この作品は、各国用の中心によって支えられた、肺、血液研究所 R01088554、T32HL007284、アメリカの心臓協会の交わりを経て 14PRE20420024 を付与します。我々 は特に、聖ジュード細胞イメージング共有研究コア、ランドール ウェイク フィールドと電子顕微鏡画像のリンダ ・ ホーナー、アダム ストラウブについては代表的な蛍光画像彼女の地下鉄 Bagher などを感謝します。原稿プロトコルに関する貴重なフィードバック。

1.、VCCC のめっきセル <ol><li>文化大 225 cm 2 のフラスコ EC と SMC 70-90% 合流までの 37 ° C で滅菌条件の下で。SMC よりより多くの EC が使用されていることを確認します。プライマリ人間 EC と SMC、SMC の 1 大規模なフラスコに EC の通常 3 の大きなフラスコを使用して場合。
	<ol><li>下通路で一次電池を使用して、過去の 10 の通路を使用しないでください。共培養する細胞に基づく文化メディアを選択します。主なひと冠動脈 EC、EGM2 MV 成長因子と EBM 2 EC 基底メディアを使用します。プライマリのひと冠動脈 SMC SmGM 2 成長因子と SmBM SMC 基底メディアを使用します。培養細胞で使用する前に、メディアに成長因子を追加します</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>VCCC 日 1 の構築: 消毒剤 (例えば Cavicide) と大 (150 mm) ペトリ皿と蓋をスプレーし、ペーパー タオルや糸くずのおしりふきで拭いて。70% エタノール (エタノール) ペトリ皿をスプレーし、乾燥空気にフードにそれらを置く</li>。
	<li>は無菌条件下でフィルター挿入 (材料の表 を参照してください) のプレートを開き、フィブロネクチン溶液で挿入の SMC 側 (フィルターの底側) をコートします。提供 6 ウェル プレートの挿入を維持する、ピペット、フィブロネクチン溶液側フィルターの半分は下カバー (1 mL 以上) であることを確かめて、プレートの底にスリットします</li>。
	<li>細胞文化フードでは、室温でフィブロネクチン溶液の後 30 分は、過剰なソリューションや反転、きれいなペトリ皿の半分を下部に配置する真空プレートから挿入を取る。脇を設定します。余分な溶液を吸引するときにフィルター挿入膜を邪魔しないようにこれはプレートの傾斜および挿入の端からソリューションを掃除機をゆっくりによって回避できます</li>。
	SMC のセルが、プレートを持ち上げた後のあらかじめ加温の 2 X トリプシン-EDTA 溶液 3 ml Trypsinize 225 cm 2 フラスコを <li>は、トリプシン (3:1、メディア: トリプシン) を中和するために 9 mL SMC メディアを追加します。円錐管に転送、まあと携帯番号を確認する検定にピペット 10 μ L をミックスします。
	<ol><li>5 × 5 のセルの個数のカウント ボックス (すなわち 18)、掛けて 10,000 1 mL (180,000) 内のセルの数を取得します。12 mL (216 万 SMC 細胞懸濁液の容量) を乗算します。十分な SMC プレートに井戸の数があることを確認します 。
		注: たとえば、1 よくべきである 75,000 SMC を有し従って 18 井戸だろう 135 万合計 SMC。1 mL あたり 180,000 細胞によって必要な 135 万セルを分割してめっきに必要となる細胞の懸濁液の 7.5 mL でこの結果します。必要な最終巻を計算 (18 井戸 x 750 μ L = 13.5 mL)。したがって、細胞懸濁液の 7.5 mL を取る、ボリュームをもたらすに予め温めておいた SMC メディアとよく混ぜるまで 13.5 mL</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>セル ・ メディア ソリューションのいずれかをこぼさないように注意しながら各フィルターの下側に約 75,000 SMC を含む細胞懸濁液のプレート 750 μ L。上ふたを閉めて一晩 37 ° C の定温器に挿入でシャーレを慎重に転送します 。
	注: 他の細胞型の最適なセル密度が経験的に決定される必要があります</li>。
	<li>2 日目、2 ml の新鮮な予め温めておいた SMC メディアのきれいな 6 よく料理を埋めます。インキュベーターからプレートを削除します。1 つずつ挿入を取ると吸引、メディアを削除し、SMC メディア 6 よく皿に配置します</li>。
	<li>37 で少なくとも 30 分間 0.5% 牛ゼラチン溶液の 1 ml フィルター (EC 側) の反対側のコート ° C</li>
	<li>Trypsinize 3 ml に予め温めておいた 2 の EC の 225 cm 2 flask(s) X トリプシン-EDTA (10 倍希釈滅菌ダルベッコの &#39; s PBS) ソリューション、プレートから細胞を持ち上げるためにフラスコの穏やかなタップで 。
	注: 場合によっては、フラスコを 37 ° C で 1 〜 3 分のためのインキュベーターに配置する必要があります。
	トリプシン (3:1) を中和するために 9 mL EC メディアを追加 <ol><li>一度細胞が、プレートを持ち上げた。円錐管、プールに一緒に転送、まあと携帯番号を確認する検定にピペット 10 μ L をミックスします。
		<ol><li>5 × 5 のセルの個数のカウント ボックス (すなわち 60)、掛けて 10,000 1 mL (600,000) 内のセルの数を取得します。12 mL (720 万 EC 細胞懸濁液の容量) を乗算します。十分な EC プレートに井戸の希望の番号があることを確認します 。
			注: 約 360,000 EC は、ウェルあたり必要があります。たとえば、18 の井戸は 648 万理事会を必要と1 mL あたり 600,000 EC に必要な 648 万セルを分割し、10.8 mL めっきに必要となる細胞の懸濁液のこの結果します。必要な最終巻を計算 (18 の井戸 1 mL = 18 mL x)。したがって、細胞懸濁液の 10.8 mL を取る、最大ボリュームをもたらす 18 mL EC メディアで加温し、優しく再懸濁します</li>。
		</ol></li></ol></li> <li>1 mL 各挿入フィルターの上側に 360,000 EC のプレートします。4 日目に 24 時間交換媒体のための 37 ° C で邪魔されずインキュベート細胞ができます。5 日目で収穫</li>。
</ol> 2。収穫、VCCC から分数 <ol><li>4 ° C の部屋の分離を行い氷のすべての楽器を維持</li>
	<li>は隔離される個々 の挿入数を留意し、MEJ (分離フィルター) のラベル 50 mL チューブに換散バッファーを追加します。その後、ラベル 2 つの 10 mm の料理;EC と smc</li>。
	<li>調整方法集中ライセートする必要があります; 15 挿入によっては換散バッファーのボリューム、MEJ 管の換散バッファーを 500 μ l 添加し、シャーレあたり 250 μ L をお勧めします</li>。
	<li>作業時間での挿入 1 つ 6 ウェル プレートで。細胞文化フードとし、氷の冷たい部屋への輸送中に吸引 
	メモ: 次の手順は、1 挿入分離します</li>。
	<li>ピペット 10 μ L の挿入の SMC 側に 1 × PBS</li>。
	<li>こすりに挿入の一方の端のセルをセル リフターを使用し、換散バッファーの品詞がある SMC ペトリ皿にリフターからセルを転送</li>
	<li>セル リフターは、皿の中の換散バッファーに触れた後はそれまで完全に一掃し、ペーパー タオルで乾燥した挿入フィルターに触れることを許可しません。スクレイピング SMC フィルターの少なくとも 1 ~ 2 回残りの SMC 細胞の残骸を完全に削除するを繰り返します</li>。
	<li>は、挿入フィルターの上部/EC 側に上の挿入および 1x PBS のピペット 10 μ L を回します。2.6 および 2.7 細胞スクレーパーと EC のペトリ皿の手順を繰り返します</li>。
	<li>は、換散バッファーと EC ペトリ皿に、ピペットと転送フィルターの EC 側から残りのセルと PBS スラリーを収集します。MEJ 分数で EC/SMC 混入を最小限にしてフィルターの両側から細胞をこするの非常に徹底的な</li>。
	<li>は、メスを使って慎重にプラスチック製の挿入からフィルターをカットします。プラスチックからそれの切断 70-80% がこれを行うし、鉗子を使用して、プラスチック製の挿入構造完全にフィルターを引き出します。換散バッファー付け MEJ 50 mL の円錐管にフィルターをかけるし、それは換散バッファーに常駐し、ウェットのままを確認します</li>。
	<li>の挿入をすべてが処理されるまで、6 のグループで、分離手順を繰り返します</li>。
	<li>の個別のチューブや料理別の治療グループを維持します</li>。
	<li>渦 15 の完全な強さの 50 mL MEJ 円錐管 s またはよく混合されるまで。鉗子、管にタンパク質と液体の最大量を残す、チューブの側の壁に沿ってドラッグすることで円錐 MEJ からフィルターを削除します。このポイントの後、フィルターを破棄します</li>。
	<li>MEJ 円錐管からすべてのフィルターを取り外した後は、チューブの底にすべての液体とタンパク質をプルする遠心分離機のクイック スピン (最大速度 〜 16,000 x g で 10-15 秒)。独立した小さい遠心チューブに MEJ チューブと EC と SMC ペトリネットの料理の内容を転送します</li>。
	<li>オプション: MEJ/SMC/EC チューブの内容を超音波氷上 4 3 10 s のパルスを設定または手で優しくホモジナイズしてください</li>。
	<li>4時 15 分最大速度 (~ 16,000 x g) 遠心 ° C. ピペット上清しビシンコニン アッセイ法を用いたタンパク質含有のライセート アッセイします</li>。
</ol> 3。アン顔 蛍光の収穫をして、VCCC <ol><li>日 5 の VCCC の孵化はインキュベーターからドライブベイ カバーを取り外します。各 1 × PBS で 2 回すすぎ挿入フィルターの下の井戸から SMC メディア オフ吸引細胞文化フードで作業している。EC 側と繰り返し</li>。
	<li>穏やかなシェーカーでウォークイン 4 ° C の部屋で 10 ~ 20 分 4% パラホルムアルデヒド (PFA) を追加そのままに、プレートの挿入を維持します。5 分の 1 × PBS で挿入フィルターの両側を洗って、2 回繰り返します 。
	注意: PFA は毒性があり慎重に処理する必要があります</li>。
	<li>プレート、抗体でフィルターの両方の側面を保つ + ソリューションをブロックでブロック、第一次および二次抗体の孵化を実行 (9 mL PBS、25 μ L トリトン X100、50 mg ウシ血清アルブミン、血清 500 μ L)</li>
	<li>メスとプラスチック製の挿入からフィルターをカット、スライドにフィルターをマウントするマウント ハンドルとメディアをマウントを顕微鏡スライド上の場所</li>。
</ol> 4。横の蛍光の収穫をして、VCCC <ol><li>日 5 の VCCC の孵化はインキュベーターからドライブベイ カバーを取り外します。細胞文化フード挿入フィルターの両側からメディアを吸引し、1x PBS で 2 回フィルターの各側面をすすいでください</li>。
	<li>そのまま 6 ウェル プレートの挿入を維持追加 4 %pfa 穏やかなシェーカーのウォークイン 4 ° C の部屋で一晩インキュベートと 。
	注意: PFA は毒性があり慎重に処理する必要があります</li>。
</ol> 5。埋め込み、VCCC 横の蛍光 <ol><li>フィルター後の挿入は、およそ 4% で 24 h のため修正されている PFA、70% への転送 EtOH、少なくとも 24 時間は数週間まで</li>。
	<li>は、自動化されたティッシュ プロセッサ上で実行 (一晩) 長い上フィルターを処理します。プログラムを使用して、次のように: 70% EtOH 30 分、85% エタノール 30 分、95% エタノール 30 分、100% エタノール 30 分、100% エタノール 45 分、100% エタノール 45 分、キシレン 30 分、キシレン 30 分、キシレン 45 分、60 ° C のパラフィン 30 分、60 ° C パラフィン 30 分、60 ° C パラフィン 45 分</li>
	<li>処理後、収穫されたフィルターを埋め込み駅流動パラフィン、カセット フィルターを維持するのに転送します</li>。
	<li>は、慎重に鉗子を使用して端にちょうどそれを保持するために、カセットからフィルターを削除します。ハサミで半分にカット フィルター 2 つの半円形の半分の形を形成します。液体パラフィンが付いて金型埋め込みを埋めるのに十分な長いだけ埋め込み駅のコールド プレート部分に 2 の半分の各レイアウトします</li>。
	こうと、断面、中に 1 つ切断されるエッジに向かってフィルターの中心から <li>一度流動パラフィンで満ちている非常に簡単にコールド プレートに埋め込み型に触れる、フィルターの各半分埋め込む埋め込み型 (側をカット);.</li>
	<li>埋め込み、中にパラフィンが単独でする彼らのために十分に涼しいまでお互いに落ちるから半分を防ぐためにフィルターを保持するために鉗子を使用します。完全に固化するまでのコールド プレートに埋め込み型に移動します 。
	注: 製氷皿上のブロックを冷却しわセクションを防ぐことができます</li>。
</ol> 6。区分および横の蛍光染色、VCCC <ol><li>パラフィン ブロックの区分およびマウント スライド: 5 μ m のセクションをカット、42 ° C の水浴にセクションを配置および正荷電を使用してセクションを拾うスライド。乾燥する 42 ° C のオーブンで一晩のスライドを維持します</li>。
	<li>復元手順を開始する前にパラフィンを溶かすための 60 ° C でスライドを焼くし、スライドの VCCC セクションの付着を助けます。簡単に言えば、冷却し、キシレン、100% の 2 つの変更をスライドを水分補給 95% エタノール エタノール、70% の 1 つの変更 EtOH との 2 つの変更蒸留水します</li>。
	<li>マイクロ波またはスライドの外セクションが落ちることがあります暖房を含む抗原検索方法を避けてください</li>。
	<li>実行は 4 ° C で一次抗体と一晩インキュベートし、常温で 1 h の標準ブロック常温洗浄の手順と 1 h の二次抗体が続きます。メディアをマウントと coverslip マウントします</li>。
</ol>

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+expression+of+an+Ins(1,4,5)P3+receptor+at+the+myoendothelial+junction+selectively+regulates+heterocellular+Ca2++communication.">Localized expression of an Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor at the myoendothelial junction selectively regulates heterocellular Ca2+ communication.</a> J Cell Sci. 121 (Pt 21), 3664-3673 (2008).</li><li>Axel, D. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+cell-rich+and+lipid-rich+plaques+in+a+transfilter+coculture+system+with+human+vascular+cells.">Induction of cell-rich and lipid-rich plaques in a transfilter coculture system with human vascular cells.</a> J Vasc Res. 33 (4), 327-339 (1996).</li><li>Hastings, N. E., Simmers, M. B., McDonald, O. G., Wamhoff, B. R., Blackman, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atherosclerosis-prone+hemodynamics+differentially+regulates+endothelial+and+smooth+muscle+cell+phenotypes+and+promotes+pro-inflammatory+priming.">Atherosclerosis-prone hemodynamics differentially regulates endothelial and smooth muscle cell phenotypes and promotes pro-inflammatory priming.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 293 (6), C1824-C1833 (2007).</li><li>Herzog, D. P., Dohle, E., Bischoff, I., Kirkpatrick, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+communication+in+a+coculture+system+consisting+of+outgrowth+endothelial+cells+and+primary+osteoblasts.">Cell communication in a coculture system consisting of outgrowth endothelial cells and primary osteoblasts.</a> Biomed Res Int. , 320123 (2014).</li><li>Jacot, J. G., Wong, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+injury+induces+vascular+smooth+muscle+cell+proliferation+in+highly+localized+regions+of+a+direct+contact+co-culture+system.">Endothelial injury induces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in highly localized regions of a direct contact co-culture system.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 52 (1), 37-46 (2008).</li><li>Scott-Drechsel, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+flow+co-culture+system+for+studying+mechanobiology+effects+of+pulse+flow+waves.">A new flow co-culture system for studying mechanobiology effects of pulse flow waves.</a> Cytotechnology. 64 (6), 649-666 (2012).</li><li>van Buul-Wortelboer, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution+of+the+vascular+wall+in+vitro.+A+novel+model+to+study+interactions+between+endothelial+and+smooth+muscle+cells.">Reconstitution of the vascular wall in vitro. A novel model to study interactions between endothelial and smooth muscle cells.</a> Exp Cell Res. 162 (1), 151-158 (1986).</li><li>Wilhelm, I., Fazakas, C., Krizbai, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+models+of+the+blood-brain+barrier.">In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier.</a> Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 71 (1), 113-128 (2011).</li><li>Heberlein, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+mRNA+binding+protein+complex+promotes+localized+plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+accumulation+at+the+myoendothelial+junction.">A novel mRNA binding protein complex promotes localized plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 accumulation at the myoendothelial junction.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 32 (5), 1271-1279 (2012).</li><li>Straub, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartmentalized+connexin+43+s-nitrosylation/denitrosylation+regulates+heterocellular+communication+in+the+vessel+wall.">Compartmentalized connexin 43 s-nitrosylation/denitrosylation regulates heterocellular communication in the vessel wall.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 31 (2), 399-407 (2011).</li><li>Cucina, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+increases+the+migration+and+proliferation+of+smooth+muscle+cells+through+the+mediation+of+growth+factors+released+by+endothelial+cells.">Vascular endothelial growth factor increases the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells through the mediation of growth factors released by endothelial cells.</a> J Surg Res. 109 (1), 16-23 (2003).</li><li>Heberlein, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+regulates+myoendothelial+junction+formation.">Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates myoendothelial junction formation.</a> Circ Res. 106 (6), 1092-1102 (2010).</li><li>Isakson, B. E., Best, A. K., Duling, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+protein+on+actin+bridges+between+endothelium+and+smooth+muscle+in+arterioles+demonstrates+heterogeneous+connexin+expression+and+phosphorylation.">Incidence of protein on actin bridges between endothelium and smooth muscle in arterioles demonstrates heterogeneous connexin expression and phosphorylation.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 294 (6), H2898-H2904 (2008).</li><li>Biwer, L. A., Isakson, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoplasmic+reticulum-mediated+signalling+in+cellular+microdomains.">Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated signalling in cellular microdomains.</a> Acta Physiol (Oxf). 219 (1), 162-175 (2017).</li></ol>

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VCCC は MEJsの in vitro、さたの面で利点の数が特定のアプリケーションのため、VCCC を利用できるかどうかを決定する際の議論のポイントがあります。たとえば、異なる種類の細胞をこのモデルで使用される場合は、最適化するそれ必要があります。ひと初代細胞を用いてウシ大動脈24、または野生型やノックアウト マウスから細胞を分離し、VCCC1,</...

小径抵抗血管の薄い内弾性板 (IEL) は、内皮細胞 (EC) と平滑筋細胞 (SMC) を分離します。セルはこの弾性マトリックスの穴を介して投影し、ギャップ結合チャネル1,2経由でダイレクトに細胞質接続できます。このユニークな構造は、myoendothelial のジャンクション (MEJ) と呼ばれます。MEJ です小 (血管床によって、0.5 μ m x 約 0.5 μ m)、細胞突起主に内皮細胞から成る3,4同様の平滑筋から発生させてよい。調査官の数はシグナル伝達 MEJ、内皮細胞と平滑筋5 間双方向のシグナル化を促進するため特に重要な場所、それはレンダリングに選択的に発生するネットワークの巨大な複雑さを示しています。 ,6,7,8,9,10。
ただし、そのまま動脈、MEJ のシグナル伝達経路の機構的郭清はむずかしい。MEJ から細胞の投影こそ体内MEJ 血管壁から分離することは現在はないです。このため、VCCC モデル1が開発されました。重要なは、VCCC 複製生理的血管内皮形態11 ・頂間の信号の偏波とセル12MEJ 部分。アルファのヘモグロビンは、血管内皮細胞、MEJ に偏光の発見を容易にするこのユニークなモデルだった。これはアルファのヘモグロビン13を表現しない従来培養内皮細胞とは対照的です。微小血管内皮細胞に興味がある研究者は、特に小径抵抗血管で発生するシグナル伝達経路を分析することが目的の場合、VCCC で培養した血管内皮細胞を使用するより適切な場合があります。
2 つ共培養細胞型に小径孔 (直径 0.4 μ m) を持つフィルターを含む頑丈なプラスチック製の挿入を使用すると、セルで層間の移行できなくなります。それはin vivoよりはるかに時間がまだ MEJs、蛋白質のローカリゼーション、シグナルの1二次メッセンジャーなどの生体内の特性の多くを複製セル間の 10 μ m 間隔の結果します。,14します。 さらに、、VCCC セル アゴニストまたは特定の細胞内コンパートメントに拮抗薬の追加を介して信号の種類に固有のターゲットにできます。たとえば、カルシウムをキレート化するためこれら AM で EC を読み込みとフェニレフリン14SMC を刺激します。これにより、共培養モデル15,16,17,18,19,20,21の他の記述と対照をなしてmRNA および蛋白質、分数を含む、異なる MEJ フィルター孔内の異なる画分を分離することについて説明します。この手法、VCCC を添加できます蛋白質活動12蛋白質のリン酸化の12,23, や転写22mRNA の局在の変化の具体的な調査。異なる立体構造11,18,242 つの細胞の種類の培養が可能だが、底部には、フィルターと SMC の上に EC のめっきが、この資料に記載されます。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24mm diameter, 0.4&#181;m Transwell Polyester membrane filter insert</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3450</td>
			<td>This is one 6 well plate of inserts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>225cm2 flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plates (without filter inserts)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary human coronary artery endothelial cells</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-2585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-2583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EBM-2 EC Basal media</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EC growth factors (EGM2 MV Single quots)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-4147</td>
			<td>Add to basal media before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SmBM SMC basal media</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMC growth factors (SmGM-2 SingleQuot)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-4149</td>
			<td>Add to basal media before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Trypsin-EDTA 10X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td>Dilute to 2X with sterile dPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>15170-208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>large petri dishes for SMC Plating (150mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G-9382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human fibronectin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356008</td>
			<td>5&#181;g/ml of fibronectin and store at -20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Hanks&#39; Buffered salt solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14065-056</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1x with sterile water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate buffered saline (dPBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14200-075</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1x with sterile water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Curved Scalpel (30mm cutting edge) with handle</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>MDS15210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>17-467-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell lifter</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL conical tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>35-1008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rneasy mini kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA lysis reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td>Make 4% solution with dPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>04-355-305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cavicide disinfectant</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>131000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA protein lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R0278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonic dismembranator</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>Model 50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X PBS for harvesting EC/SMC and immunocytochemistry</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>does not need to be sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embedding/Sectioning/Staining</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P31-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated tissue processer</td>
			<td>Excelsior</td>
			<td>ES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embedding station + cold plate</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>HistoCore Arcadia</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Tek Accu-Edge Microtome blade</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25608-961 or 25608-964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>22-230-900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12-548-5E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold mounting medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>**Perform all steps in sterile conditions if using the solution on live cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile dPBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Autoclave water to sterilize. Using the sterile water make DPBS (450mL sterile water: 50mL 10X DPBS), mix and filter sterilize (0.2&#181;m filter). 
			Final concentration: 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile HBSS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Autoclave water to sterilize. Using the sterile water make HBSS (450mL sterile water: 50mL 10X HBSS), mix and filter sterilize (0.2&#181;m filter). 
			Final concentration: 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use 50mL of sterile water to fibronectin to make stock of 1mL aliquots, then freeze until needed 
			Final concentration: 100&#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin to coat SMC side of VCCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>thaw one aliquot and add 1mL of fibronectin (100&#181;g/mL) to 19mLs of 1X HBSS to reach a final concentration of 5&#181;g/mL. 
			Final concentration: 5&#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x Trypsin EDTA solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute the 10X 0.5% Trypsin-EDTA to 2X with 1X dPBS (40mL DPBS: 10mL 10X Trypsin) . 
			Final concentration: 2X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking/antibody solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(9mL 1X PBS, 25mL Triton X100, 50mg bovine serum albumin, 500mL normal serum)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine gelatin to coat EC VCCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 0.5g bovine gelatin into 100mL distilled water. Autoclave prior to first use and store at room temperature. Keep in sterile conditions. 
			Final concentration: 0.50%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X PBS for harvesting cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>does not need to be sterile</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a cell culture model of resistance arteries

Myoendothelial ジャンクション (MEJ) 小径抵抗血管でユニークなシグナリングの創製は、血管緊張や血圧を制御することができますシグナリング プロセス特定の蛋白質の局在を展示します。内皮細胞や平滑筋細胞からの投影は、その小型のためサイズ (〜 1 μ m2の面積平均)、上、MEJ と単独で勉強することは困難です。ただし、我々 は MEJ 形成体外、内皮細胞の極性形成とシグナル伝達タンパク質と抵抗の血管壁内のプロセスの郭清では、血管細胞共培養 (VCCC) と呼ばれる細胞培養モデルを開発しました。動脈。VCCC 多数のアプリケーションには、異なる種類の細胞に合わせて適応することができます。モデルは、0.4 μ m 孔体外でMEJs することができますフォームをフィルターの両側に成長して 2 種類の細胞で構成されています。ここでセルのめっきと内皮細胞の分離を介して VCCC を作成する方法について述べる MEJ、および蛋白質の隔離や活動のため使用することができます平滑筋分数の試金。埋め込み、および免疫蛍光分析用断面、そのまま細胞層でフィルターを固定できます。重要なは、このモデルからの発見の多くは生理学的な関連性を強調し、そのまま抵抗動脈を使用して確認されています。

VCCC 用フィルター挿入が小、0.4 μ m 穴。図 1 a、VCCC フィルター挿入の正面ビューは、毛穴、MEJ が生体外で形成できますを示しています。回路図は、一日前に、内皮細胞を反対側 (図 1 b) めっきフィルターの下側にメッキの平滑筋細胞を示しています。セルはメッキ後、EC、MEJ、および SMC の成分は分離の 3 日後?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell Culture Model of Resistance Arteries at JoVE.com

A Cell Culture Model of Resistance Arteries

抵抗血管の細胞培養モデルを説明することで、シグナル伝達経路の内皮細胞、平滑筋や内皮細胞と平滑筋 (myoendothelial ジャンクション) 間の解剖を可能にします。アゴニストまたは蛋白質の隔離、電子顕微鏡、蛍光抗体の選択的なアプリケーションは、この細胞培養モデルを使用して利用できます。

抵抗血管の細胞培養モデル

The myoendothelial junction (MEJ), a unique signaling microdomain in small diameter resistance arteries, exhibits localization of specific proteins and ...

a-cell-culture-model-of-resistance-arteries

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.8K ビュー.  University of Virginia School of Medicine. 抵抗血管の細胞培養モデルを説明することで、シグナル伝達経路の内皮細胞、平滑筋や内皮細胞と平滑筋 (myoendothelial ジャンクション) 間の解剖を可能にします。アゴニストまたは蛋白質の隔離、電子顕微鏡、蛍光抗体の選択的なアプリケーションは、この細胞培養モデルを使用して利用できます。

ビデオ: A Cell Culture Model of Resistance Arteries

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus. For example, in utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has been used to successfully treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.1,2 In several other conditions, however, IUT has been attempted without success.3 Given these mixed results, the availability of an efficient non-human model to study the biological sequelae of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy is critical to advance this field. We and others have used the mouse model of IUT to study factors affecting successful engraftment of in utero transplanted hematopoietic stem cells in both wild-type mice4-7 and those with genetic diseases.8,9 The fetal environment also offers considerable advantages for the success of in utero gene therapy. For example, the delivery of adenoviral10, adeno-associated viral10, retroviral11, and lentiviral vectors12,13 into the fetus has resulted in the transduction of multiple organs distant from the site of injection with long-term gene expression. in utero gene therapy may therefore be considered as a possible treatment strategy for single gene disorders such as muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis. Another potential advantage of IUT is the ability to induce immune tolerance to a specific antigen. As seen in mice with hemophilia, the introduction of Factor IX early in development results in tolerance to this protein.14 
In addition to its use in investigating potential human therapies, the mouse model of IUT can be a powerful tool to study basic questions in developmental and stem cell biology. For example, one can deliver various small molecules to induce or inhibit specific gene expression at defined gestational stages and manipulate developmental pathways. The impact of these alterations can be assessed at various timepoints after the initial transplantation. Furthermore, one can transplant pluripotent or lineage specific progenitor cells into the fetal environment to study stem cell differentiation in a non-irradiated and unperturbed host environment.
The mouse model of IUT has already provided numerous insights within the fields of immunology, and developmental and stem cell biology. In this video-based protocol, we describe a step-by-step approach to performing IUT in mouse fetuses and outline the critical steps and potential pitfalls of this technique.

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The mouse model of in utero transplantation is a versatile tool that can be used to study the potential clinical applications of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy in the fetus. In this protocol, we present a general approach to performing this technique

のマウスモデル子宮内で移植

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus.  For example, in ...

医学

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

口腔扁平上皮癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける腫瘍細胞の浸潤の多光子イメージング

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Experimental examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated by in vitro culture systems that more accurately model in vivo biology. The use of human derived material for studying cellular differentiation, aging, senescence, and immortalization is particularly advantageous given the many significant molecular differences in these properties between human and commonly utilized rodent cells1-2. Mammary cells present a convenient model system because large quantities of normal and abnormal tissues are available due to the frequency of reduction mammoplasty and mastectomy surgeries.
The mammary gland consists of a complex admixture of many distinct cell types, e.g., epithelial, adipose, mesenchymal, endothelial. The epithelial cells are responsible for the differentiated mammary function of lactation, and are also the origin of the vast majority of human breast cancers. We have developed methods to process mammary gland surgical discard tissues into pure epithelial components as well as mesenchymal cells3. The processed material can be stored frozen indefinitely, or initiated into primary culture. Surgical discard material is transported to the laboratory and manually dissected to enrich for epithelial containing tissue. Subsequent digestion of the dissected tissue using collagenase and hyaluronidase strips stromal material from the epithelia at the basement membrane. The resulting small pieces of the epithelial tree (organoids) can be separated from the digested stroma by sequential filtration on membranes of fixed pore size. Depending upon pore size, fractions can be obtained consisting of larger ductal/alveolar pieces, smaller alveolar clusters, or stromal cells. We have observed superior growth when cultures are initiated as organoids rather than as dissociated single cells. Placement of organoids in culture using low-stress inducing media supports long-term growth of normal HMEC with markers of multiple lineage types (myoepithelial, luminal, progenitor)4-5. Sufficient numbers of cells can be obtained from one individual's tissue to allow extensive experimental examination using standardized cell batches, as well as interrogation using high throughput modalities.
Cultured HMEC have been employed in a wide variety of studies examining the normal processes governing growth, differentiation, aging, and senescence, and how these normal processes are altered during immortal and malignant transformation4-15,16. The effects of growth in the presence of extracellular matrix material, other cell types, and/or 3D culture can be compared with growth on plastic5,15. Cultured HMEC, starting with normal cells, provide an experimentally tractable system to examine factors that may propel or prevent human aging and carcinogenesis.

A method to process human mammary surgical discard material is described. Processed tissue, in the form of organoids, can be stored frozen indefinitely or placed in culture for long-term growth. This method enables experimental examination of normal human epithelial cell biology, and the effects of exogenous perturbations.

細胞培養のための人間の削減乳房形成や乳房切除組織の処理

Experimental  examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how  normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated ...

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices

Acute alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) - also known as von Euler-Liljestrand mechanism - which serves to match lung perfusion to ventilation. Up to now, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The major vascular segment contributing to HPV is the intra-acinar artery. This vessel section is responsible for the blood supply of an individual acinus, which is defined as the portion of lung distal to a terminal bronchiole. Intra-acinar arteries are mostly located in that part of the lung that cannot be selectively reached by a number of commonly used techniques such as measurement of the pulmonary artery pressure in isolated perfused lungs or force recordings from dissected proximal pulmonary artery segments1,2. The analysis of subpleural vessels by real-time confocal laser scanning luminescence microscopy is limited to vessels with up to 50 &#181;m in diameter3.
We provide a technique to study HPV of murine intra-pulmonary arteries in the range of 20-100 &#181;m inner diameters. It is based on the videomorphometric analysis of cross-sectioned arteries in precision cut lung slices (PCLS). This method allows the quantitative measurement of vasoreactivity of small intra-acinar arteries with inner diameter between 20-40 &#181;m which are located at gussets of alveolar septa next to alveolar ducts and of larger pre-acinar arteries with inner diameters between 40-100 &#181;m which run adjacent to bronchi and bronchioles. In contrast to real-time imaging of subpleural vessels in anesthetized and ventilated mice, videomorphometric analysis of PCLS occurs under conditions free of shear stress. In our experimental model both arterial segments exhibit a monophasic HPV when exposed to medium gassed with 1% O2 and the response fades after 30-40 min at hypoxia.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is an important physiological phenomenon by which at alveolar hypoxia lung perfusion is matched to ventilation. The major vascular segment contributing to HPV is the intra-acinar artery. Here, we describe our protocol for the analysis of HPV of murine pulmonary vessels with diameters of 20-100 &mu;m.

マウス精密切り出肺スライスを用いた低酸素肺血管収縮のビデオモルフォメトリクス解析

Acute alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) - also known as von Euler-Liljestrand mechanism - which serves to match lung perfusion to ...

Assessing Myogenic Response and Vasoactivity In Resistance Mesenteric Arteries Using Pressure Myography

Small resistance arteries constrict and dilate respectively in response to increased or decreased intraluminal pressure; this phenomenon known as myogenic response is a key regulator of local blood flow. In isobaric conditions small resistance arteries develop sustained constriction known as myogenic tone (MT), which is a major determinant of systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Hence, ex vivo&#160;pressurized preparations of small resistance arteries are major tools to study microvascular function in near-physiological states. To achieve this, a freshly isolated intact segment of a small resistance artery (diameter ~260 &#956;m) is mounted onto two small glass cannulas and pressurized. These arterial preparations retain most in vivo characteristics and permit assessment of vascular tone in real-time. Here we provide a detailed protocol for assessing vasoactivity in pressurized small resistance mesenteric arteries from rats; these arteries develop sustained vasoconstriction - approximately 25% of maximal diameter - when pressurized at 70 mmHg. These arterial preparations may be used to study the effect of investigational compounds on relationship between intra-arterial pressure and vasoactivity and determine changes in microvascular function in animal models of various diseases.

Pressure myography is used to assess vasoactivity of small arteries that develop sustained constriction when pressurized. This manuscript provides a detailed protocol to assess in isolated segments of small mesenteric arteries from rats, vasoactivity and the effect of intraluminal pressure on vascular diameter.

圧力筋運動記録法を用いた抵抗腸間膜動脈における筋原性応答および血管作用を評価します

Small resistance arteries constrict and dilate respectively in response to increased or decreased intraluminal pressure; this phenomenon known as myogenic ...

Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has a lifetime prevalence of 14% and is the most common urological diagnosis for men under the age of 50, yet it is the least understood and studied chronic pelvic pain disorder. A significant subset of patients with chronic pelvic pain report having experienced early life stress or abuse, which can markedly affect the functioning and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mast cell activation, which has been shown to be increased in both urine and expressed prostatic secretions of CP/CPPS patients, is partially regulated by downstream activation of the HPA axis. Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) has been used for over two decades to study the outcomes of early life stress in rodent models, including changes in the HPA axis and visceral sensitivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for using NMS as a preclinical model of CP/CPPS in male C57BL/6 mice. We describe the methodology for performing NMS, assessing perigenital mechanical allodynia, and histological evidence of mast cell activation. We also provide evidence that early psychological stress can have long-lasting effects on the male urogenital system in mice.

We are measuring perigenital mechanical sensitivity and mast cell activation in the prostate of male C57BL/6 mice that underwent an early life stress paradigm &#8211; neonatal maternal separation, in order to induce a preclinical model of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

新生児母子分離のマウスモデルにおけるPerigenital感度と前立腺肥満細胞の活性化の評価

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has a lifetime prevalence of 14% and is the most common urological diagnosis for men under the ...

A Human Glioblastoma Organotypic Slice Culture Model for Study of Tumor Cell Migration and Patient-specific Effects of Anti-Invasive Drugs

Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to carry an extremely poor clinical prognosis despite surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation therapy. Progressive tumor invasion into surrounding brain parenchyma represents an enduring therapeutic challenge. To develop anti-migration therapies for GBM, model systems that provide a physiologically relevant background for controlled experimentation are essential. Here, we present a protocol for generating slice cultures from human GBM tissue obtained during surgical resection. These cultures allow for ex vivo experimentation without passaging through animal xenografts or single cell cultures. Further, we describe the use of time-lapse laser scanning confocal microscopy in conjunction with cell tracking to quantitatively study the migratory behavior of tumor cells and associated response to therapeutics. Slices are reproducibly generated within 90 min of surgical tissue acquisition. Retrovirally-mediated fluorescent cell labeling, confocal imaging, and tumor cell migration analyses are subsequently completed within two weeks of culture. We have successfully used these slice cultures to uncover genetic factors associated with increased migratory behavior in human GBM. Further, we have validated the model&#39;s ability to detect patient-specific variation in response to anti-migration therapies. Moving forward, human GBM slice cultures are an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of tumor sensitivity to therapeutic agents, in order to advance personalized neuro-oncologic therapy.

Current ex vivo models of glioblastoma (GBM) are not optimized for physiologically relevant study of human tumor invasion. Here, we present a protocol for generation and maintenance of organotypic slice cultures from fresh human GBM tissue. A description of time-lapse microscopy and quantitative cell migration analysis techniques is provided.

腫瘍細胞移動の研究および抗浸潤性薬物の患者特異的効果の研究のためのヒト神経膠芽腫の器官型スライス培養モデル

Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to carry an extremely poor clinical prognosis despite surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation therapy. Progressive tumor ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Endothelial Cells from Canine Arteries and Veins

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study vasculogenesis, (tumor) angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. The current standard for in vitro research on human endothelial cells (ECs) is the use of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Umbilical Artery Endothelial Cells (HUAECs). For canine endothelial research, only one cell line (CnAOEC) is available, which is derived from canine aortic endothelium. Although currently not completely understood, there is a difference between ECs originating from either arteries or veins. For a more direct approach to in vitro functionality studies on ECs, we describe a new method for isolating Canine Primary Endothelial Cells (CaPECs) from a variety of vessels. This technique reduces the chance of contamination with fast-growing cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, a problem that is common in standard isolation methods such as flushing the vessel with enzymatic solutions or mincing the vessel prior to digestion of the tissue containing all cells. The technique we describe was optimized for the canine model, but can easily be utilized in other species such as human.

Novel isolation methods of primary endothelial cells from blood vessels are needed. This protocol describes a new technique that completely inverts blood vessels of interest, exposing only the endothelial side to enzymatic digestion. The resulting pure endothelial cell culture can be used to study cardiovascular diseases, disease modelling, and angiogenesis.

犬の動脈と静脈からの初代内皮細胞の単離および培養

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study ...

Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats

This protocol describes the use of in vitro television microscopy to evaluate vascular function in isolated cerebral resistance arteries (and other vessels), and describes techniques for evaluating tissue perfusion using Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) and microvessel density utilizing fluorescently labeled Griffonia simplicifolia (GS1) lectin. Current methods for studying isolated resistance arteries at transmural pressures encountered in vivo and in the absence of parenchymal cell influences provide a critical link between in vivo studies and information gained from molecular reductionist approaches that provide limited insight into integrative responses at the whole animal level. LDF and techniques to selectively identify arterioles and capillaries with fluorescently-labeled GS1 lectin provide practical solutions to enable investigators to extend the knowledge gained from studies of isolated resistance arteries. This paper describes the application of these techniques to gain fundamental knowledge of vascular physiology and pathology in the rat as a general experimental model, and in a variety of specialized genetically engineered &#34;designer&#34; rat strains that can provide important insight into the influence of specific genes on important vascular phenotypes. Utilizing these valuable experimental approaches in rat strains developed by selective breeding strategies and new technologies for producing gene knockout models in the rat, will expand the rigor of scientific premises developed in knockout mouse models and extend that knowledge to a more relevant animal model, with a well understood physiological background and suitability for physiological studies because of its larger size.

This manuscript describes in vitro video microscopy protocols for evaluating vascular function in rat cerebral resistance arteries. The manuscript also describes techniques for evaluating microvessel density with fluorescently labeled lectin and tissue perfusion using Laser Doppler Flowmetry.

分離抵抗性ラットの動脈のビデオ顕微鏡を用いた血管制御機構の評価

This protocol describes the use of in vitro television microscopy to evaluate vascular function in isolated cerebral resistance arteries (and other ...

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the &#34;functional ratio&#34; as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that are sometimes problematic for athletes, resulting in soft tissue injury in the lower limbs. To prevent such injuries, functional training of the hamstrings requires intensive eccentric contractions. Additionally, hamstring function should be tested in relation to quadricep function at different contraction speeds.

筋肉の不均衡: テストと競技人口の機能的な偏心ハムスト リングの筋力トレーニング

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite ...