この研究は、NIH、国立環境衛生研究所の学内研究プログラムによって [一部] 支えられました。統計分析のために Shyamal Peddada 感謝します。私たちはまた彼の継続的なサポートやアドバイスをこの原稿とフランコ DeMayo のレビュー ハンフリー八尾、ゲイリー鳥と結城荒尾を感謝したいと思います。

すべての操作はマウスを NIEHS ノック中核施設の通常の操作の一部として行われました。すべてのマウスが、12:12 で保たれた h: 明暗サイクル NIH 31 と水の食事をしたとアドリブ。動物のケアおよび使用委員会の国立環境衛生研究所に従ってすべての実験を行った。
1. 動物の準備
<ol><li>ドナー マウス、B6 を繁殖 (Cg)-Tyr < c 2 j > B6 に当然のことながら年齢の 8-10 週で/J 雌マウス (Cg)-Tyr < c 2 j >/J 生後 8、26 週齢の雄マウス。視覚的に次の朝 (E0.5) のプラグを確認します。</li>
	<li>受信者のマウス、6 と 9 週齢の雌マウス自然精管スイスウェブ スター マウスを飼育しているスイスのウェブスターを繁殖させます。視覚的に次の朝 (E0.5) のプラグを確認します。</li>
</ol>2 ES 細胞作製
<ol><li>129 硼素 AB2.2 ES 細胞で 15 に DMEM で細胞の培養 %fbs、1% のグルタミン、1% ペン/連鎖球菌および 0.1% の β-メルカプトエタノール。ES 細胞供給の指示に、その推奨されるプロトコルを使用して他のすべての ES 細胞を培養します。</li>
</ol>3. 胚のコレクション
<ol><li>
動物解剖
	<ol>
<li>60 mm の料理をいくつか、5 マウス プラス 3 余分な 10 mL ブラストメディア コレクション (BCM) あたりおよそ 1 (10 %fbs の DMEM)、1 つ 4 ウェルあたり 0.5 mL BCM も皿と。37 ° c、5% CO2平衡します。</li>
		<li>B6 を安楽死させる (Cg)-Tyr < c 2 j > 10% の流量と CO2窒息を使用して E3.5 で/J 雌マウス。</li>
		<li>安楽死させる後、仰臥位の位置にマウスを配置、70% エタノールで十分に腹部を濡れています。</li>
		<li>できるだけ大きく開口部を作り、腹部の中間点で最初だけ、皮膚切開を行います。次にできるだけ大きく切開を再度作る腹部壁を開きます。 削減または排除毛皮汚染注意: 2 つの手順でこれを行うことができます。</li>
		<li>鈍い鉗子が付いて卵巣の脂肪パッドを押し、卵巣から始まる卵巣、卵管、子宮、脂肪組織を最小限に保つために余分な世話を慎重に取り外します。1 つの単一ユニットとして、または次の手順の変更なしで、個々 の角と子宮を削除します。</li>
		<li>除去した後、コレクションのブラスト媒体を含む 60 mm ディッシュに子宮を配置します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
胚が除去
	<ol>
<li>BCM でいっぱい 10 mL 注射器を準備し、25 G 針と合います。</li>
		<li>一度に 1 つの子宮 BCM の持株皿からそれらを削除、余分な血液を削除し、低倍率を解剖顕微鏡の下で 60 mm ディッシュに配置組織にそれらのしみ。</li>
		<li>ゆっくりと慎重に、鉗子を解離性大 (近くに輸卵管) 遠位端のすぐ下の子宮を保持している間並列可能な平面としての子宮の中心に針を挿入します。鉗子の先端を指し示す針を挿入します。</li>
		<li>鉗子針に子宮を保持するためにいくつかの圧力を適用し、BCM の子宮の角を約 1 mL を追放します。 注: 注意が必要この段階で注射器にあまりにも多くの圧力により、メディアの手に負えないストリームを引き起こすのでよく料理を残してします。</li>
		<li>60 mm ディッシュあたり最大 5 全体子宮子宮をフラッシュした後のコレクションまでインキュベーターに料理を配置します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
胚のコレクション
	<ol>
<li>手描きガラス ピペットと口のピペットなどの器具を使って、25 X 35 X と設定、切り裂くスコープ下で胚盤胞を収集します。(図 1)。 注: 口ピペット装置で構成されフレキシブル チューブの 30-40 cm、内径 5 mm 未満を挿入、1 000 μ L ピペット チップ、最初のポイント 1 つの端に、あるガラス ピペットを貼る。シリンジ フィルターを添付 1 cc シリンジ バレルと、口の部分として機能するないのプランジャーのもう一方の端に追加します。</li>
		<li>インキュベーターから料理を削除し、格子パターンを用いた胚の料理のすべての部分を確認します。胚を選んだが個別にし、セカンダリの皿に BCM のドロップを配置。</li>
		<li>すべての料理から収集した後新鮮な BCM のドロップで胚をもう一度洗うし、注射を待つ 4 よく皿に入れます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 胚の注入
<ol><li>注射針の確認に基づいて個別に ES 細胞をピックアップします。<ol>
<li>5-7 mL 注入メディアを追加することによって注入皿を準備 (DMEM、10 %fbs と 20 mM HEPES) ガラス下部注入皿に。注射は、部屋の温度で行われます。</li>
		<li>空気またはオイル マイクロインジェクターを使用して、ES 細胞を描画する、注射針に真空を適用します。セル間可能な限り小さなスペースとして保つために世話をします。ここでは、または注入の手順では、ES 細胞をカウントします。</li>
		<li>細胞、滑らかな表面と液胞など明らかな欠陥なしの一般集団と比較してサイズの小さい媒体は、ES 細胞を選択します。 注: ES 細胞集団は形態学的品質で大きく変化して使用される標準は、それらを調整する必要があります。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>約 15 の ES 細胞 (図 1) で胚を注入します。<ol>
<li>ホールディング ピペットを添付 2 番目の空気マイクロインジェクターにチップし、ホルダーの口近く胚の位置します。ホルダーに胚をセキュリティで保護するために真空を適用します。</li>
		<li>Z 軸の上下ホールディング ピペットを移動して、胚は正にこの帯で細かいピント合わせに続いて、スライドして調整します。次に、注射針の Z 軸を先端近くの ES 細胞は、フォーカスに調整します。</li>
		<li>上部または下部、ICM の目的の位置に回転で注射針から優しく押して今胚を調整します。</li>
		<li>帯と ICM または企業が制御のプッシュを使用して、絨毛を注射針を挿入します。胞胚腔が崩壊しないようにするため注射針のガラスシリンジにわずかな圧力を適用されます。</li>
		<li>針、胞胚腔に侵入して、一度は、ES 細胞を胚の胞胚腔に転送するマイクロインジェクターから圧力を適用します。針の傾斜面として簡単に一時停止は、細胞を維持しながら、正常に戻ります胚で圧力を許可する胚を終了を開始します。 注: 参照グループの ES 細胞を通常投与、次の伝統的な ES 細胞注入プロトコル9ICM に触れないように世話します。ES 細胞も、直接を通じて、ICM (TICM) (図 2、補足映画) 針を進めて、ICM を注入しました。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. eEmbryos の転送
<ol><li>製造の手順ごとの非外科的胚転送デバイスを使用して E2.5 をスイスウェブ スター マウスの胚を転送します。麻酔や手術後の特別なケアは、この非外科的処置は必要ありません。家のマウス胚と配信とその後離乳後個別に。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+Genome+Engineering+Using+CRISPR/Cas+Systems.">Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems.</a> Science. 339 (6), 819-823 (2013).</li><li>Mali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-guided+human+genome+engineering+via+Cas9.">RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.</a> Science. 339 (6), 823-826 (2013).</li><li>Friedel, R., Seisenberger, C., Kaloff, C., Wurst, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EUCOMM+the+European+Conditional+Mouse+Mutagenesis+Program.">EUCOMM the European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis Program.</a> Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic. 6 (3), 180-185 (2007).</li><li>Austin, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+knockout+mouse+project.">The knockout mouse project.</a> Nat Genet. 36 (9), 921-924 (2004).</li><li>Coleman, J. L., Brennan, K., Ngo, T., Balaji, P., Graham, R. M., Smith, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Knockout+and+Reporter+Mouse+Line+Generation+and+Breeding+Colony+Establishment+Using+EUCOMM+Conditional-Ready+Embryonic+Stem+Cells:+A+Case+Study.">Rapid Knockout and Reporter Mouse Line Generation and Breeding Colony Establishment Using EUCOMM Conditional-Ready Embryonic Stem Cells: A Case Study.</a> Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 30, 105 (2015).</li><li>Nagy, A., Rossant, J., Nagy, R., Abramow-Newerly, W., Roder, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+completely+cell+culture-derived+mice+from+early-passage+embryonic+stem+cells.">Derivation of completely cell culture-derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90 (18), 8424-8428 (1993).</li><li>Eggan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Male+and+female+mice+derived+from+the+same+embryonic+stem+cell+clone+by+tetraploid+embryo+complementation.">Male and female mice derived from the same embryonic stem cell clone by tetraploid embryo complementation.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 20 (5), 455-459 (2002).</li><li>Eggan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+vigor,+fetal+overgrowth,+and+viability+of+mice+derived+by+nuclear+cloning+and+tetraploid+embryo+complementation.">Hybrid vigor, fetal overgrowth, and viability of mice derived by nuclear cloning and tetraploid embryo complementation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98 (11), 6209-6214 (2001).</li><li>Eakin, G. S., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Papaioannou, V. E., Behringer, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+potential+and+behavior+of+tetraploid+cells+in+the+mouse+embryo.">Developmental potential and behavior of tetraploid cells in the mouse embryo.</a> Dev Biol. 288 (1), 150-159 (2005).</li><li>Huang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+production+of+mice+from+embryonic+stem+cells+injected+into+four-+or+eight-cell+embryos+by+piezo+micromanipulation.">Efficient production of mice from embryonic stem cells injected into four- or eight-cell embryos by piezo micromanipulation.</a> Stem Cells. 26 (7), 1883-1890 (2008).</li><li>Poueymirou, W. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=F0+generation+mice+fully+derived+from+gene-targeted+embryonic+stem+cells+allowing+immediate+phenotypic+analyses.">F0 generation mice fully derived from gene-targeted embryonic stem cells allowing immediate phenotypic analyses.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 25 (1), 91-99 (2007).</li><li>Behringer, R., Gertsenstein, M., Nagy, K. V., Nagy, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manipulating the Mouse embryo. , (2014).</li><li>Pease, S., Saunders, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Advanced Protocols for Animal Transgenesis. , (2011).</li><li>Young, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+mechanical+stimulation+on+the+reprogramming+of+somatic+cells+into+human-induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Effects of mechanical stimulation on the reprogramming of somatic cells into human-induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Res Ther. 8 (1), 139 (2017).</li></ol>

著者は開示する競合する興味を持ってないです。

ICM の妨害につながることを死亡、実際には、現在の胚盤胞マイクロインジェクション プロトコルはまだこの12,13の警告それが長く考えられてしまった。我々 がここで示されているものは、マイクロインジェクション ICM を通して胎児に悪影響はないとキメラの収量を増加させます。
この効果の正確なメカニズムは特定されて?...

約 25 年間、遺伝子ターゲットのマウスの作成は生殖系列キメラを送信の世代のため、胚盤胞 ES 細胞インジェクション段階でしばしばボトルネックによって妨げ、ゆっくりとしたプロセスをされています。CRISPR/Cas91,2 ES 細胞と高スループット ES のターゲットを含む、最近の進歩は携帯サイト制作のような生成コンソーシアム、遺伝子組み換え ES 細胞の生成/可用性を改善しています。ただし、生殖巣キメラの生成は、これらの ES 細胞3,4から遺伝子改変マウスの作成にボトルネック残ります。高スループット ES 細胞世代プロジェクトは、生殖系列キメラの作成に成功のために重大である ES 細胞質の高い変動に悩まされています。さらに、一般利用の ES 細胞株の高い異数性と生殖系列キメラ主務5の困難な生産の知られています。
いずれか高いキメラとマウスを作成するための多くの方法が開発されている、または完全に ES 細胞マウス6,7,8,9,10。これらの各システムは、独自のメリットが、また自分の欠点があります。非効率的、四倍体キメラ、マウス由来 100 %es 細胞の生成間の世代でありザイモグラム行5,6に一般に限られました。桑実胚に注入する新しい方法は、100% に近づいている高パーセントキメラをもたらすが、一般的に重要な追加機器 (レーザーまたは piezos) とトレーニング10,11が必要です。研究所は、これらの技術が既に場所で、この新しい手法が必要場合がかもしれません。
本研究の目的は、後続のマウスのコロニーを確立する突然変異体の対立遺伝子の生殖細胞感染の機会が増え、キメラ世代の率を高めるための一般的な技法と容易に利用可能な機器を使用する方法を見つけることだった。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ES Cell injection needle</td>
			<td>Humagen</td>
			<td>MSC-20-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSET device</td>
			<td>Paratechs</td>
			<td>60010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco (life technologies)</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco (life technologies)</td>
			<td>10439-024</td>
			<td>lots should be individually tested for ES Cell compatibility.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H0887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>b-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M7522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro manipulator</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Micro manipulator</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro injector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG</td>
			<td>Cell Tram Air 5176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DM IRB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 well dish</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>176740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm dish</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.3901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6(Cg)-Tyr&#60;c-2J&#62;/J</td>
			<td>Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA</td>
			<td>000058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swiss Webster mice</td>
			<td>Taconic, USA</td>
			<td>Tac:SW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection Dish</td>
			<td>MatTek Corp.</td>
			<td>P50G-0-30-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

trans-inner cell mass injection of embryonic stem cells leads to higher chimerism rates

ES 細胞の方法論による遺伝子改変マウスの作成の効率を上げるために、現在の胚盤胞の注入のプロトコルへの適応を提案する.単純な回転胚とトランス内部細胞塊 (TICM) を注射が追加の機器の 50% 31% からキメラマウスの割合を増加またはさらに特殊な訓練を行った。26 の異なるクローンを近交系し、9 ヶ月の期間にわたって 35 合計クローンを注入しました。伝統的な注入技術と TICM 間妊娠率や胚の回収率に有意差はありませんでした。したがって、注入プロセスと胚盤胞の単純なポジショニングと ICM を注入することですべての主要な変更、なし胞胚腔腔に ES 細胞を解放可能性があります向上できますキメラの生産、その後量生殖。

ランダム効果として細胞株を扱う、混合効果線形モデルのソフトウェア (例えば SAS (バージョン 9.2)) のデータを分析していました。各解析転送胚とセルの行の数を制御します。生存仔数の制御も 2 番目の分析。
この研究のため各 ES 細胞とクローンは従来の両方が注入されたと TICM テクニック、交互にそれぞれの胚の後 2 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates at JoVE.com

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

ここで新しい機器を使用せずキメラを増産するためのプロトコルを提案する.胚の注入のための簡単な方向の変更は生産、胚の数を増やすし、潜在生殖するタイムラインを削減できます。

トランス内部細胞のキメリズム率が高いため、胚性幹細胞の大量注入

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

trans-inner-cell-mass-injection-embryonic-stem-cells-leads-to-higher

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10.2K ビュー.  NIEHS/NIH. ここで新しい機器を使用せずキメラを増産するためのプロトコルを提案する.胚の注入のための簡単な方向の変更は生産、胚の数を増やすし、潜在生殖するタイムラインを削減できます。

ビデオ: Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

ヒト胚性幹（ES）細胞の増殖

生物学

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

マウス胚性幹細胞から造血幹細胞の導出

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

免疫手術でヒト胚性幹細胞の導出

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

ヒト胚性幹細胞からクロマチン免疫沈降

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells for Treatment of Hindlimb Ischemia

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) results from narrowing of the peripheral arteries that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the legs and feet, This pathology causes symptoms such as intermittent claudication (pain with walking), painful ischemic ulcerations, or even limb-threatening gangrene. It is generally believed that the vascular endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells that invests the luminal surface of all blood and lymphatic vessels, plays a dominant role in vascular homeostasis and vascular regeneration. As a result, stem cell-based regeneration of the endothelium may be a promising approach for treating PAD.In this video, we demonstrate the transplantation of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived endothelial cells for treatment of unilateral hindimb ischemia as a model of PAD, followed by non-invasive tracking of cell homing and survival by bioluminescence imaging. The specific materials and procedures for cell delivery and imaging will be described. This protocol follows another publication in describing the induction of hindlimb ischemia by Niiyama et al.1

The surgical procedure for delivery of embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells to the ischemic hindlimb is demonstrated, with non-invasive tracking by bioluminescence imaging.

後肢虚血の治療のための胚性幹細胞由来血管内皮細胞

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) results from narrowing of the peripheral arteries that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the legs and feet, This ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

マウスES胚細胞の単離と導出

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

オリゴデンドロサイト前駆体に胚性幹細胞の分化

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation 

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

テラトーマ形成により、ヒト胚性幹細胞の運命のマッピング

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three ...

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and organs1,2,6,7. During development, toxic chemicals or genetic alterations can cause an increase in PCD or change PCD patterns resulting in developmental abnormalities and birth defects3-5. To understand the etiology of these defects, the study of embryos can be complemented with in vitro assays that use differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells.
Apoptosis is a well-studied form of PCD that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling to activate the caspase enzyme cascade. Characteristic cell changes include membrane blebbing, nuclear shrinking, and DNA fragmentation. Other forms of PCD do not involve caspase activation and may be the end-result of prolonged autophagy. Regardless of the PCD pathway, dying cells need to be removed. In adults, the immune cells perform this function, while in embryos, where the immune system has not yet developed, removal occurs by an alternative mechanism. This mechanism involves neighboring cells (called "non-professional phagocytes") taking on a phagocytic role-they recognize the 'eat me' signal on the surface of the dying cell and engulf it8-10. After engulfment, the debris is brought to the lysosome for degradation. Thus regardless of PCD mechanism, an increase in lysosomal activity can be correlated with increased cell death.
To study PCD, a simple assay to visualize lysosomes in thick tissues and multilayer differentiating cultures can be useful. LysoTracker dye is a highly soluble small molecule that is retained in acidic subcellular compartments such as the lysosome11-13. The dye is taken up by diffusion and through the circulation. Since penetration is not a hindrance, visualization of PCD in thick tissues and multi-layer cultures is possible12,13. In contrast, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) analysis14, is limited to small samples, histological sections, and monolayer cultures because the procedure requires the entry/permeability of a terminal transferase.
In contrast to Aniline blue, which diffuses and is dissolved by solvents, LysoTracker Red DND-99 is fixable, bright, and stable. Staining can be visualized with standard fluorescent or confocal microscopy in whole-mount or section using aqueous or solvent-based mounting media12,13. Here we describe protocols using this dye to look at PCD in normal and sonic hedgehog null mouse embryos. In addition, we demonstrate analysis of PCD in differentiating ES cell cultures and present a simple quantification method. In summary, LysoTracker staining can be a great complement to other methods of detecting PCD.

We present a simple protocol to visualize regions of programmed cell death (PCD) in mouse embryos and differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cell cultures using a highly soluble dye called LysoTracker.

胚におけるプログラム細胞死を検出するためのLysoTrackerの使用は、胚性幹細胞を分化

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

間葉転換を誘導し、上皮の分析

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...