岩坪威博士 (東京大学、日本) にありがとう親切プラスミド 3xFLAG LRRK2 WT と変異体を提供します。我々 も博士ダリオ ・ アレッシ (、英国ダンディー大学) 提供いただきありがとうございます親切 MLi 2 とエンコード HA Rab10 プラスミド。この作品は、科学の振興 (JSPS) 科研費助成番号 JP17K08265 (GI) の日本社会によって支えられました。

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson's+disease-associated+mutations+in+leucine-rich+repeat+kinase+2+augment+kinase+activity.">Parkinson's disease-associated mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 augment kinase activity.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (46), 16842-16847 (2005).</li><li>Ito, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GTP+binding+is+essential+to+the+protein+kinase+activity+of+LRRK2,+a+causative+gene+product+for+familial+Parkinson's+disease.">GTP binding is essential to the protein kinase activity of LRRK2, a causative gene product for familial Parkinson's disease.</a> Biochemistry. 46 (5), 1380-1388 (2007).</li><li>Steger, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphoproteomics+reveals+that+Parkinson's+disease+kinase+LRRK2+regulates+a+subset+of+Rab+GTPases.">Phosphoproteomics reveals that Parkinson's disease kinase LRRK2 regulates a subset of Rab GTPases.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Ito, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phos-tag+analysis+of+Rab10+phosphorylation+by+LRRK2:+a+powerful+assay+for+assessing+kinase+function+and+inhibitors.">Phos-tag analysis of Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2: a powerful assay for assessing kinase function and inhibitors.</a> Biochem. J. 473, 2671-2685 (2016).</li><li>Kinoshita, E., Kinoshita-Kikuta, E., Takiyama, K., Koike, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphate-binding+tag,+a+new+tool+to+visualize+phosphorylated+proteins.">Phosphate-binding tag, a new tool to visualize phosphorylated proteins.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 5 (4), 749-757 (2006).</li><li>Using a Hemacytometer to Count Cells. J. Vis. Exp Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.jove.com/science-education/5048/using-a-hemacytometer-to-count-cells">https://www.jove.com/science-education/5048/using-a-hemacytometer-to-count-cells</a> (2017)</li><li>Ni, D., Xu, P., Gallagher, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoblotting+and+Immunodetection.">Immunoblotting and Immunodetection.</a> Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. (114), 10.8.1-10.8.37 (2016).</li><li>Reith, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GSK2578215A;+a+potent+and+highly+selective+2-arylmethyloxy-5-substitutent-N-arylbenzamide+LRRK2+kinase+inhibitor.">GSK2578215A; a potent and highly selective 2-arylmethyloxy-5-substitutent-N-arylbenzamide LRRK2 kinase inhibitor.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 22 (17), 5625-5629 (2012).</li><li>Fell, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MLi-2,+a+potent,+selective+and+centrally+active+compound+for+exploring+the+therapeutic+potential+and+safety+of+LRRK2+kinase+inhibition.">MLi-2, a potent, selective and centrally active compound for exploring the therapeutic potential and safety of LRRK2 kinase inhibition.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 355, 397-409 (2015).</li><li>Dzamko, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+LRRK2+kinase+activity+leads+to+dephosphorylation+of+Ser(910)/Ser(935),+disruption+of+14-3-3+binding+and+altered+cytoplasmic+localization.">Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity leads to dephosphorylation of Ser(910)/Ser(935), disruption of 14-3-3 binding and altered cytoplasmic localization.</a> Biochem. J. 430 (3), 405-413 (2010).</li><li>Th&#233;venet, J., Pescini Gobert, R., Hooft van Huijsduijnen , R., Wiessner, C., Sagot, Y. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

ここでは、P タグの方法論に基づいて内因性レベル LRRK2 による Rab10 リン酸化を検出する簡易で堅牢な方法をについて説明します。現在利用可能なリン酸化 Rab10 抗体発現タンパク質15でのみ動作するため、P タグ SDS-PAGE を利用した本法は Rab10 リン酸化の内因性のレベルを評価する唯一の方法です。さらに、本法は、Rab10 リン酸化細胞の化学組成の推定できます。P タグの方法...

PD は、主に高齢者1モーター システムの機能不全の結果、中脳のドーパミン作動性ニューロンに影響最も一般的な神経変性疾患の一つです。ほとんどの患者は、PD を作成し散発的な方法で、病気を継承する家族が集まっています。FPD2とリンクするいくつかの遺伝子の突然変異が見つかっています。FPD の原因遺伝子の 1 つは、LRRK2、パーク 8 と呼ばれる支配的継承された FPD にリンク 8 のミスセンス変異 (N1437H、R1441C、G、H、S、Y1699C、G2019S、および I2020T) にされているの報告された3,4,5これまでのところです。いくつかのゲノムワイド関連研究 (GWAS) 散発的な PD 患者は PD、LRRK2 の機能に異常が散発的の両方の神経変性疾患の一般的な原因であることを示唆しているのリスク要因として LRRK2 軌跡におけるゲノム変化も確認します。パーク 8 FPD6,7,8。
LRRK2 は、ロイシン豊富な繰り返しドメイン、複雑なタンパク質 (中華民国) ドメイン、ROC (COR) ドメイン、セリン/スレオニン蛋白質キナーゼ ドメインおよび9WD40 リピート ドメインの C 末端の GTP 結合 Ras から成る大規模な蛋白質 (2,527 アミノ酸) であります。8 つの FPD 変異をこれらの機能ドメインの検索します。N1437H と ROC ドメイン、COR ドメイン、G2019S とキナーゼ ドメインで I2020T で Y1699C で R1441C/G/H/S。それは、仮定される G2019S 突然変異は、PD 患者10、11,12の突然変異を見つけた最も頻繁には、体外で2-3 倍13LRRK2 のキナーゼ活性が増加、のでLRRK2 substrate(s) のリン酸化の異常な増加は神経細胞に有毒であります。ただし、それされています患者派生サンプルで評価方法の不足のため散発的/家族性 PD 患者における生理学的関連 LRRK2 基板のリン酸化が変更されるかどうかを検討することが可能。
蛋白質のリン酸化は免疫ブロットまたは質量分析によるタンパク質のリン酸化状態を具体的に認識する抗体を用いた酵素抗体法 (ELISA) によって一般に検出されます。ただし、元の戦略時適用できませんリン酸化特異的抗体を作成する難しさのため。放射性隣酸塩に細胞の代謝ラベリングはリン酸化特異的抗体が容易に利用可能でない場合、リン酸化の生理的レベルを確認する別のオプションです。ただし、放射性物質の大規模な量を要求され、したがって放射線防護14のために特殊な機器を伴います。質量分析はより敏感なこれらの免疫化学的方法と比較して、蛋白質のリン酸化の分析に人気となったです。サンプル準備は時間がかかるし、高価な楽器が分析に必要です。
Rab10 Rab8 など Rab GTPase の家族のサブセットは、LRRK2 の直接生理学的な基板が15大規模プロテオーム解析の結果に基づき、最近報告されました。[Rab10 リン酸化された FPD 変異マウス胚性線維芽細胞、マウス16をノックの肺によって増加するデモンストレーションを行った。本報告では、ナトリウム dodecyl 硫酸塩ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動 (SDS-PAGE) を採用しました-P タグ分子が SDS ページのゲル (P タグ SDS-PAGE) Rab10 リン酸化の内因性のレベルを検出するために共重合する手法リン酸化 Rab10 の高感度抗体はまだ欠けていた。我々 は合計 Rab8 の現在入手可能な抗体の選択度が低くによる内因性 Rab8 のリン酸化を検出する失敗します。したがって、我々 は Rab10 リン酸化に焦点を当てることを決めた。LRRK2 は、Thr73 の非常に節約された「スイッチ II」地域の中で場所に行く Rab10 を廃止します。Rab 蛋白質リン酸化のサイトの高い保護は明確な Rab 蛋白質を認識する検体抗体が作りにくい理由の一つかもしれません。
LRRK2 による Rab8A のリン酸化は、Rabin8、GTP15にバインドされた GDP を交換することによって Rab8A をアクティブにグアニン ヌクレオチド交換因子 (GEF) の結合を阻害します。Rab10、LRRK2 による Rab8A のリン酸化は、Rab タンパク質の活性化に不可欠な膜15から GDP 結合 Rab 蛋白質の抽出は、GDP 解離阻害剤 (GDIs) の結合を阻害します。総称して、それは、LRRK2 による Rab タンパク質のリン酸化を防ぎます活性化正確な分子機構とリン酸化の生理的影響は明白でなく残るが、仮定されます。
P タグ SDS ページは 2006 年に木下らによって発明された: この方法ではアクリルアミドは P タグと共有結合は、SDS-PAGE に共高親和とリン酸塩を取り込み分子ゲル17。SDS ページのゲルの P タグ分子選択的リン酸化タンパク質の電気泳動移動度を遅らせる、ので P タグ SDS-PAGE は非リン酸化のものからリン酸化タンパク質を区切ることができます (図 1)。興味の蛋白質は複数の残基のリン酸化、リン酸化特異的形態に対応するバンドのはしごは見られなくなります。Rab10、場合 Rab10 で Thr73 だけでリン酸化されることを示す 1 つだけ移されたバンドを観察します。リン酸化特異的抗体と免疫ブロット上 P タグ SDS ページの主な利点は非リン酸化特異抗体 (すなわち、認識合計 Rab10) とイムノブロット リン酸 Rab10 が認識されること膜に転送された後である一般により特定、機密、および利用可能な商業学術ソースから。SDS ページ P タグを使用してのもう一つの利点は、リン酸化特異的抗体と免疫ブロットすること放射性と細胞の代謝ラベリングによって不可能である 1 つは、リン酸化の化学量論の近似的評価を取得できることリン酸塩。
別に安価な P タグ アクリルアミドおよびそれに関連するいくつかのマイナーな変更の使用は、現在 LRRK2 による Rab10 リン酸化の検出法免疫ブロットの一般的なプロトコルに従います。したがって、免疫ブロットが浄化された蛋白質、セル lysates の組織乳剤などのサンプルの任意のタイプの通常の練習を任意の所で簡単であり、容易に実行可能ファイルをする必要がありますそれ。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>150 mM NaCl, 8 mM Na2HPO4-12H2O, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM KH2PO4 in MilliQ water and sterilized by autoclaving</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>31320-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Disodium Hydrogenphosphate 12-Water</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>196-02835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>163-03545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>169-04245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Trypsin (10X)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T4549</td>
			<td>Dilute 10-fold with sterile DPBS for preparing working solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium 
			(DMEM)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>044-29765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>BioWest</td>
			<td>S1560</td>
			<td>Heat-inactivated at 56 &#176;C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (100X)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>168-23191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>342-01375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>198-13765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylenimine HCl MAX, Linear, Mw 40,000 (PEI MAX 40000)</td>
			<td>PolySciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>24765-1</td>
			<td>Stock solution was prepared in 20 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.0 at 1 mg/mL and the pH was then adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>045-28335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RSP-THA500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>080-01066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene(10) Octylphenyl Ether</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>160-24751</td>
			<td>Equivalent to Triton X-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8217;,N&#8217;-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>346-01312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium orthovanadate(V)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>198-09752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium fluoride</td>
			<td>Kanto Chemical</td>
			<td>37174-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Glycerophosphoric Acid Disodium Salt Pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>17103-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate</td>
			<td>Kokusan Chemical</td>
			<td>2113899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcystin-LR</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>136-12241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>196-00015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td>Dissolve one tablet in 1 mL water, which can be stored at -20 &#176;C for a month. Use it at 1:50 dilution for cell lysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce Coomassie (Bradford) Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>31607-65</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>075-00616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>021-02911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Kanto Chemical</td>
			<td>25099-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>056-06967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>136-01837</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-binding tag acrylamide</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>AAL-107</td>
			<td>P-tag acrylamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40% (w/v) acrylamide solution</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>06119-45</td>
			<td>Acrylamide:Bis = 29:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>33401-72</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate (APS)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>016-08021</td>
			<td>10% (w/v) solution was prepared by dissolving the powder of ammonium persulfate in MilliQ water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-propanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>166-04831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Plus Protein Prestained Standard</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610374, 1610373, 1610377</td>
			<td>Molecular weight marker used in the protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WIDE-VIEW Prestained Protein Size Marker III</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>230-02461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>17109-64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham Protran NC 0.45</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>10600007</td>
			<td>Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durapore Membrane Filter</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>GVHP00010</td>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Papers No.1</td>
			<td>Advantec</td>
			<td>00013600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponceau S</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>28322-72</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>017-00251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td>polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>345-01865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim milk powder</td>
			<td>Difco Laboratories</td>
			<td>232100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostar</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>291-55203</td>
			<td>ECL solution (Normal sensitivity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostar LD</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>290-69904</td>
			<td>ECL solution (High sensitivity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CBB staining solution</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 g CBB R-250, 50% (v/v) methanol, 10% (v/v) acetic acid in 1 L of MilliQ water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CBB R-250</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>031-17922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CBB destaining solution</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>12% (v/v) methanol, 7% (v/v) acetic acid in 1 L MilliQ water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-HA antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11583816001</td>
			<td>Used at 0.2 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rab10 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>#8127</td>
			<td>Used at 1:1000 for immunoblotting. 
			Specificity was confirmed by CRISPR KO in Ito et al., Biochem J, 2016.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-pSer935 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab133450</td>
			<td>Used at 1 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-LRRK2 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab133518</td>
			<td>Used at 1 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9026</td>
			<td>Used at 1 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-GAPDH antibody</td>
			<td>Santa-Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-32233</td>
			<td>Used at 0.02 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase AffiniPure Sheep Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>515-035-003</td>
			<td>Used at 0.16 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-035-003</td>
			<td>Used at 0.16 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inhibitors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GSK2578215A</td>
			<td>MedChem Express</td>
			<td>HY-13237</td>
			<td>Stock solution was prepared in DMSO at 10 mM and stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MLi-2</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Dario Alessi (University of Dundee)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock solution was prepared in DMSO at 10 mM and stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmids</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rab10/pcDNA5 FRT TO HA</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Dario Alessi 
			(University of Dundee)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This plasmid expresses amino-terminally HA-tagged human Rab10.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 WT/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ito et al., Biochemistry, 46: 1380&#8211;1388 (2007). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged wild-type human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 K1906M/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ito et al., Biochemistry, 46: 1380&#8211;1388 (2007). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged K1906M kinase-inactive mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 N1437H/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This paper. This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged N1437H FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441C/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441C FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441G/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441G FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441H/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441H FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441S/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This paper. This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441S FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 Y1699C/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged Y1699C FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 G2019S/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged G2019S FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 I2020T/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged I2020T FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Forma Series II 3110 Water-Jacketed</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto Pipette</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>Pipet-Aid PA-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette P10</td>
			<td>Nichiryo</td>
			<td>00-NPX2-10</td>
			<td>0.5&#8211;10 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette P200</td>
			<td>Nichiryo</td>
			<td>00-NPX2-200</td>
			<td>20&#8211;200 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette P1000</td>
			<td>Nichiryo</td>
			<td>00-NPX2-1000</td>
			<td>100&#8211;1000 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips for micropipette P10</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RST-481LCRST</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips for micropipette P200</td>
			<td>FUKAEKASEI</td>
			<td>1201-705YS</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips for micropipette P1000</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RST-4810BRST</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL disporsable pipette</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>606180</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL disporsable pipette</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>607180</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mL disporsable pipette</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>357535</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocytometer</td>
			<td>Sunlead Glass</td>
			<td>A126</td>
			<td>Improved Neubeuer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>For tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plates</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass</td>
			<td>3810-006</td>
			<td>For tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>Vortex-Genie 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scrapers</td>
			<td>Sumitomo Bakelite</td>
			<td>MS-93100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RSV-MTT1.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL tubes</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass</td>
			<td>2323-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL tubes</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass</td>
			<td>2343-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuges</td>
			<td>TOMY</td>
			<td>MX-307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>655061</td>
			<td>Not for tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>SpectraMax M2e</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS&#8211;PAGE tanks</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer tanks</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1510B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel plates (notched)</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel plates (plain)</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon spacers</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>17-well combs</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binder clips</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SS-05SZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>21G</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>NN-2138R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Station 1000 VC</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>AE-8450</td>
			<td>Power supply for SDS&#8211;PAGE and transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large weighing boats</td>
			<td>Ina Optika</td>
			<td>AS-DL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic containers</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>PS CASE No.4</td>
			<td>10 x 80 x 50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking shaker</td>
			<td>Titech</td>
			<td>NR-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Styrene foam box</td>
			<td>generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The internal dimensions should fit one transfer tank (200 x 250 x 250 mm).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageQuant LAS-4000</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>An imager equipped with a cooled CCD camera for detection of ECL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rab10 phosphorylation detection by lrrk2 activity using sds-page with a phosphate-binding tag

ロイシン豊富な繰り返しキナーゼ 2 (LRRK2) の変異は、家族性パーキンソン病 (FPD) とリンクする示されています。LRRK2 のキナーゼ活性の異常な活性化は、PD の発症機序に関与している、ので LRRK2 キナーゼ活性の生理的レベルを評価する手法の確立が必要不可欠です。最近の研究では、LRRK2 廃止 Rab10 を含む生理学的な条件の下で、Rab GTPase 家族のメンバーであることを明らかにしました。質量分析法による培養細胞における LRRK2 による内因性 Rab10 のリン酸化を検出する可能性があります、されているイムノブロットの現在入手可能な特定のリン酸化抗体の感度不良のためそれを検出することは困難Rab10。ここで、簡単な説明ナトリウム dodecyl 硫酸塩ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動 (SDS-PAGE) リン酸バインディング タグ (P タグ)、併用を利用した免疫ブロットに基づく LRRK2 による Rab10 リン酸化の内因性のレベルを検出します。N-(5-(2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)pyridin-2-ylmetyl)-N,N'、N'- トリス (ヌクレオチ-2-イル-メチル) - 1, 3 - diaminopropan-2-ol。現在のプロトコルだけでなく P タグを利用する方法の例を提供します、どのように変異と同様阻害剤治療/管理やその他の要因を変える細胞や組織における LRRK2 の下流のシグナリングの評価ができます。.

過剰発現システム: ハ-Rab10 3 のリン酸化 × フラグ-LRRK2 の HEK293 細胞します。
HEK293 細胞は、HA Rab10 野生型および 1.066 μ g 3 × フラグ LRRK2 の (野生型、キナーゼ不活性変異体 (K1906M)、または FPD 変異) 0.266 μ g を導入させた。反を用いたイムノブロット P タグ SDS-PAGE を用いて Rab10 リン酸化-HA 抗体 (図 2)。10 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag at JoVE.com

Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag

本研究では、ロイシン豊富な繰り返しキナーゼ 2 によって Rab10 リン酸化の内因性のレベルを検出する簡単な方法について説明します。

SDS ページを用いたリン酸 binding タグ LRRK2 活動によって Rab10 リン酸化検出

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been shown to be linked with familial Parkinson&#39;s disease (FPD). Since abnormal activation of ...

rab10-phosphorylation-detection-lrrk2-activity-using-sds-page-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

14.8K ビュー.  The University of Tokyo. 本研究では、ロイシン豊富な繰り返しキナーゼ 2 によって Rab10 リン酸化の内因性のレベルを検出する簡単な方法について説明します。

ビデオ: Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag

Highly Sensitive and Rapid Fluorescence Detection with a Portable FRET Analyzer

Recent improvements in F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors have enabled their use to detect various small molecules including ions and amino acids. However, the innate weak signal intensity of FRET sensors is a major challenge that prevents their application in various fields and makes the use of expensive, high-end fluorometers necessary. Previously, we built a cost-effective, high-performance FRET analyzer that can specifically measure the ratio of two emission wavelength bands (530 and 480 nm) to achieve high detection sensitivity. More recently, it was discovered that FRET sensors with bacterial periplasmic binding proteins detect ligands with maximum sensitivity in the critical temperature range of 50 - 55 &#176;C. This report describes a protocol for assessing sugar content in commercially-available beverage samples using our portable FRET analyzer with a temperature-specific FRET sensor. Our results showed that the additional preheating process of the FRET sensor significantly increases the FRET ratio signal, to enable more accurate measurement of sugar content. The custom-made FRET analyzer and sensor were successfully applied to quantify the sugar content in three types of commercial beverages. We anticipate that further size reduction and performance enhancement of the equipment will facilitate the use of hand-held analyzers in environments where high-end equipment is not available.

This protocol describes the rapid and highly sensitive quantification of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor data using a custom-made portable FRET analyzer. The device was used to detect maltose within a critical temperature range that maximizes detection sensitivity, enabling practical and efficient assessment of sugar content.

ポータブルFRETアナライザを使用して高感度かつ迅速な蛍光検出

Recent improvements in F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors have enabled their use to detect various small molecules including ions and ...

生化学

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

Bacteria are frequently exposed to environmental changes, such as alterations in pH, temperature, redox status, light exposure or mechanical force. Many of these conditions cause protein unfolding in the cell and have detrimental impact on the survival of the organism. A group of unrelated, stress-specific molecular chaperones have been shown to play essential roles in the survival of these stress conditions. While fully folded and chaperone-inactive before stress, these proteins rapidly unfold and become chaperone-active under specific stress conditions. Once activated, these conditionally disordered chaperones bind to a large number of different aggregation-prone proteins, prevent their aggregation and either directly or indirectly facilitate protein refolding upon return to non-stress conditions. The primary approach for gaining a more detailed understanding about the mechanism of their activation and client recognition involves the purification and subsequent characterization of these proteins using in vitro chaperone assays. Follow-up in vivo stress assays are absolutely essential to independently confirm the obtained in vitro results.
This protocol describes in vitro and in vivo methods to characterize the chaperone activity of E. coli HdeB, an acid-activated chaperone. Light scattering measurements were used as a convenient read-out for HdeB&#39;s capacity to prevent acid-induced aggregation of an established model client protein, MDH, in vitro. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments were applied to reveal complex formation between HdeB and its client protein LDH, to shed light into the fate of client proteins upon their return to non-stress conditions. Enzymatic activity assays of the client proteins were conducted to monitor the effects of HdeB on pH-induced client inactivation and reactivation. Finally, survival studies were used to monitor the influence of HdeB&#39;s chaperone function in vivo.

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

This study describes biophysical, biochemical and molecular techniques to characterize the chaperone activity of Escherichia coli HdeB under acidic pH conditions. These methods have been successfully applied for other acid-protective chaperones such as HdeA and can be modified to work for other chaperones and stress conditions.

のpH依存性活性の検出<em&gt;エシェリヒア・コリ</em&gt;シャペロンHdeB<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;と<em&gt;インビボ</em

Bacteria are frequently exposed to environmental changes, such as alterations in pH, temperature, redox status, light exposure or mechanical force. Many ...

Assaying Protein Kinase Activity with Radiolabeled ATP

Protein kinases are able to govern large-scale cellular changes in response to complex arrays of stimuli, and much effort has been directed at uncovering allosteric details of their regulation. Kinases comprise signaling networks whose defects are often hallmarks of multiple forms of cancer and related diseases, making an assay platform amenable to manipulation of upstream regulatory factors and validation of reaction requirements critical in the search for improved therapeutics. Here, we describe a basic kinase assay that can be easily adapted to suit specific experimental questions including but not limited to testing the effects of biochemical and pharmacological agents, genetic manipulations such as mutation and deletion, as well as cell culture conditions and treatments to probe cell signaling mechanisms. This assay utilizes radiolabeled [&#947;-32P] ATP, which allows for quantitative comparisons and clear visualization of results, and can be modified for use with immunoprecipitated or recombinant kinase, specific or typified substrates, all over a wide range of reaction conditions.

Protein kinases are highly evolved signaling enzymes and scaffolds that are critical for inter- and intracellular signal transduction. We present a protocol for measuring kinase activity through the use of radiolabeled adenosine triphosphate ([&#947;-32P] ATP), a reliable method to aid in elucidation of cellular signaling regulation.

放射性標識ATPによるタンパク質キナーゼ活性のアッセイ

Protein kinases are able to govern large-scale cellular changes in response to complex arrays of stimuli, and much effort has been directed at uncovering ...

Oligopeptide Competition Assay for Phosphorylation Site Determination

Protein phosphorylation at specific sites determines its conformation and interaction with other molecules. Thus, protein phosphorylation affects biological functions and characteristics of the cell. Currently, the most common method for discovering phosphorylation sites is by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, a rapid and sensitive method. However, relatively labile phosphate moieties are often released from phosphopeptides during the fragmentation step, which often yields false-negative signals. In such cases, a traditional in vitro kinase assay using site-directed mutants would be more accurate, but this method is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, an alternative method using peptide competition may be advantageous. The consensus recognition motif of 5&#39; adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been established1 and was validated using a positional scanning peptide library assay2. Thus, AMPK phosphorylation sites for a novel substrate could be predicted and confirmed by the peptide competition assays. In this report, we describe the detailed steps and procedures for the in vitro oligopeptide-competing kinase assay by illustrating AMPK-mediated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation. To authenticate the phosphorylation site, we carried out a sequential in vitro kinase assay using a site-specific mutant. Overall, the peptide competition assay provides a method to screen multiple potential phosphorylation sites and to identify sites for validation by the phosphorylation site mutants.

Peptide competition assays are widely used in a variety of molecular and immunological experiments. This paper describes a detailed method for an in vitro oligopeptide-competing kinase assay and the associated validation procedures, which may be useful to find specific phosphorylation sites.

リン酸化部位決定のためのオリゴペプチド競合アッセイ

Protein phosphorylation at specific sites determines its conformation and interaction with other molecules. Thus, protein phosphorylation affects ...

DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

For any enzyme, robust, quantitative methods are required for characterization of both native and engineered enzymes. For DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis can be characterized using an in vitro DNA synthesis assay followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The goal of this assay is to quantify synthesis of both natural DNA and modified DNA (M-DNA). These approaches are particularly useful for resolving oligonucleotides with single nucleotide resolution, enabling observation of individual steps during enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis. These methods have been applied to the evaluation of an array of biochemical and biophysical properties such as the measurement of steady-state rate constants of individual steps of DNA synthesis, the error rate of DNA synthesis, and DNA binding affinity. By using modified components including, but not limited to, modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), M-DNA, and/or mutant DNA polymerases, the relative utility of substrate-DNA polymerase pairs can be effectively evaluated. Here, we detail the assay itself, including the changes that must be made to accommodate nontraditional primer DNA labeling strategies such as near-infrared fluorescently labeled DNA. Additionally, we have detailed crucial technical steps for acrylamide gel pouring and running, which can often be technically challenging.

This protocol describes the characterization of DNA polymerase synthesis of modified DNA through observation of changes to near-infrared fluorescently labeled DNA using gel electrophoresis and gel imaging. Acrylamide gels are used for high resolution imaging of the separation of short nucleic acids, which migrate at different rates depending on size.

アクリルアミドゲル電気泳動法で可視化した近赤外蛍光標識 DNA を用いた DNA ポリメラーゼ活性測定法

For any enzyme, robust, quantitative methods are required for characterization of both native and engineered enzymes. For DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis ...

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and  GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of diverse cellular functions, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility, cell polarity, axonal guidance, vesicular trafficking, and cell cycle control. Changes in Rho GTPase signaling play an essential regulatory role in many pathological conditions, such as&#160;cancer, central nervous system diseases, and immune system-dependent diseases. The posttranslational modification of Rho GTPases (i.e., prenylation by mevalonate pathway intermediates) and GTP binding are key factors which affect the activation of this protein. In this paper, two essential and simple methods are provided to detect a broad range of Rho GTPase prenylation and GTP binding activities. Details of the technical procedures that have been used are explained step by step in this manuscript.

Here we describe a protocol to investigate the prenylation and guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-loading of Rho GTPase. This protocol consists of two detailed methods, namely membrane fractionation and a GTPase-linked immunosorbent assay. The protocol can be used for measuring the prenylation and GTP loading of different other small GTPases.

小さい gtp アーゼ プレニル化および分子量 GTP 結合を使用して膜分画と gtp アーゼ抗体法の検出

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of ...

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; however, the number of identified targets for Cdk1, particularly in human cells is still low. The identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites is important, as they provide mechanistic insights into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Cell cycle regulation is critical for faithful chromosome segregation, and defects in this complicated process lead to chromosomal aberrations and cancer.
Here, we describe an in vitro kinase assay that is used to identify Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites. In this assay, a purified protein is phosphorylated in vitro by commercially available human Cdk1/cyclin B. Successful phosphorylation is confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and phosphorylation sites are subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. We also describe purification protocols that yield highly pure and homogeneous protein preparations suitable for the kinase assay, and a binding assay for the functional verification of the identified phosphorylation sites, which probes the interaction between a classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) and its nuclear transport receptor karyopherin &#945;. To aid with experimental design, we review approaches for the prediction of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites from protein sequences. Together these protocols present a very powerful approach that yields Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites and enables mechanistic studies into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Since this method relies on purified proteins, it can be applied to any model organism and yields reliable results, especially when combined with cell functional studies.

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is activated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and regulates many cellular pathways. Here, we present a protocol for an in vitro kinase assay with Cdk1, which allows the identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites for establishing cellular targets of this important kinase.

サイクリン依存性キナーゼ 1 の同定の in Vitroキナーゼによって特定のリン酸化のサイトの試金します。

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; ...

Detection of Phospholipase C Activity in the Brain Homogenate from the Honeybee

The honeybee is a model organism for evaluating complex behaviors and higher brain function, such as learning, memory, and division of labor. The mushroom body (MB) is a higher brain center proposed to be the neural substrate of complex honeybee behaviors. Although previous studies identified genes and proteins that are differentially expressed in the MBs and other brain regions, the activities of the proteins in each region are not yet fully understood. To reveal the functions of these proteins in the brain, pharmacologic analysis is a feasible approach, but it is first necessary to confirm that pharmacologic manipulations indeed alter the protein activity in these brain regions.
We previously identified a higher expression of genes encoding phospholipase C (PLC) in the MBs than in other brain regions, and pharmacologically assessed the involvement of PLC in honeybee behavior. In that study, we biochemically tested two pharmacologic agents and confirmed that they decreased PLC activity in the MBs and other brain regions. Here, we present a detailed description of how to detect PLC activity in honeybee brain homogenate. In this assay system, homogenates derived from different brain regions are reacted with a synthetic fluorogenic substrate, and fluorescence resulting from PLC activity is quantified and compared between brain regions. We also describe our evaluation of the inhibitory effects of certain drugs on PLC activity using the same system. Although this system is likely affected by other endogenous fluorescence compounds and/or the absorbance of the assay components and tissues, the measurement of PLC activity using this system is safer and easier than that using the traditional assay, which requires radiolabeled substrates. The simple procedure and manipulations allow us to examine PLC activity in the brains and other tissues of honeybees involved in different social tasks.

To test the inhibitory effects of pharmacologic agents on phospholipase C (PLC) in different regions of the honeybee brain, we present a biochemical assay to measure PLC activity in those regions. This assay could be useful for comparing PLC activity among tissues, as well as among bees exhibiting different behaviors.

ミツバチから脳ホモジネート ホスホリパーゼ C 活性の検出

The honeybee is a model organism for evaluating complex behaviors and higher brain function, such as learning, memory, and division of labor. The mushroom ...

Affinity Purification of Chloroplast Translocon Protein Complexes Using the TAP Tag

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins into the plastid. The import of these proteins depends on the translocon at the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) chloroplast membranes. The TOC and TIC complexes are multimeric and probably contain yet unknown components. One of the main goals in the field is to establish the complete inventory of TOC and TIC components. For the isolation of TOC-TIC complexes and the identification of new components, the preprotein receptor TOC159 has been modified N-terminally by the addition of the tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag resulting in TAP-TOC159. The TAP-tag is designed for two sequential affinity purification steps (hence "tandem affinity"). The TAP-tag used in these studies consists of a N-terminal IgG-binding domain derived from Staphylococcus aureus Protein A (ProtA) followed by a calmodulin-binding peptide (CBP). Between these two affinity tags, a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site has been included. Therefore, TEV protease can be used for gentle elution of TOC159-containing complexes after binding to IgG beads. In the protocol presented here, the second Calmodulin-affinity purification step was omitted. The purification protocol starts with the preparation and solubilization of total cellular membranes. After the detergent-treatment, the solubilized membrane proteins are incubated with IgG beads for the immunoisolation of TAP-TOC159-containing complexes. Upon binding and extensive washing, TAP-TOC159 containing complexes are cleaved and released from the IgG beads using the TEV protease whereby the S. aureus IgG-binding domain is removed. Western blotting of the isolated TOC159-containing complexes can be used to confirm the presence of known or suspected TOC and TIC proteins. More importantly, the TOC159-containing complexes have been used successfully to identify new components of the TOC and TIC complexes by mass spectrometry. The protocol that we present potentially allows the efficient isolation of any membrane-bound protein complex to be used for the identification of yet unknown components by mass spectrometry.

We here present a proven and tested protocol for the purification of chloroplast protein import complexes (TOC-TIC complex) using the TAP-tag. The one-step affinity-isolation protocol can potentially be applied to any protein and be used to identify new interaction partners by mass spectrometry.

タップのタグを使用して葉緑体トランスロコン タンパク質複合体の親和性の浄化

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins into the plastid. The import of these proteins depends on the ...

Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Isolation for Interrogating the Parkinson's Associated LRRK2 Kinase Pathway by Assessing Rab10 Phosphorylation

The leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most frequently mutated gene in hereditary Parkinson&#8217; disease (PD) and all pathogenic LRRK2 mutations result in hyperactivation of its kinase function. Here, we describe an easy and robust assay to quantify LRRK2 kinase pathway activity in human peripheral blood neutrophils by measuring LRRK2-controlled phosphorylation of one of its physiological substrates, Rab10 at threonine 73. The immunoblotting analysis described requires a fully selective and phosphospecific antibody that recognizes the Rab10 Thr73 epitope phosphorylated by LRRK2, such as the MJFF-pRab10 rabbit monoclonal antibody. It uses human peripheral blood neutrophils, because peripheral blood is easily accessible and neutrophils are an abundant and homogenous constituent. Importantly, neutrophils express relatively high levels of both LRRK2 and Rab10. A potential drawback of neutrophils is their high intrinsic serine protease activity, which necessitates the use of very potent protease inhibitors such as the organophosphorus neurotoxin diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP) as part of the lysis buffer. Nevertheless, neutrophils are a valuable resource for research into LRRK2 kinase pathway activity in vivo and should be considered for inclusion into PD biorepository collections.

Mutations in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) cause hereditary Parkinson&#8217;s disease. We have developed an easy and robust method for assessing LRRK2-controlled phosphorylation of Rab10 in human peripheral blood neutrophils. This may help identify individuals with increased LRRK2 kinase pathway activity.