Wir danken Dr. Takeshi Iwatsubo (Universität von Tokyo, Japan) freundlicherweise dafür die Plasmiden Codierung 3xFLAG LRRK2 WT und Mutanten. Wir danken auch Dr. Dario Alessi (Universität von Dundee, UK) freundlicherweise zur MLi-2 und das Plasmid Codierung HA-Rab10. Diese Arbeit wurde von der Japan Society für Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Anzahl JP17K08265 (G.I) unterstützt.

<ol>
	<li>Sveinbjornsdottir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clinical+symptoms+of+Parkinson's+disease.">The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease.</a> J. Neurochem. 139 (Suppl. 1), 318-324 (2016).</li><li>Hernandez, D. G., Reed, X., Singleton, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+in+Parkinson+disease:+Mendelian+versus+non-Mendelian+inheritance.">Genetics in Parkinson disease: Mendelian versus non-Mendelian inheritance.</a> J. Neurochem. 139 (Suppl. 1), 59-74 (2016).</li><li>Pais&#225;n-Ru&#237;z, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+of+the+gene+containing+mutations+that+cause+PARK8-linked+Parkinson's+disease.">Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson's disease.</a> Neuron. 44 (4), 595-600 (2004).</li><li>Zimprich, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+LRRK2+cause+autosomal-dominant+parkinsonism+with+pleomorphic+pathology.">Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology.</a> Neuron. 44 (4), 601-607 (2004).</li><li>Gilks, W. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+common+LRRK2+mutation+in+idiopathic+Parkinson's+disease.">A common LRRK2 mutation in idiopathic Parkinson's disease.</a> Lancet. 365 (9457), 415-416 (2005).</li><li>Satake, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+association+study+identifies+common+variants+at+four+loci+as+genetic+risk+factors+for+Parkinson's+disease.">Genome-wide association study identifies common variants at four loci as genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease.</a> Nat. Genet. 41 (12), 1303-1307 (2009).</li><li>Sim&#243;n-S&#225;nchez, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+association+study+reveals+genetic+risk+underlying+Parkinson's+disease.">Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson's disease.</a> Nat. Genet. 41 (12), 1308-1312 (2009).</li><li>Klein, C., Ziegler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imputation+of+sequence+variants+for+identification+of+genetic+risks+for+Parkinson's+disease:+a+meta-analysis+of+genome-wide+association+studies.">Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies.</a> Lancet. 377 (9766), 641-649 (2011).</li><li>Cookson, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+leucine-rich+repeat+kinase+2+(LRRK2)+in+Parkinson's+disease.">The role of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in Parkinson's disease.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11 (12), 791-797 (2010).</li><li>Ozelius, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRRK2+G2019S+as+a+Cause+of+Parkinson’s+Disease+in+Ashkenazi+Jews.">LRRK2 G2019S as a Cause of Parkinson’s Disease in Ashkenazi Jews.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (4), 424-425 (2006).</li><li>Lesage, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRRK2+G2019S+as+a+Cause+of+Parkinson’s+Disease+in+North+African+Arabs.">LRRK2 G2019S as a Cause of Parkinson’s Disease in North African Arabs.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (4), 422-423 (2006).</li><li>Bouhouche, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRRK2+G2019S+Mutation:+Prevalence+and+Clinical+Features+in+Moroccans+with+Parkinson's+Disease.">LRRK2 G2019S Mutation: Prevalence and Clinical Features in Moroccans with Parkinson's Disease.</a> Parkinsons. Dis. , 1-7 (2017).</li><li>West, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson's+disease-associated+mutations+in+leucine-rich+repeat+kinase+2+augment+kinase+activity.">Parkinson's disease-associated mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 augment kinase activity.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (46), 16842-16847 (2005).</li><li>Ito, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GTP+binding+is+essential+to+the+protein+kinase+activity+of+LRRK2,+a+causative+gene+product+for+familial+Parkinson's+disease.">GTP binding is essential to the protein kinase activity of LRRK2, a causative gene product for familial Parkinson's disease.</a> Biochemistry. 46 (5), 1380-1388 (2007).</li><li>Steger, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphoproteomics+reveals+that+Parkinson's+disease+kinase+LRRK2+regulates+a+subset+of+Rab+GTPases.">Phosphoproteomics reveals that Parkinson's disease kinase LRRK2 regulates a subset of Rab GTPases.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Ito, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phos-tag+analysis+of+Rab10+phosphorylation+by+LRRK2:+a+powerful+assay+for+assessing+kinase+function+and+inhibitors.">Phos-tag analysis of Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2: a powerful assay for assessing kinase function and inhibitors.</a> Biochem. J. 473, 2671-2685 (2016).</li><li>Kinoshita, E., Kinoshita-Kikuta, E., Takiyama, K., Koike, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphate-binding+tag,+a+new+tool+to+visualize+phosphorylated+proteins.">Phosphate-binding tag, a new tool to visualize phosphorylated proteins.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 5 (4), 749-757 (2006).</li><li>Using a Hemacytometer to Count Cells. J. Vis. Exp Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.jove.com/science-education/5048/using-a-hemacytometer-to-count-cells">https://www.jove.com/science-education/5048/using-a-hemacytometer-to-count-cells</a> (2017)</li><li>Ni, D., Xu, P., Gallagher, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoblotting+and+Immunodetection.">Immunoblotting and Immunodetection.</a> Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. (114), 10.8.1-10.8.37 (2016).</li><li>Reith, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GSK2578215A;+a+potent+and+highly+selective+2-arylmethyloxy-5-substitutent-N-arylbenzamide+LRRK2+kinase+inhibitor.">GSK2578215A; a potent and highly selective 2-arylmethyloxy-5-substitutent-N-arylbenzamide LRRK2 kinase inhibitor.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 22 (17), 5625-5629 (2012).</li><li>Fell, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MLi-2,+a+potent,+selective+and+centrally+active+compound+for+exploring+the+therapeutic+potential+and+safety+of+LRRK2+kinase+inhibition.">MLi-2, a potent, selective and centrally active compound for exploring the therapeutic potential and safety of LRRK2 kinase inhibition.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 355, 397-409 (2015).</li><li>Dzamko, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+LRRK2+kinase+activity+leads+to+dephosphorylation+of+Ser(910)/Ser(935),+disruption+of+14-3-3+binding+and+altered+cytoplasmic+localization.">Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity leads to dephosphorylation of Ser(910)/Ser(935), disruption of 14-3-3 binding and altered cytoplasmic localization.</a> Biochem. J. 430 (3), 405-413 (2010).</li><li>Th&#233;venet, J., Pescini Gobert, R., Hooft van Huijsduijnen , R., Wiessner, C., Sagot, Y. 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Hier beschreiben wir eine einfache und robuste Methode zum Nachweis Rab10 Phosphorylierung von LRRK2 auf endogene Ebenen basierend auf der P-Tag-Methode. Da die derzeit verfügbaren Antikörper gegen phosphorylierten Rab10 nur mit überexprimieren Proteine15arbeitet, ist das vorliegende Verfahren unter Verwendung von P-Tag SDS-PAGE die einzige Möglichkeit, endogene Ebenen der Rab10 Phosphorylierung zu beurteilen. Darüber hinaus erlaubt das vorliegende Verfahren die Schätzung der Stöchiometrie ...

PD gehört zu den häufigsten neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen, überwiegend dopaminergen Neuronen im Mittelhirn, beeinflussen, was zu Funktionsstörungen des motorischen Systems in Senioren1. Während die meisten Patienten PD auf sporadische Weise entwickeln, gibt es Familien, die Krankheit zu erben. Mutationen in verschiedenen Genen wurden gefunden, mit FPD2verknüpft werden. Die verursachenden Gene für FPD gehört LRRK2, in denen acht Missense-Mutationen (N1437H, R1441C/G/H/S, Y1699C, G2019S und I2020T) verbunden mit einer dominant vererbten FPD genannt PARK8 bisher gemeldeten3,4,5gewesen sein. Mehreren genomweiten Assoziationsstudien (GWAS) sporadische PD-Patienten haben auch genomische Variationen bei den LRRK2-Locus als Risikofaktor für PD, darauf hindeutet, dass die Anomalie in der Funktion von LRRK2 ist eine häufige Ursache für Neurodegeneration in beiden sporadisch identifiziert und PARK8 FPD6,7,8.
LRRK2 ist ein großes Protein (2.527 Aminosäuren) bestehend aus einer Leucin-reiche wiederholen Sie Domäne, ein GTP-Bindung Ras komplexe Proteine (ROC) Domäne, eine C-terminale ROC (ADR) Domäne, eine Serin/Threonin Protein Kinase-Domäne und einer WD40 wiederholen Domäne9. Die acht FPD-Mutationen finden in diesen funktionellen Domänen; N1437H und R1441C/G/H/S in der ROC-Domäne, Y1699C im Bereich ADR, G2019S und I2020T in der Kinase-Domäne. Da G2019S Mutation, die am häufigsten in PD Patienten10,11,12Mutation gefunden wird, die Kinase-Aktivität von LRRK2 2-3 Fach in-vitro-13erhöht, wird es vermutet. dass die abnorme Zunahme der Phosphorylierung von LRRK2 Substrate giftig für Neuronen. Es war jedoch unmöglich zu prüfen, ob die Phosphorylierung von physiologisch relevanten LRRK2 Substraten in familiären/sporadische PD-Patienten aufgrund der fehlenden Methoden in abgeleiteten Patientenstichproben Bewertung geändert wird.
Protein-Phosphorylierung wird in der Regel durch Immunoblotting oder Enzym-linked Immunosorbentprobe Assay (ELISA) mit Antikörpern, die spezifisch erkennen des phosphorylierten Zustands Proteine oder durch massenspektrometrische Analyse erkannt. Die ehemalige Strategie kann jedoch manchmal wegen der Schwierigkeiten bei der Schaffung von Phosphorylierung-spezifische Antikörper angewendet werden. Metabolische Kennzeichnung von Zellen mit radioaktivem Phosphat ist eine weitere Option, physiologische Ebenen der Phosphorylierung zu untersuchen, wenn Phosphorylierung-spezifischen Antikörper nicht leicht verfügbar sind. Aber es erfordert eine große Menge radioaktiver Stoffe und daher beinhaltet einige spezielle Ausrüstung für Strahlenschutz14. Massenspektrometrische Analyse ist empfindlicher gegenüber diesen immunchemische Methoden und populär bei der Analyse von Protein-Phosphorylierung. Jedoch die Probenvorbereitung ist zeitaufwändig und teuer Instrumente sind für die Analyse erforderlich.
Eine Teilmenge der Rab GTPase Familie einschließlich Rab10 und Rab8 wurde kürzlich berichtet, wie das Ergebnis eines umfangreichen Phosphoproteomic Analyse15direkte physiologische Substrate für LRRK2 zugrunde. Wir zeigten dann, dass Rab10 Phosphorylierung von FPD Mutationen im embryonalen Fibroblasten der Maus und in den Lungen von Profi Mäuse16erhöht wurde. In diesem Bericht, wir entschieden uns für eine Sodium Dodecyl Sulfat Polyacrylamid Gelelektrophorese (SDS-PAGE) beschäftigen-basierte Methode, bei der ein P-Tag-Molekül Co polymerisierten in SDS-PAGE Gelen (P-Tag SDS-PAGE) zur Erfassung der endogenen Ebenen der Rab10 Phosphorylierung denn ein hochempfindlicher Antikörper spezifisch für phosphorylierten Rab10 noch fehlte. Wir haben versäumt, die Phosphorylierung des endogenen Rab8 aufgrund der schlechten Selektivität der derzeit verfügbaren Antikörper für insgesamt Rab8 erkennen. Daher entschieden wir uns konzentrieren auf die Rab10 Phosphorylierung. LRRK2 phosphorylates Rab10 bei Thr73 Ortung in der Mitte der Region hoch konservierte "Schalter II". Hohe Erhaltung der Phosphorylierung Websites unter Rab-Proteine möglicherweise einer der Gründe, warum Phosphospecific Antikörper erkennen unterschiedliche Rab-Proteine schwer sind zu machen.
Die Phosphorylierung des Rab8A von LRRK2 hemmt die Bindung von Rabin8, ein Guanin-Nukleotid Austausch Faktor (GEF) die Rab8A aktiviert, durch den Austausch der gebundenen BIP mit GTP15. Phosphorylierung von Rab10 und Rab8A von LRRK2 hemmt auch die Bindung von BIP-Dissoziation-Inhibitoren (GDIs), die wesentlich für die Aktivierung des Rab-Proteine durch die Gewinnung von BIP-gebundenen Rab-Proteine von Membranen15. Gemeinsam wird es vermutet, dass die Phosphorylierung des Rab-Proteine von LRRK2 sie Aktivierung daran hindert, obwohl die genauen molekularen Mechanismus und physiologischen Folgen der Phosphorylierung unklar bleiben.
P-Tag SDS-PAGE wurde erfunden von Kinoshita Et Al. 2006: bei dieser Methode wurde Acrylamid kovalent verbunden mit P-Tag, ein Molekül Erfassung Phosphate mit hoher Affinität, die in SDS-PAGE copolymerisiert Gele17. Da die P-Tag-Moleküle in einem SDS-PAGE Gel selektiv elektrophoretische Mobilität der phosphorylierten Proteine verzögern, kann P-Tag SDS-PAGE phosphorylierten Proteine von nicht phosphoryliert zu trennen (Abbildung 1). Wenn das Protein des Interesses auf mehrere Reste phosphoryliert wird, wird eine Leiter Bands differentiell phosphorylierten Formen entsprechend beobachtet werden. Im Falle von Rab10 beobachten wir nur eine verschobene Band darauf hinweist, dass Rab10 nur bei Thr73 phosphoryliert wird. Der große Vorteil der P-Tag SDS-PAGE über Immunoblotting mit Phosphorylierung-spezifischen Antikörpern ist, dass phosphorylierten Rab10 durch Immunoblotting mit Phosphorylierung-unspezifische Antikörper (d.h.erkennen total Rab10) nachgewiesen werden können nach auf Membranen übertragen wird, ist die in der Regel bestimmten, sensiblen und verfügbar aus kommerziellen/akademische Quellen. Ein weiterer Vorteil der Verwendung von P-Tag SDS-PAGE ist eine ungefähre Schätzung der Stöchiometrie der Phosphorylierung, erhalten kann, das ist unmöglich, durch Immunoblotting mit Phosphorylierung-spezifische Antikörper oder durch metabolische Kennzeichnung von Zellen mit radioaktiven Phosphate.
Abgesehen von der Verwendung von preiswerten P-Tag Acrylamid und einige geringfügigen Änderungen mit sich bringen folgt das vorliegende Verfahren zur Erkennung von Rab10 Phosphorylierung von LRRK2 ein allgemeines Protokolls Immunoblotting.Daher sollte es unkompliziert und leicht ausführbare in jedem Labor sein, wo Immunoblotting eine übliche Praxis, mit allen Arten von Proben ist, einschließlich der gereinigten Proteine, Zelle Lysates und Gewebe Homogenates.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>150 mM NaCl, 8 mM Na2HPO4-12H2O, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM KH2PO4 in MilliQ water and sterilized by autoclaving</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>31320-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Disodium Hydrogenphosphate 12-Water</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>196-02835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>163-03545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>169-04245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Trypsin (10X)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T4549</td>
			<td>Dilute 10-fold with sterile DPBS for preparing working solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium 
			(DMEM)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>044-29765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>BioWest</td>
			<td>S1560</td>
			<td>Heat-inactivated at 56 &#176;C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (100X)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>168-23191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>342-01375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>198-13765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylenimine HCl MAX, Linear, Mw 40,000 (PEI MAX 40000)</td>
			<td>PolySciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>24765-1</td>
			<td>Stock solution was prepared in 20 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.0 at 1 mg/mL and the pH was then adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>045-28335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RSP-THA500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>080-01066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene(10) Octylphenyl Ether</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>160-24751</td>
			<td>Equivalent to Triton X-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8217;,N&#8217;-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>346-01312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium orthovanadate(V)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>198-09752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium fluoride</td>
			<td>Kanto Chemical</td>
			<td>37174-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Glycerophosphoric Acid Disodium Salt Pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>17103-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate</td>
			<td>Kokusan Chemical</td>
			<td>2113899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcystin-LR</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>136-12241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>196-00015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td>Dissolve one tablet in 1 mL water, which can be stored at -20 &#176;C for a month. Use it at 1:50 dilution for cell lysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce Coomassie (Bradford) Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>31607-65</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>075-00616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>021-02911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Kanto Chemical</td>
			<td>25099-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>056-06967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>136-01837</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-binding tag acrylamide</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>AAL-107</td>
			<td>P-tag acrylamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40% (w/v) acrylamide solution</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>06119-45</td>
			<td>Acrylamide:Bis = 29:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>33401-72</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate (APS)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>016-08021</td>
			<td>10% (w/v) solution was prepared by dissolving the powder of ammonium persulfate in MilliQ water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-propanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>166-04831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Plus Protein Prestained Standard</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610374, 1610373, 1610377</td>
			<td>Molecular weight marker used in the protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WIDE-VIEW Prestained Protein Size Marker III</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>230-02461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>17109-64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham Protran NC 0.45</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>10600007</td>
			<td>Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durapore Membrane Filter</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>GVHP00010</td>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Papers No.1</td>
			<td>Advantec</td>
			<td>00013600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponceau S</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>28322-72</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>017-00251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td>polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>345-01865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim milk powder</td>
			<td>Difco Laboratories</td>
			<td>232100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostar</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>291-55203</td>
			<td>ECL solution (Normal sensitivity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostar LD</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>290-69904</td>
			<td>ECL solution (High sensitivity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CBB staining solution</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 g CBB R-250, 50% (v/v) methanol, 10% (v/v) acetic acid in 1 L of MilliQ water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CBB R-250</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>031-17922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CBB destaining solution</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>12% (v/v) methanol, 7% (v/v) acetic acid in 1 L MilliQ water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-HA antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11583816001</td>
			<td>Used at 0.2 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rab10 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>#8127</td>
			<td>Used at 1:1000 for immunoblotting. 
			Specificity was confirmed by CRISPR KO in Ito et al., Biochem J, 2016.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-pSer935 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab133450</td>
			<td>Used at 1 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-LRRK2 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab133518</td>
			<td>Used at 1 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9026</td>
			<td>Used at 1 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-GAPDH antibody</td>
			<td>Santa-Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-32233</td>
			<td>Used at 0.02 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase AffiniPure Sheep Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>515-035-003</td>
			<td>Used at 0.16 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-035-003</td>
			<td>Used at 0.16 &#956;g/mL for immunoblotting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inhibitors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GSK2578215A</td>
			<td>MedChem Express</td>
			<td>HY-13237</td>
			<td>Stock solution was prepared in DMSO at 10 mM and stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MLi-2</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Dario Alessi (University of Dundee)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock solution was prepared in DMSO at 10 mM and stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmids</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rab10/pcDNA5 FRT TO HA</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Dario Alessi 
			(University of Dundee)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This plasmid expresses amino-terminally HA-tagged human Rab10.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 WT/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ito et al., Biochemistry, 46: 1380&#8211;1388 (2007). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged wild-type human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 K1906M/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ito et al., Biochemistry, 46: 1380&#8211;1388 (2007). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged K1906M kinase-inactive mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 N1437H/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This paper. This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged N1437H FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441C/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441C FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441G/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441G FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441H/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441H FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 R1441S/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This paper. This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged R1441S FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 Y1699C/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged Y1699C FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 G2019S/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged G2019S FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRRK2 I2020T/p3xFLAG-CMV-10</td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Takeshi Iwatsubo (University of Tokyo)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kamikawaji et al., Biochemistry, 48: 10963&#8211;10975 (2013). This plasmid expresses amino-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged I2020T FPD mutant of human LRRK2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Forma Series II 3110 Water-Jacketed</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto Pipette</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>Pipet-Aid PA-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette P10</td>
			<td>Nichiryo</td>
			<td>00-NPX2-10</td>
			<td>0.5&#8211;10 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette P200</td>
			<td>Nichiryo</td>
			<td>00-NPX2-200</td>
			<td>20&#8211;200 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette P1000</td>
			<td>Nichiryo</td>
			<td>00-NPX2-1000</td>
			<td>100&#8211;1000 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips for micropipette P10</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RST-481LCRST</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips for micropipette P200</td>
			<td>FUKAEKASEI</td>
			<td>1201-705YS</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips for micropipette P1000</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RST-4810BRST</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL disporsable pipette</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>606180</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL disporsable pipette</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>607180</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mL disporsable pipette</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>357535</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocytometer</td>
			<td>Sunlead Glass</td>
			<td>A126</td>
			<td>Improved Neubeuer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>For tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plates</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass</td>
			<td>3810-006</td>
			<td>For tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>Vortex-Genie 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scrapers</td>
			<td>Sumitomo Bakelite</td>
			<td>MS-93100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>STAR</td>
			<td>RSV-MTT1.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL tubes</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass</td>
			<td>2323-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL tubes</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass</td>
			<td>2343-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuges</td>
			<td>TOMY</td>
			<td>MX-307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>655061</td>
			<td>Not for tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>SpectraMax M2e</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS&#8211;PAGE tanks</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer tanks</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1510B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel plates (notched)</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel plates (plain)</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon spacers</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>17-well combs</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binder clips</td>
			<td>Nihon Eido</td>
			<td>NA-1000-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SS-05SZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>21G</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>NN-2138R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Station 1000 VC</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>AE-8450</td>
			<td>Power supply for SDS&#8211;PAGE and transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large weighing boats</td>
			<td>Ina Optika</td>
			<td>AS-DL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic containers</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>PS CASE No.4</td>
			<td>10 x 80 x 50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking shaker</td>
			<td>Titech</td>
			<td>NR-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Styrene foam box</td>
			<td>generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The internal dimensions should fit one transfer tank (200 x 250 x 250 mm).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageQuant LAS-4000</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>An imager equipped with a cooled CCD camera for detection of ECL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rab10 phosphorylation detection by lrrk2 activity using sds-page with a phosphate-binding tag

Mutationen im Leucin-reiche wiederholen Kinase 2 (LRRK2) haben gezeigt, mit familiären Parkinson-Erkrankung (FPD) verknüpft werden. Da abnormale Aktivierung der Kinase-Aktivität von LRRK2 in der Pathogenese von Morbus Parkinson in Verbindung gebracht hat, ist es wichtig, eine Methode zur Evaluierung der physiologischen Ebenen die Kinase-Aktivität von LRRK2 zu etablieren. Neuere Studien gezeigt, dass LRRK2 Rab GTPase Familienmitglieder, einschließlich Rab10, unter physiologischen Bedingungen phosphorylates. Obwohl die Phosphorylierung des endogenen Rab10 von LRRK2 in kultivierten Zellen durch Massenspektrometrie nachgewiesen werden konnte, ist es schwierig zu erkennen durch Immunoblotting aufgrund der schlechten Empfindlichkeit der derzeit verfügbaren Phosphorylierung-spezifische Antikörper für gewesen. Rab10. Hier beschreiben wir eine einfache Methode zum Nachweis der endogenen Ebenen der Rab10 Phosphorylierung von LRRK2 basierend auf Immunoblotting Verwendung von Sodium Dodecyl Sulfat Polyacrylamid Gelelektrophorese (SDS-PAGE) kombiniert mit einem Phosphat-Bindung-Tag (P-Tag), die ist N-(5-(2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)pyridin-2-ylmetyl) -N,N',N'- Tris (Pyridin-2-Yl-Methyl) - 1,3 - Diaminopropan-2-Ol. Dieses Protokoll nicht nur liefert ein Beispiel für die Methode, die Nutzung im P-Tags, sondern ermöglicht auch die Bewertung von Mutationen sowie Inhibitor Behandlung/Verwaltung oder andere Faktoren, wie alter der nachgeschalteten Signalisierung von LRRK2 in Zellen und Geweben .

Überexpression System: Phosphorylierung des HA-Rab10 von 3 Zellen × Fahne-LRRK2 in HEK293:
HEK293 Zellen wurden mit 0,266 µg von HA-Rab10 Wildtyp und 1.066 µg von 3 × Flagge LRRK2 (Wildtyp, Kinase-inaktive Mutant (K1906M) oder FPD Mutanten) transfiziert. Rab10 Phosphorylierung wurde geprüft durch P-Tag SDS-PAGE gefolgt von Immunoblotting mit einem Anti-HA Antikörper (Abbildung 2). 10 µg Protein...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag at JoVE.com

Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag

Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt eine einfache Methode zur Erkennung von endogenen Ebenen der Rab10 Phosphorylierung von Leucin-reiche wiederholen Kinase 2.

Rab10 Phosphorylierung Erkennung von LRRK2 Aktivität mit SDS-PAGE mit einem Phosphat-Bindung

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been shown to be linked with familial Parkinson&#39;s disease (FPD). Since abnormal activation of ...

rab10-phosphorylation-detection-lrrk2-activity-using-sds-page-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

14.8K Aufrufe.  The University of Tokyo. Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt eine einfache Methode zur Erkennung von endogenen Ebenen der Rab10 Phosphorylierung von Leucin-reiche wiederholen Kinase 2.

Serie: Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag

Highly Sensitive and Rapid Fluorescence Detection with a Portable FRET Analyzer

Recent improvements in F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors have enabled their use to detect various small molecules including ions and amino acids. However, the innate weak signal intensity of FRET sensors is a major challenge that prevents their application in various fields and makes the use of expensive, high-end fluorometers necessary. Previously, we built a cost-effective, high-performance FRET analyzer that can specifically measure the ratio of two emission wavelength bands (530 and 480 nm) to achieve high detection sensitivity. More recently, it was discovered that FRET sensors with bacterial periplasmic binding proteins detect ligands with maximum sensitivity in the critical temperature range of 50 - 55 &#176;C. This report describes a protocol for assessing sugar content in commercially-available beverage samples using our portable FRET analyzer with a temperature-specific FRET sensor. Our results showed that the additional preheating process of the FRET sensor significantly increases the FRET ratio signal, to enable more accurate measurement of sugar content. The custom-made FRET analyzer and sensor were successfully applied to quantify the sugar content in three types of commercial beverages. We anticipate that further size reduction and performance enhancement of the equipment will facilitate the use of hand-held analyzers in environments where high-end equipment is not available.

This protocol describes the rapid and highly sensitive quantification of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor data using a custom-made portable FRET analyzer. The device was used to detect maltose within a critical temperature range that maximizes detection sensitivity, enabling practical and efficient assessment of sugar content.

Hochempfindliche und schnelle Fluoreszenzdetektion mit einem tragbaren FRET Analyzer

Recent improvements in F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors have enabled their use to detect various small molecules including ions and ...

Forschung

Biochemie

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

Bacteria are frequently exposed to environmental changes, such as alterations in pH, temperature, redox status, light exposure or mechanical force. Many of these conditions cause protein unfolding in the cell and have detrimental impact on the survival of the organism. A group of unrelated, stress-specific molecular chaperones have been shown to play essential roles in the survival of these stress conditions. While fully folded and chaperone-inactive before stress, these proteins rapidly unfold and become chaperone-active under specific stress conditions. Once activated, these conditionally disordered chaperones bind to a large number of different aggregation-prone proteins, prevent their aggregation and either directly or indirectly facilitate protein refolding upon return to non-stress conditions. The primary approach for gaining a more detailed understanding about the mechanism of their activation and client recognition involves the purification and subsequent characterization of these proteins using in vitro chaperone assays. Follow-up in vivo stress assays are absolutely essential to independently confirm the obtained in vitro results.
This protocol describes in vitro and in vivo methods to characterize the chaperone activity of E. coli HdeB, an acid-activated chaperone. Light scattering measurements were used as a convenient read-out for HdeB&#39;s capacity to prevent acid-induced aggregation of an established model client protein, MDH, in vitro. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments were applied to reveal complex formation between HdeB and its client protein LDH, to shed light into the fate of client proteins upon their return to non-stress conditions. Enzymatic activity assays of the client proteins were conducted to monitor the effects of HdeB on pH-induced client inactivation and reactivation. Finally, survival studies were used to monitor the influence of HdeB&#39;s chaperone function in vivo.

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

This study describes biophysical, biochemical and molecular techniques to characterize the chaperone activity of Escherichia coli HdeB under acidic pH conditions. These methods have been successfully applied for other acid-protective chaperones such as HdeA and can be modified to work for other chaperones and stress conditions.

Nachweis des pH-abhängige Aktivität von<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; Chaperone HdeB<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; und<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Bacteria are frequently exposed to environmental changes, such as alterations in pH, temperature, redox status, light exposure or mechanical force. Many ...

Assaying Protein Kinase Activity with Radiolabeled ATP

Protein kinases are able to govern large-scale cellular changes in response to complex arrays of stimuli, and much effort has been directed at uncovering allosteric details of their regulation. Kinases comprise signaling networks whose defects are often hallmarks of multiple forms of cancer and related diseases, making an assay platform amenable to manipulation of upstream regulatory factors and validation of reaction requirements critical in the search for improved therapeutics. Here, we describe a basic kinase assay that can be easily adapted to suit specific experimental questions including but not limited to testing the effects of biochemical and pharmacological agents, genetic manipulations such as mutation and deletion, as well as cell culture conditions and treatments to probe cell signaling mechanisms. This assay utilizes radiolabeled [&#947;-32P] ATP, which allows for quantitative comparisons and clear visualization of results, and can be modified for use with immunoprecipitated or recombinant kinase, specific or typified substrates, all over a wide range of reaction conditions.

Protein kinases are highly evolved signaling enzymes and scaffolds that are critical for inter- and intracellular signal transduction. We present a protocol for measuring kinase activity through the use of radiolabeled adenosine triphosphate ([&#947;-32P] ATP), a reliable method to aid in elucidation of cellular signaling regulation.

Test der Proteinkinase-Aktivität mit radioaktiv markiertem ATP

Protein kinases are able to govern large-scale cellular changes in response to complex arrays of stimuli, and much effort has been directed at uncovering ...

Oligopeptide Competition Assay for Phosphorylation Site Determination

Protein phosphorylation at specific sites determines its conformation and interaction with other molecules. Thus, protein phosphorylation affects biological functions and characteristics of the cell. Currently, the most common method for discovering phosphorylation sites is by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, a rapid and sensitive method. However, relatively labile phosphate moieties are often released from phosphopeptides during the fragmentation step, which often yields false-negative signals. In such cases, a traditional in vitro kinase assay using site-directed mutants would be more accurate, but this method is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, an alternative method using peptide competition may be advantageous. The consensus recognition motif of 5&#39; adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been established1 and was validated using a positional scanning peptide library assay2. Thus, AMPK phosphorylation sites for a novel substrate could be predicted and confirmed by the peptide competition assays. In this report, we describe the detailed steps and procedures for the in vitro oligopeptide-competing kinase assay by illustrating AMPK-mediated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation. To authenticate the phosphorylation site, we carried out a sequential in vitro kinase assay using a site-specific mutant. Overall, the peptide competition assay provides a method to screen multiple potential phosphorylation sites and to identify sites for validation by the phosphorylation site mutants.

Peptide competition assays are widely used in a variety of molecular and immunological experiments. This paper describes a detailed method for an in vitro oligopeptide-competing kinase assay and the associated validation procedures, which may be useful to find specific phosphorylation sites.

Oligopeptid-Konkurrenz-Assay zur Phosphorylierungsbestimmung

Protein phosphorylation at specific sites determines its conformation and interaction with other molecules. Thus, protein phosphorylation affects ...

DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

For any enzyme, robust, quantitative methods are required for characterization of both native and engineered enzymes. For DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis can be characterized using an in vitro DNA synthesis assay followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The goal of this assay is to quantify synthesis of both natural DNA and modified DNA (M-DNA). These approaches are particularly useful for resolving oligonucleotides with single nucleotide resolution, enabling observation of individual steps during enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis. These methods have been applied to the evaluation of an array of biochemical and biophysical properties such as the measurement of steady-state rate constants of individual steps of DNA synthesis, the error rate of DNA synthesis, and DNA binding affinity. By using modified components including, but not limited to, modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), M-DNA, and/or mutant DNA polymerases, the relative utility of substrate-DNA polymerase pairs can be effectively evaluated. Here, we detail the assay itself, including the changes that must be made to accommodate nontraditional primer DNA labeling strategies such as near-infrared fluorescently labeled DNA. Additionally, we have detailed crucial technical steps for acrylamide gel pouring and running, which can often be technically challenging.

This protocol describes the characterization of DNA polymerase synthesis of modified DNA through observation of changes to near-infrared fluorescently labeled DNA using gel electrophoresis and gel imaging. Acrylamide gels are used for high resolution imaging of the separation of short nucleic acids, which migrate at different rates depending on size.

DNA-Polymerase-Aktivität Assay mit Nahinfrarot-Leuchtstoff beschrifteten DNA durch Acrylamid Gelelektrophorese sichtbar gemacht

For any enzyme, robust, quantitative methods are required for characterization of both native and engineered enzymes. For DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis ...

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and  GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of diverse cellular functions, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility, cell polarity, axonal guidance, vesicular trafficking, and cell cycle control. Changes in Rho GTPase signaling play an essential regulatory role in many pathological conditions, such as&#160;cancer, central nervous system diseases, and immune system-dependent diseases. The posttranslational modification of Rho GTPases (i.e., prenylation by mevalonate pathway intermediates) and GTP binding are key factors which affect the activation of this protein. In this paper, two essential and simple methods are provided to detect a broad range of Rho GTPase prenylation and GTP binding activities. Details of the technical procedures that have been used are explained step by step in this manuscript.

Here we describe a protocol to investigate the prenylation and guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-loading of Rho GTPase. This protocol consists of two detailed methods, namely membrane fractionation and a GTPase-linked immunosorbent assay. The protocol can be used for measuring the prenylation and GTP loading of different other small GTPases.

Erkennung von kleine GTPase Prenylation und GTP binden mit Membran Fraktionierung und GTPase verbundene Immunosorbentprobe Assay

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of ...

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; however, the number of identified targets for Cdk1, particularly in human cells is still low. The identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites is important, as they provide mechanistic insights into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Cell cycle regulation is critical for faithful chromosome segregation, and defects in this complicated process lead to chromosomal aberrations and cancer.
Here, we describe an in vitro kinase assay that is used to identify Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites. In this assay, a purified protein is phosphorylated in vitro by commercially available human Cdk1/cyclin B. Successful phosphorylation is confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and phosphorylation sites are subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. We also describe purification protocols that yield highly pure and homogeneous protein preparations suitable for the kinase assay, and a binding assay for the functional verification of the identified phosphorylation sites, which probes the interaction between a classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) and its nuclear transport receptor karyopherin &#945;. To aid with experimental design, we review approaches for the prediction of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites from protein sequences. Together these protocols present a very powerful approach that yields Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites and enables mechanistic studies into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Since this method relies on purified proteins, it can be applied to any model organism and yields reliable results, especially when combined with cell functional studies.

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is activated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and regulates many cellular pathways. Here, we present a protocol for an in vitro kinase assay with Cdk1, which allows the identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites for establishing cellular targets of this important kinase.

Identifizierung von Cyclin-abhängige Kinase 1 spezifische Phosphorylierung Websites durch eine In-vitro- Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; ...

Detection of Phospholipase C Activity in the Brain Homogenate from the Honeybee

The honeybee is a model organism for evaluating complex behaviors and higher brain function, such as learning, memory, and division of labor. The mushroom body (MB) is a higher brain center proposed to be the neural substrate of complex honeybee behaviors. Although previous studies identified genes and proteins that are differentially expressed in the MBs and other brain regions, the activities of the proteins in each region are not yet fully understood. To reveal the functions of these proteins in the brain, pharmacologic analysis is a feasible approach, but it is first necessary to confirm that pharmacologic manipulations indeed alter the protein activity in these brain regions.
We previously identified a higher expression of genes encoding phospholipase C (PLC) in the MBs than in other brain regions, and pharmacologically assessed the involvement of PLC in honeybee behavior. In that study, we biochemically tested two pharmacologic agents and confirmed that they decreased PLC activity in the MBs and other brain regions. Here, we present a detailed description of how to detect PLC activity in honeybee brain homogenate. In this assay system, homogenates derived from different brain regions are reacted with a synthetic fluorogenic substrate, and fluorescence resulting from PLC activity is quantified and compared between brain regions. We also describe our evaluation of the inhibitory effects of certain drugs on PLC activity using the same system. Although this system is likely affected by other endogenous fluorescence compounds and/or the absorbance of the assay components and tissues, the measurement of PLC activity using this system is safer and easier than that using the traditional assay, which requires radiolabeled substrates. The simple procedure and manipulations allow us to examine PLC activity in the brains and other tissues of honeybees involved in different social tasks.

To test the inhibitory effects of pharmacologic agents on phospholipase C (PLC) in different regions of the honeybee brain, we present a biochemical assay to measure PLC activity in those regions. This assay could be useful for comparing PLC activity among tissues, as well as among bees exhibiting different behaviors.

Erkennung von Phospholipase C Aktivität im Gehirn Homogenat von der Honigbiene

The honeybee is a model organism for evaluating complex behaviors and higher brain function, such as learning, memory, and division of labor. The mushroom ...

Affinity Purification of Chloroplast Translocon Protein Complexes Using the TAP Tag

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins into the plastid. The import of these proteins depends on the translocon at the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) chloroplast membranes. The TOC and TIC complexes are multimeric and probably contain yet unknown components. One of the main goals in the field is to establish the complete inventory of TOC and TIC components. For the isolation of TOC-TIC complexes and the identification of new components, the preprotein receptor TOC159 has been modified N-terminally by the addition of the tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag resulting in TAP-TOC159. The TAP-tag is designed for two sequential affinity purification steps (hence "tandem affinity"). The TAP-tag used in these studies consists of a N-terminal IgG-binding domain derived from Staphylococcus aureus Protein A (ProtA) followed by a calmodulin-binding peptide (CBP). Between these two affinity tags, a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site has been included. Therefore, TEV protease can be used for gentle elution of TOC159-containing complexes after binding to IgG beads. In the protocol presented here, the second Calmodulin-affinity purification step was omitted. The purification protocol starts with the preparation and solubilization of total cellular membranes. After the detergent-treatment, the solubilized membrane proteins are incubated with IgG beads for the immunoisolation of TAP-TOC159-containing complexes. Upon binding and extensive washing, TAP-TOC159 containing complexes are cleaved and released from the IgG beads using the TEV protease whereby the S. aureus IgG-binding domain is removed. Western blotting of the isolated TOC159-containing complexes can be used to confirm the presence of known or suspected TOC and TIC proteins. More importantly, the TOC159-containing complexes have been used successfully to identify new components of the TOC and TIC complexes by mass spectrometry. The protocol that we present potentially allows the efficient isolation of any membrane-bound protein complex to be used for the identification of yet unknown components by mass spectrometry.

We here present a proven and tested protocol for the purification of chloroplast protein import complexes (TOC-TIC complex) using the TAP-tag. The one-step affinity-isolation protocol can potentially be applied to any protein and be used to identify new interaction partners by mass spectrometry.

Affinitätsreinigung der Chloroplasten Translocon Proteinkomplexe mit dem TAP-Tag

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins into the plastid. The import of these proteins depends on the ...

Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Isolation for Interrogating the Parkinson's Associated LRRK2 Kinase Pathway by Assessing Rab10 Phosphorylation

The leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most frequently mutated gene in hereditary Parkinson&#8217; disease (PD) and all pathogenic LRRK2 mutations result in hyperactivation of its kinase function. Here, we describe an easy and robust assay to quantify LRRK2 kinase pathway activity in human peripheral blood neutrophils by measuring LRRK2-controlled phosphorylation of one of its physiological substrates, Rab10 at threonine 73. The immunoblotting analysis described requires a fully selective and phosphospecific antibody that recognizes the Rab10 Thr73 epitope phosphorylated by LRRK2, such as the MJFF-pRab10 rabbit monoclonal antibody. It uses human peripheral blood neutrophils, because peripheral blood is easily accessible and neutrophils are an abundant and homogenous constituent. Importantly, neutrophils express relatively high levels of both LRRK2 and Rab10. A potential drawback of neutrophils is their high intrinsic serine protease activity, which necessitates the use of very potent protease inhibitors such as the organophosphorus neurotoxin diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP) as part of the lysis buffer. Nevertheless, neutrophils are a valuable resource for research into LRRK2 kinase pathway activity in vivo and should be considered for inclusion into PD biorepository collections.

Mutations in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) cause hereditary Parkinson&#8217;s disease. We have developed an easy and robust method for assessing LRRK2-controlled phosphorylation of Rab10 in human peripheral blood neutrophils. This may help identify individuals with increased LRRK2 kinase pathway activity.