Name: induction and validation of cellular senescence in primary human cells
Uploaded: 2018-06-20T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells at JoVE.com

実りある議論のため管理者にラボと Thijmen ヴァン Vliet と紫外線による老化のプロトコルのデータを共有するためのメンバーに感謝いたします。

<ol>
	<li>Hayflick, L., Moorhead, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+serial+cultivation+of+human+diploid+cell+strains.">The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 25, 585-621 (1961).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz-Esp&#237;n, D., Serrano, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+senescence:+from+physiology+to+pathology.+Nature+reviews.">Cellular senescence: from physiology to pathology. Nature reviews.</a> Molecular cell biology. 15, 482-496 (2014).</li><li>Sharpless, N. E., Sherr, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forging+a+signature+of+in+vivo+senescence.">Forging a signature of in vivo senescence.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 15 (7), 397-408 (2015).</li><li>Correia-Melo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria+are+required+for+pro-ageing+features+of+the+senescent+phenotype.">Mitochondria are required for pro-ageing features of the senescent phenotype.</a> The EMBO Journal. 10, e201592862 (2016).</li><li>Loaiza, N., Demaria, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+senescence+and+tumor+promotion:+Is+aging+the+key?.">Cellular senescence and tumor promotion: Is aging the key?.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. , (2016).</li><li>Coppe, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+secretory+phenotypes+reveal+cell-nonautonomous+functions+of+oncogenic+RAS+and+the+p53+tumor+suppressor.">Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor.</a> PLoS Biology. 6 (12), 2853-2868 (2008).</li><li>Baker, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+occurring+p16(Ink4a)-positive+cells+shorten+healthy+lifespan.">Naturally occurring p16(Ink4a)-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan.</a> Nature. 530 (7589), 184-189 (2016).</li><li>Xu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+senescent+cells+enhances+adipogenesis+and+metabolic+function+in+old+age.">Targeting senescent cells enhances adipogenesis and metabolic function in old age.</a> Elife. 4, e12997 (2015).</li><li>Baker, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+p16Ink4a-positive+senescent+cells+delays+ageing-associated+disorders.">Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders.</a> Nature. 479 (7372), 232-236 (2011).</li><li>Jeon, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+clearance+of+senescent+cells+attenuates+the+development+of+post-traumatic+osteoarthritis+and+creates+a+pro-regenerative+environment.">Local clearance of senescent cells attenuates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and creates a pro-regenerative environment.</a> Nature Medicine. 23 (6), 775-781 (2017).</li><li>Demaria, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+Senescence+Promotes+Adverse+Effects+of+Chemotherapy+and+Cancer+Relapse.">Cellular Senescence Promotes Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy and Cancer Relapse.</a> Cancer Discovery. 7 (2), 165-176 (2017).</li><li>Chang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+senescent+cells+by+ABT263+rejuvenates+aged+hematopoietic+stem+cells+in+mice.">Clearance of senescent cells by ABT263 rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem cells in mice.</a> Nature Medicine. 22 (1), 78-83 (2016).</li><li>Soto-Gamez, A., Demaria, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+interventions+for+aging:+the+case+of+cellular+senescence.">Therapeutic interventions for aging: the case of cellular senescence.</a> Drug Discov Today. 22 (5), 786-795 (2017).</li><li>Childs, B. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescent+cells:+an+emerging+target+for+diseases+of+ageing.">Senescent cells: an emerging target for diseases of ageing.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 16 (10), 718-735 (2017).</li><li>Marthandan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+genes+and+pathways+in+primary+human+fibroblast+strains+undergoing+replicative+and+radiation+induced+senescence.">Conserved genes and pathways in primary human fibroblast strains undergoing replicative and radiation induced senescence.</a> Biological Research. 49, 34 (2016).</li><li>Marthandan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+Senescence+Associated+Genes+and+Pathways+in+Primary+Human+Fibroblasts+Detected+by+RNA-Seq.">Conserved Senescence Associated Genes and Pathways in Primary Human Fibroblasts Detected by RNA-Seq.</a> PLoS One. 11 (5), e0154531 (2016).</li><li>Hernandez-Segura, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unmasking+Transcriptional+Heterogeneity+in+Senescent+Cells.">Unmasking Transcriptional Heterogeneity in Senescent Cells.</a> Current Biology. 27 (17), 2652-2660 (2017).</li><li>Le, O. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionizing+radiation-induced+long-term+expression+of+senescence+markers+in+mice+is+independent+of+p53+and+immune+status.">Ionizing radiation-induced long-term expression of senescence markers in mice is independent of p53 and immune status.</a> Aging Cell. 9 (3), 398-409 (2010).</li><li>Hall, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C/EBPalpha+regulates+CRL4(Cdt2)-mediated+degradation+of+p21+in+response+to+UVB-induced+DNA+damage+to+control+the+G1/S+checkpoint.">C/EBPalpha regulates CRL4(Cdt2)-mediated degradation of p21 in response to UVB-induced DNA damage to control the G1/S checkpoint.</a> Cell Cycle. 13 (22), 3602-3610 (2014).</li><li>Nitiss, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+DNA+topoisomerase+II+in+cancer+chemotherapy.">Targeting DNA topoisomerase II in cancer chemotherapy.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 9 (5), 338-350 (2009).</li><li>Pazolli, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+remodeling+underlies+the+senescence-+associated+secretory+phenotype+of+tumor+stromal+fibroblasts+that+supports+cancer+progression.">Chromatin remodeling underlies the senescence- associated secretory phenotype of tumor stromal fibroblasts that supports cancer progression.</a> Cancer Research. 72, 2251-2261 (2012).</li><li>Venturelli, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+induction+of+apoptosis+and+senescence+by+the+DNA+methyltransferase+inhibitors+5-azacytidine+and+5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine+in+solid+tumor+cells.">Differential induction of apoptosis and senescence by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in solid tumor cells.</a> Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 12, 2226-2236 (2013).</li><li>Tennant, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Trypan+Blue+Technique+for+Determination+of+Cell+Viability.">Evaluation of the Trypan Blue Technique for Determination of Cell Viability.</a> Transplantation. 2, 685-694 (1964).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25 (4), 402-408 (2001).</li><li>Lee, B. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+&#946;-galactosidase+is+lysosomal+&#946;-galactosidase.">Senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase is lysosomal &#946;-galactosidase.</a> Aging Cell. 5, 187-195 (2006).</li><li>Kopp, H. G., Hooper, A. T., Shmelkov, S. V., Rafii, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-galactosidase+staining+on+bone+marrow.+The+osteoclast+pitfall.">Beta-galactosidase staining on bone marrow. The osteoclast pitfall.</a> Histology and Histopathology. 22 (9), 971-976 (2007).</li><li>Dimri, G. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biomarker+that+identifies+senescent+human+cells+in+culture+and+in+aging+skin+in+vivo.">A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92 (20), 9363-9367 (1995).</li><li>Salic, A., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+method+for+fast+and+sensitive+detection+of+DNA+synthesis+in+vivo.">A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (7), 2415-2420 (2008).</li><li>Sherr, C. J., McCormick, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RB+and+p53+pathways+in+cancer.">The RB and p53 pathways in cancer.</a> Cancer Cell. 2 (2), 103-112 (2002).</li><li>Bunz, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirement+for+p53+and+p21+to+sustain+G2+arrest+after+DNA+damage.">Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage.</a> Science. 282 (5393), 1497-1501 (1998).</li><li>Severino, J., Allen, R. G., Balin, S., Balin, A., Cristofalo, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+beta-galactosidase+staining+a+marker+of+senescence+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Is beta-galactosidase staining a marker of senescence in vitro and in vivo.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 257 (1), 162-171 (2000).</li><li>Stolzing, A., Coleman, N., Scutt, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose-induced+replicative+senescence+in+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Glucose-induced replicative senescence in mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Rejuvenation Research. 9 (1), 31-35 (2006).</li><li>Blazer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+glucose-induced+replicative+senescence:+point+of+no+return+and+effect+of+telomerase.">High glucose-induced replicative senescence: point of no return and effect of telomerase.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 296 (1), 93-101 (2002).</li><li>Wiley, C. D., Campisi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Ancient+Pathways+to+Aging+Cells-Connecting+Metabolism+and+Cellular+Senescence.">From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells-Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence.</a> Cell Metabolism. 23 (6), 1013-1021 (2016).</li><li>Kumar, R., Gont, A., Perkins, T. J., Hanson, J. E. L., Lorimer, I. A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+senescence+in+primary+glioblastoma+cells+by+serum+and+TGFbeta.">Induction of senescence in primary glioblastoma cells by serum and TGFbeta.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 2156 (2017).</li><li>Hypoxia Blagosklonny, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MTOR+and+autophagy:+converging+on+senescence+or+quiescence.">MTOR and autophagy: converging on senescence or quiescence.</a> Autophagy. 9 (2), 260-262 (2013).</li><li>Meuter, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Markers+of+cellular+senescence+are+elevated+in+murine+blastocysts+cultured+in+vitro:+molecular+consequences+of+culture+in+atmospheric+oxygen.">Markers of cellular senescence are elevated in murine blastocysts cultured in vitro: molecular consequences of culture in atmospheric oxygen.</a> Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 31 (10), 1259-1267 (2014).</li><li>Coppe, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+human-like+senescence-associated+secretory+phenotype+is+conserved+in+mouse+cells+dependent+on+physiological+oxygen.">A human-like senescence-associated secretory phenotype is conserved in mouse cells dependent on physiological oxygen.</a> PLoS One. 5 (2), e9188 (2010).</li><li>van Deursen, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+senescent+cells+in+ageing.">The role of senescent cells in ageing.</a> Nature. 509 (7501), 439-446 (2014).</li><li>Kim, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+time-series+gene+expression+profiles+of+replicative+senescence.">Implications of time-series gene expression profiles of replicative senescence.</a> Aging Cell. 12, 622-634 (2013).</li></ol>

ここで説明したプロトコル最適化した一次線維芽細胞、特に BJ と WI-38 細胞。複製老化、電離放射線、ドキソルビシンのためのプロトコルは (HCA2 および IMR90) 線維芽細胞と他の細胞型 (すなわち新生児メラノサイトとケラチノ サイトまたは iPSC 由来心筋細胞) の他のタイプに正常に適用されています。本研究室では。ただし、その他の細胞のタイプのための適応は、シード細胞、メソッドおよ...

1961 年、ヘイフリック、ムーアヘッドは、文化の主要な線維芽細胞が連続通路1の後の増殖の可能性を失うことを報告します。このプロセスは、各細胞分裂後シーケンシャル テロメア短縮が原因です。テロメア批判的に短い長さに達する、増殖の不可逆的な停止を活性化する DNA 損傷応答 (DDR) によって認識されます-複製老化としても定義されています。複製老化細胞のマイトジェンとアポトーシス シグナル2,3の両方に依存しないレンダリングする永久的な細胞周期の停止の状態を誘導するために知られている多くの刺激の 1 つされて。老化プログラムは通常高リソソーム活動、ミトコンドリア、核変化、クロマチン再編成、小胞体ストレス、DNA の損傷と老化関連を含む追加の機能によって特徴付けられる分泌型表現型 (SASP)3,4。老化細胞体に複数の機能がある: 開発、創傷治癒およびがん抑制2。同様に、彼らは高齢化と、逆説的に、腫瘍の進行5で重要な役割を再生する知られています。老化の負の値、および部分的に矛盾した効果は、SASP6頻繁に原因です。
最近では、マウスから老化細胞の除去が寿命延長し老化機能7,8,9,10、11,の多くの除去につながることを示した12します。 同じ方法で複数の薬を老化細胞 (senolytics) を排除するか、または SASP13,14を対象に開発されています。アンチエイジング治療の可能性は、フィールドに多くの注目を集めている最近。
細胞の老化に関連したメカニズムの研究と薬理学的介入の上映前のヴィヴォモデルでは、特に主線維芽細胞上に依存します。老化の表現型の変化は観察と細胞の種類、刺激および時間ポイント3,15を含む様々 な要因に依存して多様な老化誘導因子によって活性化されるいくつかの一般的な機能がありますが、 16,17。勉強し、老化細胞をターゲットの不均一性を考慮することが不可欠です。したがって、このプロトコルは一連のさまざまな治療法を使用して、主に線維芽細胞老化を誘導するために使用されるメソッドを提供するために目指しています。それで説明しますが、メソッドは他の細胞型に適応できます。
別に複製老化老化を誘発する他の 5 つの治療について述べる: 電離放射線、紫外線 (UV)、ドキソルビシン、酸化ストレスおよびエピジェネティックな変化 (すなわち DNA 脱メチル化やヒストンのアセチル化の推進).電離放射線と紫外線の両方、直接 DNA 損傷を引き起こすし、適切な用量でトリガー老化18,19。ドキソルビシンまた間を DNA にインターカ レートによって DNA の損傷によって主に老化を引き起こすし、トポイソメラーゼ II の機能を中断、中止 DNA 修復機構20。老化に不可欠な遺伝子の発現は、DNA メチル化とヒストンのアセチル化によって制御されます通常。結果として、ヒストン脱アセチル化酵素阻害剤 (例えば、酪酸ナトリウム、サハ) と DNA demethylating (例えば5 字) エージェントは、正常細胞21,22老化をトリガーします。
最後に、4 つの老化細胞に関連付けられている最も一般的なマーカーの説明される: 老化関連-β-ガラクトシダーゼ (SA β gal) EdU 取り込みアッセイ、細胞周期調節因子の過剰発現による DNA 合成率の活動とサイクリン依存性キナーゼ阻害剤 p16 と p21 と、SASP のメンバーの分泌の過剰発現

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM Media - GlutaMAX</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31966-047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30160.03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S; 10,000 U/ml)</td><td>Lonza</td><td>DE17-602E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>SC-202581</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-Free Water (not DEPC-Treated)</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM9937</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T75 flask</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>833911002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin/EDTA Solution</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC-5012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS tablets</td><td>Gibco</td><td>18912-014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9661-1000EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;15 mL centrifuge tubes</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CLS430791</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-well plate</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>83.3920</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24-well plate</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>83.3922</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>13mm round coverslips</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>83.1840.002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steriflip</td><td>Merck Chemicals</td><td>SCGP00525</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cesium137-source</td><td></td><td></td><td>IBL 637 Cesium-137&amp;gamma;-ray machine</td></tr><tr><td>UV radiation chamber</td><td></td><td></td><td>Opsytec, Dr. G&amp;ouml;bel BS-02</td></tr><tr><td>Doxorubicin dihydrochloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BioAustralis Fine Chemicals</td><td>BIA-D1202-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>7722-84-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-aza-2&amp;rsquo;-deoxycytidine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A3656</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SAHA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>SML0061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Butyrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>B5887</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X-gal (5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-&amp;beta;-D-galactopyranoside)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>7240-90-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid monohydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>5949-29-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dibasic phosphate</td><td>Acros organics</td><td>7782-85-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium ferrocyanide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14459-95-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium ferricyanide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13746-66-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>7647-14-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium Chloride</td><td>Fisher Chemicals</td><td>7791-18-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25% glutaraldehyde</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>111-30-8,7732-18-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% formaldehyde (w/v)</td><td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td><td>28908</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EdU (5-ethynyl-2&amp;rsquo;-deoxyuridine)</td><td>Lumiprobe</td><td>10540</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfo-Cyanine3 azide (Sulfo-Cy3-Azide)</td><td>Lumiprobe</td><td>D1330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium ascorbate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A4034</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (Cu(II)SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>209198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Acros organics</td><td>215682500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRIS base</td><td>Roche</td><td>11814273001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 384, white&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Roche</td><td>4729749001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lightcycler 480 sealing foil&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Roche</td><td>4729757001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sensifast Probe Lo-ROX kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-84020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UPL Probe Library</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Various</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human IL-6 DuoSet ELISA</td><td>R&amp;amp;D</td><td>D6050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bio-Rad TC20</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Counting slides</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>145-0017</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dry incubator</td><td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td><td>Heratherm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.10983</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm &#039;M&#039; laboratory film</td><td>Bemis&amp;nbsp;</td><td>#PM992</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needles</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

induction and validation of cellular senescence in primary human cells

細胞の老化は、さまざまな有害な刺激への応答でアクティブに永久的な細胞周期の停止の状態です。細胞の老化の活性化は、腫瘍の抑制、組織改造と高齢化を含むさまざまな病態生理学的条件の特徴です。生体内で細胞老化の誘導はまだよく特徴付けられます。ただし、 ex vivo細胞老化を促進する刺激の数を使用できます。その中で、最も一般的な老化誘導が複製枯渇、電離放射線し非電離放射線、遺伝毒性薬、酸化ストレスと demethylating とエージェントをアセチル化します。ここでは、これらの刺激を使用して老化に線維芽細胞を誘導する方法で詳細な指示いたします。このプロトコルは、簡単に、初代培養細胞やがん細胞を含む細胞の種類ごとに適応できます。老化誘導の検証するための異なる方法についても述べる。特に、我々 はライソゾーム酵素老化関連 β ガラクトシダーゼ (SA β gal) 細胞周期の表現のレベル 5-エチニル-2'-デオキシウリジン (EdU) 取り込みアッセイを用いた DNA 合成率の活性の測定に焦点を当てるp16 の阻害剤と p21 と表情やメンバーの Senescence-Associated 分泌形質 (SASP) の分泌。最後に、私達は例の結果を提供し、これらのプロトコルのアプリケーションをさらに議論。

SA β gal 染色老化線維芽細胞の濃縮
Β-ガラクトシダーゼ (β gal) すべての細胞で発現していること、最適な pH 4.025,26のライソゾーム酵素であります。ただし、老化、中にリソソームのサイズが大きく、その結果、老化細胞蓄積 β gal。この酵素の増加量は、最適 pH 6.025</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells at JoVE.com

Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells

ひと初代細胞における細胞老化の誘導性

ここでは、一連の誘発のためのプロトコルおよび培養細胞の細胞老化の検証について述べる。私たちはさまざまな老化を誘発する刺激に焦点を当てるし、一般的な老化関連マーカーの定量化を記述します。私たちはモデルとして線維芽細胞を使用して技術的な詳細を提供するが、プロトコルは、さまざまな携帯電話モデルに合わせることができます。

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell cycle arrest activated in response to different damaging stimuli. Activation of cellular senescence is a ...

induction-and-validation-of-cellular-senescence-in-primary-human-cells

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Developmental Biology

Unit 1

Cell Proliferation

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

16.7K ビュー.  University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen. ここでは、一連の誘発のためのプロトコルおよび培養細胞の細胞老化の検証について述べる。私たちはさまざまな老化を誘発する刺激に焦点を当てるし、一般的な老化関連マーカーの定量化を記述します。私たちはモデルとして線維芽細胞を使用して技術的な詳細を提供するが、プロトコルは、さまざまな携帯電話モデルに合わせることができます。

ビデオ: Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells

Collection of Serum- and Feeder-free Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-conditioned Medium for a Cell-free Approach

The capacity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate various cell types has opened new avenues in the field of regenerative medicine. However, despite their benefits, the tumorigenic potential of ESCs and iPSCs has long been a barrier for clinical applications. Interestingly, it has been shown that ESCs produce several soluble factors that can promote tissue regeneration and delay cellular aging, suggesting that ESCs and iPSCs can also be utilized as a cell-free intervention method. Therefore, the method for harvesting mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-conditioned medium (mESC-CM) with minimal contamination of serum components (fetal bovine serum, FBS) and feeder cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs) has been highly demanded. Here, the present study demonstrates an optimized method for the collection of mESC-CM under serum- and feeder-free conditions and for the characterization of mESC-CM using senescence-associated multiple readouts. This protocol will provide a method to collect pure mESC-specific secretory factors without serum and feeder contamination.

This protocol provides a method for the collection of mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-conditioned medium (mESC-CM) derived from serum (fetal bovine serum, FBS)- and feeder (mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs)-free conditions for a cell-free approach. It may be applicable for the treatment of aging and aging-associated diseases.

血清やフィーダーフリーのマウス胚のコレクションは、無細胞アプローチのための細胞馴化培地を幹

The capacity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate various cell types has opened new avenues in the field ...

発生生物学

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer and ageing. Recently, senescence has also been implicated in tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, it has become increasingly critical to identify senescent cells in vivo. Senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-Gal) assay is the most widely used assay to detect senescent cells both in culture and in vivo. This assay is based on the increased lysosomal contents in the senescent cells, which allows the histochemical detection of lysosomal &#946;-galactosidase activity at suboptimum pH (6 or 5.5). In comparison with other assays, such as flow cytometry, this allows the identification of senescent cells in their resident environment, which offers valuable information such as the location relating to the tissue architecture, the morphology, and the possibility of coupling with other markers via immunohistochemistry&#160;(IHC). The major limitation of the SA-&#946;-Gal assay is the requirement of fresh or frozen samples.
Here, we present a detailed protocol to understand how cellular senescence promotes cellular plasticity and tissue regeneration in vivo. We use SA-&#946;-Gal to detect senescent cells in the skeletal muscle upon injury, which is a well-established system to study tissue regeneration. Moreover, we use&#160;IHC to detect Nanog, a marker of pluripotent stem cells, in a transgenic mouse model. This protocol enables us to examine and quantify cellular senescence in the context of induced cellular plasticity and in vivo reprogramming.

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Here we present a detailed protocol to detect both senescent and pluripotent stem cells in the skeletal muscle upon injury while inducing in vivo reprogramming. This method is suitable for evaluating the role of cellular senescence during tissue regeneration and reprogramming in vivo.

傷害による老化と生体内での骨格筋におけるリプログラミングの評価

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and ...

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. Several cellular mechanisms, such as telomere shortening and abnormal expression of mitogenic oncogenes, have been shown to cause senescence. Senescence is not restricted to normal cells; cancer cells have also been reported to senesce.
	Chemotherapeutical drugs have been shown to induce senescence in cancer cells. However, it remains controversial whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis. As it might eventually be patient-specific, a rapid and sensitive method to assess senescence in cancer cell will soon be required.
	To this end, the standard &beta;-galactosidase assay, the currently used method, presents major drawbacks: it is time consuming and not sensitive. We propose here a flow cytometry-based assay to study senescence on live cells. This assay offers the advantage of being rapid, sensitive, and can be coupled to the immunolabeling of various cellular markers.

Whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis remains controversial. Since chemotherapeutical drugs can induce cancer cells to senesce, studying senescence is essential for proposing new therapies. However, the standard and broadly used &beta;-galactosidase assay presents major drawbacks. We propose here a rapid and sensitive flow cytometry-based assay to quantify senescence.

老化がん細胞を定量化するための感度の高い方法

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

医学

A Quantitative Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype in Normal Human Fibroblasts During Oncogene-induced Senescence

Cellular senescence has been considered a state of irreversible growth arrest upon exhaustion of proliferative capacity or exposure to various stresses. Recent studies have extended the role of cellular senescence to various physiological processes, including development, wound healing, immune surveillance, and age-related tissue dysfunction. Although cell cycle arrest is a critical hallmark of cellular senescence, an increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has also been demonstrated to play an important role in the induction of cellular senescence. In addition, recent studies revealed that senescent cells exhibit potent paracrine activities on neighboring cells and tissues through a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The sharp increase in interest regarding therapeutic strategies against cellular senescence emphasizes the need for a precise understanding of senescence mechanisms, including intracellular ROS and the SASP. Here, we describe protocols for quantitatively assessing intracellular ROS levels during H-Ras-induced cellular senescence using ROS-sensitive fluorescent dye and flow cytometry. In addition, we introduce sensitive techniques for the analysis of the induction of mRNA expression and secretion of SASP factors. These protocols can be applied to various cellular senescence models.

Intracellular ROS has been shown to play an important role in the induction of cellular senescence. Here, we describe a sensitive assay for quantifying ROS levels during cellular senescence. We also provide protocols for assessing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which reportedly contributes to various age-related dysfunctions.

癌遺伝子が誘導する老化の中に活性酸素種および分泌老化関連の表現型正常ひと線維芽細胞の定量測定

Cellular senescence has been considered a state of irreversible growth arrest upon exhaustion of proliferative capacity or exposure to various stresses. ...

Simultaneous Imaging and Flow-Cytometry-based Detection of Multiple Fluorescent Senescence Markers in Therapy-Induced Senescent Cancer Cells

Chemotherapeutic drugs can induce irreparable DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis or premature senescence. Unlike apoptotic cell death, senescence is a fundamentally different machinery restraining&#160;propagation of cancer cells. Decades of scientific studies have revealed the complex pathological effects of senescent cancer cells in tumors and microenvironments that modulate cancer cells and stromal cells. New evidence suggests that senescence is a potent prognostic factor during cancer treatment, and therefore rapid and accurate detection of senescent cells in cancer samples is essential. This paper presents a method to visualize and detect therapy-induced senescence (TIS) in cancer cells. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines were treated with mafosfamide (MAF) or daunorubicin (DN) and examined for the senescence marker, senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-gal), the DNA synthesis marker 5-ethynyl-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine (EdU), and the DNA damage marker gamma-H2AX (&#947;H2AX). Flow cytometer imaging can help generate high-resolution single-cell images in a short period of time to simultaneously visualize and quantify the three markers in cancer cells.

Here we present a flow cytometry-based method for visualization and quantification of multiple senescence-associated markers in single cells.

治療誘発性老化癌細胞における複数の蛍光老化マーカーの同時イメージングおよびフローサイトメトリーベースの検出

Chemotherapeutic drugs can induce irreparable DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis or premature senescence. Unlike apoptotic cell death, ...

がん研究

Far-Red Fluorescent Senescence-Associated &#946;-Galactosidase Probe for Identification and Enrichment of Senescent Tumor Cells by Flow Cytometry

Cellular senescence is a state of proliferative arrest induced by biological damage that normally accrues over years in aging cells but may also emerge rapidly in tumor cells as a response to damage induced by various cancer treatments. Tumor cell senescence is generally considered undesirable, as senescent cells become resistant to death and block tumor remission while exacerbating tumor malignancy and treatment resistance. Therefore, the identification of senescent tumor cells is of ongoing interest to the cancer research community. Various senescence assays exist, many based on the activity of the well-known senescence marker, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-Gal). 
Typically, the SA-&#946;-Gal assay is performed using a chromogenic substrate (X-Gal) on fixed cells, with the slow and subjective enumeration of "blue" senescent cells by light microscopy. Improved assays using cell-permeant, fluorescent SA-&#946;-Gal substrates, including C12-FDG (green) and DDAO-Galactoside (DDAOG; far-red), have enabled the analysis of living cells and allowed the use of high-throughput fluorescent analysis platforms, including flow cytometers. C12-FDG is a well-documented probe for SA-&#946;-Gal, but its green fluorescent emission overlaps with intrinsic cellular autofluorescence (AF) that arises during senescence due to the accumulation of lipofuscin aggregates. By utilizing the far-red SA-&#946;-Gal probe DDAOG, green cellular autofluorescence can be used as a secondary parameter to confirm senescence, adding reliability to the assay. The remaining fluorescence channels can be used for cell viability staining or optional fluorescent immunolabeling.
Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate the use of DDAOG and lipofuscin autofluorescence as a dual-parameter assay for the identification of senescent tumor cells. Quantitation of the percentage of viable senescent cells is performed. If desired, an optional immunolabeling step may be included to evaluate cell surface antigens of interest. Identified senescent cells can also be flow cytometrically sorted and collected for downstream analysis. Collected senescent cells can be immediately lysed (e.g., for immunoassays or 'omics analysis) or further cultured.

A protocol for fluorescent, flow cytometric quantification of senescent cancer cells induced by chemotherapy drugs in cell culture or in murine tumor models is presented. Optional procedures include co-immunostaining, sample fixation to facilitate large batch or time point analysis, and the enrichment of viable senescent cells by flow cytometric sorting.

フローサイトメトリーによる老化腫瘍細胞の同定と濃縮のための遠赤色蛍光老化関連β-ガラクトシダーゼプローブ

Cellular senescence is a state of proliferative arrest induced by biological damage that normally accrues over years in aging cells but may also emerge ...

Measurement of Protein Turnover Rates in Senescent and Non-Dividing Cultured Cells with Metabolic Labeling and Mass Spectrometry

Mounting evidence has shown that the accumulation of senescent cells in the central nervous system contributes to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases. Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell cycle arrest that typically occurs in response to exposure to sub-lethal stresses. However, like other non-dividing cells, senescent cells remain metabolically active and carry out many functions that require unique transcriptional and translational demands and widespread changes in the intracellular and secreted proteomes. Understanding how protein synthesis and decay rates change during senescence can illuminate the underlying mechanisms of cellular senescence and find potential therapeutic avenues for diseases exacerbated by senescent cells. This paper describes a method for proteome-scale evaluation of protein half-lives in non-dividing cells using pulsed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (pSILAC) in combination with mass spectrometry. pSILAC involves metabolic labeling of cells with stable heavy isotope-containing versions of amino acids. Coupled with modern mass spectrometry approaches, pSILAC enables the measurement of protein turnover of hundreds or thousands of proteins in complex mixtures. After metabolic labeling, the turnover dynamics of proteins can be determined based on the relative enrichment of heavy isotopes in peptides detected by mass spectrometry. In this protocol, a workflow is described for the generation of senescent fibroblast cultures and similarly arrested quiescent fibroblasts, as well as a simplified, single-time point pSILAC labeling time-course that maximizes coverage of anticipated protein turnover rates. Further, a pipeline is presented for the analysis of pSILAC mass spectrometry data and user-friendly calculation of protein degradation rates using spreadsheets. The application of this protocol can be extended beyond senescent cells to any non-dividing cultured cells such as neurons.

This protocol describes the workflow for metabolic labeling of senescent and non-dividing cells with pulsed SILAC, untargeted mass spectrometry analysis, and a streamlined calculation of protein half-lives.

代謝標識および質量分析による老化および非分裂培養細胞におけるタンパク質代謝回転率の測定

Mounting evidence has shown that the accumulation of senescent cells in the central nervous system contributes to neurodegenerative disorders such as ...

生化学

Techniques to Induce and Quantify Cellular Senescence

In response to cellular stress or damage, proliferating cells can induce a specific program that initiates a state of long-term cell-cycle arrest, termed cellular senescence. Accumulation of senescent cells occurs with organismal aging and through continual culturing in vitro. Senescent cells influence many biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration, tumor suppression, and aging. Hallmarks of senescent cells include, but are not limited to, increased senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase activity (SA-&#946;-gal); p16INK4A, p53, and p21 levels; higher levels of DNA damage, including &#947;-H2AX; the formation of Senescence-associated Heterochromatin Foci (SAHF); and the acquisition of a Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), a phenomenon characterized by the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules. Here, we describe protocols for both replicative and DNA damage-induced senescence in cultured cells. In addition, we highlight techniques to monitor the senescent phenotype using several senescence-associated markers, including SA-&#946;-gal, &#947;-H2AX and SAHF staining, and to quantify protein and mRNA levels of cell cycle regulators and SASP factors. These methods can be applied to the assessment of senescence in various models and tissues.

Cellular senescence, the irreversible state of cell-cycle arrest, can be induced by various cellular stresses. Here, we describe protocols to induce cellular senescence and methods to assess markers of senescence.

誘導および定量化細胞老化するテクニック

In response to cellular stress or damage, proliferating cells can induce a specific program that initiates a state of long-term cell-cycle arrest, termed ...

生物学

SA-&#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell culture, termed senolytics, can reduce the senescent cell burden in vivo and extend healthspan. Multiple classes of senolytics have been identified to date including HSP90 inhibitors, Bcl-2 family inhibitors, piperlongumine, a FOXO4 inhibitory peptide and the combination of Dasatinib/Quercetin. Detection of SA-&#946;-Gal at an increased lysosomal pH is one of the best characterized markers for the detection of senescent cells. Live cell measurements of senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-Gal) activity using the fluorescent substrate C12FDG in combination with the determination of the total cell number using a DNA intercalating Hoechst dye opens the possibility to screen for senotherapeutic drugs that either reduce overall SA-&#946;-Gal activity by killing of senescent cells (senolytics) or by suppressing SA-&#946;-Gal and other phenotypes of senescent cells (senomorphics). Use of a high content fluorescent image acquisition and analysis platform allows for the rapid, high throughput screening of drug libraries for effects on SA-&#946;-Gal, cell morphology and cell number.

Cellular senescence is the key factor in the development of chronic age-related pathologies. Identification of therapeutics that target senescent cells show promise for extending healthy aging. Here, we present a novel assay to screen for the identification of senotherapeutics based on measurement of senescence associated &#946;-Galactosidase activity in single cells.

セノ治療薬同定のためのSA-β-ガラクトーシダーゼベーススクリーニングアッセイ

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell ...