., Birnbaum, L. S., Youngblood, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+abnormalities+in+the+rat+mammary+gland+following+gestational+and+lactational+exposure+to+2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin+(TCDD).">Persistent abnormalities in the rat mammary gland following gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).</a> Toxicol Sci. 67 (1), 63-74 (2002).</li><li>Murray, T. J., Maffini, M. V., Ucci, A. A., Sonnenschein, C., Soto, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+mammary+gland+ductal+hyperplasias+and+carcinoma+in+situ+following+fetal+bisphenol+A+exposure.">Induction of mammary gland ductal hyperplasias and carcinoma in situ following fetal bisphenol A exposure.</a> Reprod Toxicol. 23 (3), 383-390 (2007).</li><li>Moral, R., Santucci-Pereira, J., Wang, R., Russo, I. H., Lamartiniere, C. A., Russo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+exposure+to+butyl+benzyl+phthalate+induces+modifications+in+the+morphology+and+the+gene+expression+profile+of+the+mammary+gland:+an+experimental+study+in+rats.">In utero exposure to butyl benzyl phthalate induces modifications in the morphology and the gene expression profile of the mammary gland: an experimental study in rats.</a> Environ Health. 10 (1), 5 (2011).</li><li>Johnson, M. D., Mueller, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+dimensional+multiphoton+imaging+of+fresh+and+whole+mount+developing+mouse+mammary+glands.">Three dimensional multiphoton imaging of fresh and whole mount developing mouse mammary glands.</a> BMC Cancer. 13, 373 (2013).</li><li>Enoch, R. R., Stanko, J. P., Greiner, S. N., Youngblood, G. L., Rayner, J. L., Fenton, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammary+gland+development+as+a+sensitive+end+point+after+acute+prenatal+exposure+to+an+atrazine+metabolite+mixture+in+female+Long-Evans+rats.">Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats.</a> Environ Health Persp. 115 (4), 541-547 (2007).</li><li>Hovey, R. C., Coder, P. S., Wolf, J. C., Sielken, R. L., Tisdel, M. O., Breckenridge, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+mammary+gland+development+in+female+Long+Evans+rats+following+in+utero+exposure+to+atrazine.">Quantitative assessment of mammary gland development in female Long Evans rats following in utero exposure to atrazine.</a> Toxicol Sci. 119 (2), 380-390 (2011).</li><li>Mandrup, K. R., Hass, U., Christiansen, S., Boberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perinatal+ethinyl+oestradiol+alters+mammary+gland+development+in+male+and+female+Wistar+rats.">Perinatal ethinyl oestradiol alters mammary gland development in male and female Wistar rats.</a> Inter J of Androl. 35 (3), 385-396 (2012).</li></ol>

著者は何も開示することはない。

出産から思春期まで、乳腺の成長はアロマティックである。思春期後、乳腺は、乳腺上皮が脂肪パッド全体を占有するまで、広範な管分岐および伸長を経て発達する。分枝特性は乳腺発達の重要な側面であり、これらの特性を客観的に定量化する能力は、乳房の正常な発育を評価し、乳房毒性物質への早期曝露後の異常な発達を同定するために非常に有用であり得る。 ?...

乳腺分枝は、一般に腺発生の指標として評価される特性であるが、客観的に定量化することは困難である。 1953年にSholl 1は、猫の視覚および運動皮質におけるニューロンの樹状突起形成を測定する方法を記載し、この技術のためのプラグインはFerriera らによって開発された2 。ニューロンと乳腺の両方が類似の樹状構造を示すため、このプラグインを用いて、周辺期ラット乳腺の2D画像における乳房上皮分岐密度を定量化した。周産期は、離乳は生涯の段階であるため、分析のために選択されました。これは、多くの場合、学術機関や試験ガイドラインの研究で評価されています。 Sholl分析は、FIJIと共に配布されているプラ​​グインです。これはオープンソースの画像処理パッケージImageJで、追加のプラグインが含まれています。プラグインはpredefを囲む一連の同心リングを作成します（典型的には、ニューロンの体細胞または乳腺の主ダクトの起源）を対象とし、対象物の最遠位部分（包囲半径）まで伸びる。次に、各リング上に発生する交差点の数（N）を数えます。また、プラグインはSholl回帰係数（ k ）を返します。これは上皮分岐の減衰率の測定値です。 ImageJを使用して、乳腺全身の骨格化画像が作成され、乳房上皮領域（MEA）が測定される。 Sholl分析プラグインを使用して画像が分析され、ここでは利用されない他の値のうちNとkの値が返されます。乳腺上皮分枝密度は、N / MEAを計算することによって決定される。腺上皮の外側領域で分枝が継続する程度は分枝の複雑さであり、均一な遠位上皮成長の指標である。 kはエピソードにおける遠位減少の尺度であるのでこれは分枝の複雑さと乳房発達の信頼できる指標の有効な尺度である。 このプロトコルは、乳腺全身マウントの骨格化画像を作成し、周辺性雄性および雌性ラットにおける乳房分枝特性を定量的に評価するコンピュータ支援法を記載する。この方法は比較的迅速であり、特別な顕微鏡検査装置の使用を必要としない。この方法の開発および検証はStanko et al。 （2015） 3 。この報告書はまた、ラット乳腺全体=マウントの調製を記載している。同様の哺乳類全体マウント手順が、アシス（Assis） らに記載されている。 （2010） 4およびPlante et al。 （2011） 5 。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dissecting board</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>A piece of styrofoam roughly 10&quot;x12&quot; is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting T-Pins</td><td>Daigger</td><td>EF7419A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spray bottle with ethanol</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>70% ethanol is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Curved dissecting scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14569-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Straight dissecing scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14568-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Curved forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11003-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superfrost Plus 24 x 75 x 1 mm microscope slides</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>4951PLUS-001</td><td>Thermo Scientific Superfrost Plus &amp;amp; Colorfrost Plus slides hold tissue sections on permanently without the need for expensive coatings in IHC and Anatomical Pathology applications. This treatment reduces tissue loss during staining as well as hours of slide preparation. Slides electro-statically attract frozen tissue sections and cytology preparations and feature a chemistry similar to silane, although optimized to improve application performance.&lt;br/&gt; https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/4951PLUS4.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Fisherfinest Premium Cover Glass 24 x 60 x 1 mm</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>12-548-5P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bemis Parafilm M Laboratory Wrapping Film</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>13-374-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C2432</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glacial acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9967</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol absolute, &amp;ge;99.8% (GC)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>24102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>214736</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carmine alum&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C1022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum potassium sulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6435</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Permount mounting media</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SP15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Macroscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>Z16 APO&amp;nbsp;</td><td>This is the image capturing hardware and software used in this laboratory.&amp;nbsp; As there are many different options, the methods and applications may vary between laboratories.</td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera</td><td>Leica</td><td>DFC295</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Camera software</td><td>Leica</td><td>Leica Application Suite v3.1&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ software</td><td>Open source</td><td>http://imagej.net/Welcome</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sholl analysis&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Open source</td><td>http://imagej.net/Sholl_Analysis</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

quantifying branching density in rat mammary gland whole-mounts using the sholl analysis method

げっ歯類の乳腺を化学暴露の発生毒性を評価するためのエンドポイントとして利用する研究が増えています。これらの曝露が乳腺発達に及ぼす影響は、典型的には、基本的な寸法測定または形態学的特徴の採点によって評価される。しかし、発達の変化を解釈するための幅広い方法は、研究所間で一貫性のない翻訳につながる可能性があります。研究を通して比較されるデータから適切な解釈が形成されるように、一般的な評価方法が必要です。本研究は、乳腺の分岐特性を定量化するSholl分析法の応用を記載している。 Sholl法はもともとニューロンの樹状パターンの定量化に使用するために開発されました。オープンソースの画像解析ソフトウェアパッケージであるImageJと、この解析用に開発されたプラグインを使用することにより、乳腺分枝密度とam周産期の雌ラットの臍帯腺を決定した。ここに記載されている方法は、Sholl分析を乳腺発達の重要な特徴を定量化するための有効なツールとして使用することを可能にする。

このプロトコールで分析した乳腺の測定された封入半径、MEA、N、 kおよび計算された分枝密度の値を表1に報告する。 Sholl解析では、各半径（ 図9 ）および交差点のヒートマップ（選択されている場合）の交点数の線形および半対数プロットが生成されます（ 図10 ）。あまり発達していない腺は、同じMEA...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method at JoVE.com

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

げっ歯類における乳腺発達は、典型的には、記述的評価または基本的物理的属性の測定によって評価されている。分枝密度は、客観的に定量することが困難な哺乳類の発達の指標である。このプロトコールは、乳腺分枝特性の定量的評価のための信頼できる方法を記載している。

ショール分析法を用いたラット乳腺全身の分枝密度の定量

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

quantifying-branching-density-rat-mammary-gland-whole-mounts-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

14.2K ビュー.  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. げっ歯類における乳腺発達は、典型的には、記述的評価または基本的物理的属性の測定によって評価されている。分枝密度は、客観的に定量することが困難な哺乳類の発達の指標である。このプロトコールは、乳腺分枝特性の定量的評価のための信頼できる方法を記載している。 

ビデオ: Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

Sectioning Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Lesion Identification

Normal mammary gland development may be altered by exposure to environmental toxicants and pharmaceutical products, excessive exposure to hormones, and genetic alterations. Mammary gland whole mounts are an inexpensive method to capture the progression of morphological changes that may arise after exposure. However, in later life, when abnormalities are more prone to develop, sole reliance on this one method may not always provide enough information to make a proper diagnosis of the abnormality. Historically, in chemical test guideline studies, a single mammary gland is removed at necropsy and prepared as a hematoxylin and eosin (H&#38;E)-stained section. The incorporation of contralateral mammary whole-mount collection and analysis decreases the likelihood of a false-negative assessment. Evaluation of the whole mount is limited by the presence of one or two entire mammary glands on a slide, and in some cases, the abnormalities observed in the whole mount are not uniformly represented in the H&#38;E section.&#160; The goal of this study was to develop a protocol for converting coverslipped mammary whole mounts to H&#38;E-stained sections so that lesions that would otherwise have been missed or that are difficult to diagnose can be identified. Here, we detail a method to produce a high-quality, paraffin-embedded H&#38;E section from a mammary gland that was initially prepared as a whole mount. In comparison to a tissue that was intentionally prepared for H&#38;E sectioning, the whole mount requires additional preparation for tissue removal and processing. However, this method is considered inexpensive, as it requires common lab reagents and little additional time. As a result, this method can provide invaluable information on how chemical and environmental exposures alter normal mammary development, as well as display changes that occur because of genetic modifications.

We developed a method to successfully remove, process, section, and stain, for histopathological evaluation, mammary tissue that had originally been fixed on slides as whole mounts. This method may promote the collection and evaluation of mammary gland whole mounts in reproductive and developmental test guideline studies.

病変同定のための乳腺全体マウントの分割

Normal mammary gland development may be altered by exposure to environmental toxicants and pharmaceutical products, excessive exposure to hormones, and ...

がん研究

Rat Mammary Epithelial Cell Transplantation into the Interscapular White Fat Pad

As early as the 1970s, researchers have successfully transplanted mammary epithelial cells into the interscapular white fat pad of rats. Grafting mammary epithelium using transplantation techniques takes advantage of the hormonal environment provided by the adolescent rodent host. These studies are ideally suited to explore the impact of various biological manipulations on mammary gland development and dissect many aspects of mammary gland biology. A common, but limiting, feature is that transplanted epithelial cells are strongly influenced by the surrounding stroma and outcompeted by endogenous epithelium; to utilize native mammary tissue, the abdominal-inguinal white fat pad must be cleared to remove host mammary epithelium prior to the transplantation. A major obstacle when using the rat model organism is that clearing the developing mammary tree in post-weaned rats is not efficient. When transplanted into gland-free fat pads, donor epithelial cells can repopulate the cleared host fat pad and form a functional mammary gland. The interscapular fat pad is an alternative location for these grafts. A major advantage is that it lacks ductal structures yet provides the normal stroma that is necessary to promote epithelial outgrowth and is easily accessible in the rat. Another major advantage of this technique is that it is minimally invasive, because it eliminates the need to cauterize and remove the growing endogenous mammary tree. Additionally, the interscapular fat pad contains a medial blood vessel that can be used to separate sites for grafting. Because the endogenous glands remain intact, this technique can also be used for studies comparing the endogenous mammary gland to the transplanted gland. This paper describes the method of mammary epithelial cell transplantation into the interscapular white fat pad of rats.

This article describes a transplantation method to graft donor rat mammary epithelial cells into the interscapular white fat pad of recipient animals. This method can be used to examine host and/or donor effects on mammary epithelium development and eliminates the need for pre-clearing, thereby extending the usefulness of this technique.

間肩甲膜白脂肪パッドへのラット乳腺上皮細胞移植

As early as the 1970s, researchers have successfully transplanted mammary epithelial cells into the interscapular white fat pad of rats. Grafting mammary ...

Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands

Cell-cell interactions play a pivotal role in preserving tissue integrity and the barrier between the different compartments of the mammary gland. These interactions are provided by junctional proteins that form nexuses between adjacent cells. Junctional protein mislocalization and reduced physical associations with their binding partners can result in the loss of function and, consequently, to organ dysfunction. Thus, identifying protein localization and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in normal and disease-related tissues is essential to finding new evidences and mechanisms leading to the progression of diseases or alterations in developmental status. This manuscript presents a two-step method to evaluate PPIs in murine mammary glands. In protocol section 1, a method to perform co-immunofluorescence (co-IF) using antibodies raised against the proteins of interest, followed by secondary antibodies labeled with fluorochromes, is described. Although co-IF allows for the demonstration of the proximity of the proteins, it does make it possible to study their physical interactions. Therefore, a detailed protocol for co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) is provided in protocol section 2. This method is used to determine the physical interactions between proteins, without confirming whether these interactions are direct or indirect. In the last few years, co-IF and co-IP techniques have demonstrated that certain components of intercellular junctions co-localize and interact together, creating stage-dependent junctional nexuses that vary during mammary gland development.

Intercellular junctions are requisites for mammary gland stage-specific functions and development. This manuscript provides a detailed protocol for the study of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and co-localization using murine mammary glands. These techniques allow for the investigation of the dynamics of the physical association between intercellular junctions at different developmental stages.

マウス乳腺のギャップ、タイトおよびアデュランス接合部の成分間のタンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用および共局在の分析

Cell-cell interactions play a pivotal role in preserving tissue integrity and the barrier between the different compartments of the mammary gland. These ...

発生生物学

Intraductal Delivery and X-ray Visualization of Ethanol-Based Ablative Solution for Prevention and Local Treatment of Breast Cancer in Mouse Models

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the USA. For high-risk women, prophylactic mastectomy is the most effective primary prevention strategy. Prophylactic mastectomy is an aggressive surgical procedure that completely removes the mammary epithelial cells from which breast cancer arises along with the surrounding tissue. We seek to develop a minimally invasive intraductal procedure as an alternative to prophylactic mastectomy to locally ablate the mammary epithelial cells before they can become malignant. We and others have developed an intraductal delivery procedure to reach and treat these epithelial cells in rodent models of breast cancer. While the mouse mammary gland with a single non-anastomosed ductal tree opening at the nipple has a much less complex and tortuous architecture than the human breast, chemically induced and genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer are valuable to produce proof-of-concept studies of new preventative strategies. Here, we describe a procedure for intraductal delivery of an ethanol-based ablative solution containing micro-CT/X-ray tantalum-based contrast agent within the mouse mammary ductal tree for the therapeutic purpose of primary prevention of breast cancer. Intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents (e.g., cytotoxic compounds, siRNAs, AdCre) has been previously described in mouse models. Thus, we focus our protocol description on methodological modifications and unique experimental considerations for optimizing delivery of ethanol, for minimizing local and systemic side effects of ethanol administration, and for in vivo visualization of ductal tree filling via micro-CT/fluoroscopy imaging. Visualization of the ductal tree immediately after injection of a contrast-containing solution allows for confirmation of complete filling or unsuccessful outcomes such as underfilling or overfilling. This procedure can be applied for delivery and imaging of other ablative compounds aimed at either preventing tumor formation or locally treating early-stage tumors accessible via the ductal tree.

A method of intraductal injection of reagents for an ethanol-based ablative solution to the mouse mammary ductal tree for in vivo imaging and breast cancer prevention is described. Injection directly into the nipple opening allows for targeting mammary epithelial cells with minimal collateral tissue damage.

マウスモデルにおける乳癌の予防および局所治療のためのエタノールベースのアブレーション溶液の管内送達およびX線可視化

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the USA. For high-risk women, prophylactic ...

X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models

There are still a limited number of primary interventions for prevention of breast cancer. For women at a high risk of developing breast cancer, the most effective intervention is prophylactic mastectomy. This is a drastic surgical procedure in which the mammary epithelial cells that can give rise to breast cancer are completely removed along with the surrounding tissue. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the feasibility of a minimally invasive intraductal procedure that could become a new primary intervention for breast cancer prevention. This local procedure would preferentially ablate mammary epithelial cells before they can become malignant. Intraductal methods to deliver solutions directly to these epithelial cells in rodent models of breast cancer have been developed at Michigan State University and elsewhere. The rat mammary gland consists of a single ductal tree that has a simpler and more linear architecture compared to the human breast. However, chemically induced rat models of breast cancer offer valuable tools for proof-of-concept studies of new preventive interventions and scalability from mouse models to humans. Here, a procedure for intraductal delivery of an ethanol-based ablative solution containing tantalum oxide nanoparticles as X-ray contrast agent and ethyl cellulose as gelling agent into the rat mammary ductal tree is described. Delivery of aqueous reagents (e.g., cytotoxic compounds, siRNAs, AdCre) by intraductal injection has been described previously in mouse and rat models. This protocol description emphasizes methodological changes and steps that pertain uniquely to delivering an ablative solution, formulation consideration to minimize local and systemic side effects of the ablative solution, and X-ray imaging for in vivo assessment of ductal tree filling. Fluoroscopy and micro-CT techniques enable to determine the success of ablative solution delivery and the extent of ductal tree filling thanks to compatibility with the tantalum-containing contrast agent.

A procedure for the delivery of a chemical ablative solution to the rat mammary ductal tree for image-guided preventive treatment of breast cancer is described. Mammary epithelial cells can be targeted with minimal collateral tissue damage through cannulation directly into the nipple opening and intraductal infusion of a 70% ethanol-based ablative solution.

ラットモデルにおける乳癌予防のための乳管内エタノール焼灼治療のX線可視化

There are still a limited number of primary interventions for prevention of breast cancer. For women at a high risk of developing breast cancer, the most ...

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland undergoes extensive modeling and re-modeling, alter susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Similar findings have been described in humans: for example, high birthweight increases later risk of developing breast cancer, and dietary intake of soy during childhood decreases breast cancer risk. It is thought that these prenatal and postnatal dietary modifications induce persistent morphological changes in the mammary gland that in turn modify breast cancer risk later in life. These morphological changes likely reflect epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation, histones and miRNA expression that then affect gene transcription . In this article we describe how changes in mammary gland morphology can predict mammary cancer risk in rats. Our protocol specifically describes how to dissect and remove the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology according to three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use the data to predict risk of developing mammary cancer.

Our protocol describes how to dissect the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology using three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use these results to predict mammary cancer risk in rats which were exposed to dietary modifications in utero or during prepuberty.

ラットにおける乳腺の形態と乳癌リスクの変化

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland ...

生物学

Reconstruction of 3-Dimensional Histology Volume and its Application to Study Mouse Mammary Glands

Histology volume reconstruction facilitates the study of 3D shape and volume change of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells. It can also be used to investigate and validate novel techniques and algorithms in volumetric medical imaging and therapies. Creating 3D high-resolution atlases of different organs1,2,3 is another application of histology volume reconstruction. This provides a resource for investigating tissue structures and the spatial relationship between various cellular features. We present an image registration approach for histology volume reconstruction, which uses a set of optical blockface images. The reconstructed histology volume represents a reliable shape of the processed specimen with no propagated post-processing registration error. The Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) stained sections of two mouse mammary glands were registered to their corresponding blockface images using boundary points extracted from the edges of the specimen in histology and blockface images. The accuracy of the registration was visually evaluated. The alignment of the macrostructures of the mammary glands was also visually assessed at high resolution.
This study delineates the different steps of this image registration pipeline, ranging from excision of the mammary gland through to 3D histology volume reconstruction. While 2D histology images reveal the structural differences between pairs of sections, 3D histology volume provides the ability to visualize the differences in shape and volume of the mammary glands.

We present an image registration approach for 3-dimensional (3D) histology volume reconstruction, which facilitates the study of the changes of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells . Using this approach, we studied the 3D changes between wild-type and Igfbp7-null mammary glands.

3次元組織学ボリュームとマウス乳腺研究への応用再建

Histology volume reconstruction facilitates the study of 3D shape and volume change of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells. It can ...

Isolation of Intact, Whole Mouse Mammary Glands for Analysis of Extracellular Matrix Expression and Gland Morphology

The goal of this procedure was to harvest the #4 abdominal mammary glands from female nulliparous mice in order to assess ECM expression and ductal architecture. Here, a small pocket below the skin was created using Mayo scissors, allowing separation of the glands within the subcutaneous tissue from the underlying peritoneum. Visualization of the glands was aided by the use of 3.5x-R surgical micro loupes. The pelt was inverted and pinned back allowing identification of the intact mammary fat pads. Each of the #4 abdominal glands was bluntly dissected by sliding the scalpel blade laterally between the subcutaneous layer and the glands. Immediately post-harvest, glands were placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for subsequent tissue processing. Excision of the entire gland is advantageous because it primarily eliminates the risk of excluding important tissue-wide interactions between ductal epithelial cells and other microenvironmental cellular populations that could be missed in a partial biopsy. One drawback of the methodology is the use of serial sections from fixed tissues which limits analyses of ductal morphogenesis and protein expression to discrete locations within the gland. As such, changes in ductal architecture and protein expression in 3 dimensions (3D) is not readily obtainable. Overall, the technique is applicable to studies requiring whole intact murine mammary glands for downstream investigations such as developmental ductal morphogenesis or breast cancer.

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of whole, intact mouse mammary glands to investigate extracellular matrix (ECM) expression and ductal morphology. Mouse #4 abdominal glands were extracted from 8-10 week old female nulliparous mice, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, sectioned and stained using immunohistochemistry for ECM proteins.

そのままに、全体のマウス乳腺の腺の形態と細胞外マトリックス式の分析のための分離

The goal of this procedure was to harvest the #4 abdominal mammary glands from female nulliparous mice in order to assess ECM expression and ductal ...

Longitudinal Intravital Microscopy Using a Mammary Imaging Window with Replaceable Lid

The branched structure of the mammary gland is highly dynamic and undergoes several phases of growth and remodeling after birth. Intravital microscopy in combination with skin flap surgery or implantation of imaging windows has been used to study the dynamics of the healthy mammary gland at different developmental stages. Most mammary imaging technologies are limited to a time frame of hours to days, whereas the majority of mammary gland remodeling processes occur in time frames of days to weeks. To study mammary gland remodeling, methods that allow optical access to the tissue of interest for extended time frames are required. Here, an improved version of the titanium mammary imaging window with a replaceable lid (R.MIW) is described that allows high-resolution imaging of the mammary gland with a cellular resolution for up to several weeks. Importantly, the R.MIW provides tissue access over the entire duration of the intravital imaging experiment and could therefore be used for local tissue manipulation, labeling, drug administration, or image-guided microdissection. Taken together, the R.MIW enables high-resolution characterization of the cellular dynamics during mammary gland development, homeostasis, and disease.

This protocol describes a novel mammary imaging window with a replaceable lid (R.MIW). Intravital microscopy after implantation of the R.MIW allows for longitudinal and multi-day imaging of the healthy and diseased mammary gland with a cellular resolution during the different developmental stages.

交換可能な蓋付き乳房イメージングウィンドウを使用した縦方向のバイタル内顕微鏡

The branched structure of the mammary gland is highly dynamic and undergoes several phases of growth and remodeling after birth. Intravital microscopy in ...

Intravital Subcellular Microscopy of the Mammary Gland

The mammary gland constitutes a model par excellence for investigating epithelial functions, including tissue remodeling, cell polarity, and secretory mechanisms. During pregnancy, the gland expands from a primitive ductal tree embedded in a fat pad to a highly branched alveolar network primed for the formation and secretion of colostrum and milk. Post-partum, the gland supplies all the nutrients required for neonatal survival, including membrane-coated lipid droplets (LDs), proteins, carbohydrates, ions, and water. Various milk components, including lactose, casein micelles, and skim-milk proteins, are synthesized within the alveolar cells and secreted from vesicles by exocytosis at the apical surface. LDs are transported from sites of synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cell apex, coated with cellular membranes, and secreted by a unique apocrine mechanism. Other preformed constituents, including antibodies and hormones, are transported from the serosal side of the epithelium into milk by transcytosis. These processes are amenable to intravital microscopy because the mammary gland is a skin gland and, therefore, directly accessible to experimental manipulation. In this paper, a facile procedure is described to investigate the kinetics of LD secretion in situ, in real-time, in live anesthetized mice. Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)665/676&#160;or monodansylpentane are used to label the neutral lipid fraction of transgenic mice, which either express soluble EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) in the cytoplasm, or a membrane-targeted peptide fused to either EGFP or tdTomato. The membrane-tagged fusion proteins serve as markers of cell surfaces, and the lipid dyes resolve LDs &#8805; 0.7 &#181;m. Time-lapse images can be recorded by standard laser scanning confocal microscopy down to a depth of 15-25 &#181;m or by multiphoton microscopy for imaging deeper in the tissue. The mammary gland may be bathed with pharmacological agents or fluorescent dyes throughout the surgery, providing a platform for acute experimental manipulations as required.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>乳腺の生体内細胞内顕微鏡検査

The present protocol describes a facile technique for the intravital imaging of the lactating mouse mammary gland by laser scanning confocal and multiphoton microscopy.

乳腺の生体内細胞内顕微鏡検査

The mammary gland constitutes a model par excellence for investigating epithelial functions, including tissue remodeling, cell polarity, and secretory ...