この仕事のための資金は、国立科学財団大学院研究フェローシップ ・ プログラム、サン ディエゴ大学 NIH R01-HG007836 を与えると科学、ICT および将来計画の韓国大臣によって。
以前のバージョンのいくつかの数字が"・ ザ ・ フープル、g. d.らで出版された最初ゲル-seq: 全ゲノムとトランスクリプトーム シーケンスによる半透性ハイドロゲル障壁を用いた同時低入力 DNA および RNA 図書館準備によって。ラボオン チップ 17、2619-2630 doi:10.1039/c7lc00430c (2017)."ラボオン チップは、このパブリケーション内の図の再利用を認可しています。

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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gel-seq:+whole-genome+and+transcriptome+sequencing+by+simultaneous+low-input+DNA+and+RNA+library+preparation+using+semi-permeable+hydrogel+barriers.">Gel-seq: whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing by simultaneous low-input DNA and RNA library preparation using semi-permeable hydrogel barriers.</a> Lab Chip. 17, 2619-2630 (2017).</li><li>Macaulay, I. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G&amp;T-seq:+parallel+sequencing+of+single-cell+genomes+and+transcriptomes.">G&amp;T-seq: parallel sequencing of single-cell genomes and transcriptomes.</a> Nat Methods. 12 (6), 519-522 (2015).</li><li>Dey, S. S., Kester, L., Spanjaard, B., Bienko, M., van Oudenaarden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+genome+and+transcriptome+sequencing+of+the+same+cell.">Integrated genome and transcriptome sequencing of the same cell.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 33 (3), 285-289 (2015).</li><li>Gopal, A., Zhou, Z. H., Knobler, C. M., Gelbart, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+large+RNA+molecules+in+solution.">Visualizing large RNA molecules in solution.</a> RNA. 18 (2), 284-299 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SDS-PAGE+Gel.">SDS-PAGE Gel.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2015 (7), 087908 (2015).</li><li>Lake, B. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+subtypes+and+diversity+revealed+by+single-nucleus+RNA+sequencing+of+the+human+brain.">Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain.</a> Science. 352 (6293), (2016).</li><li>Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. -. Y., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+Gel+Electrophoresis+for+the+Separation+of+DNA+Fragments.">Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of DNA Fragments.</a> J Vis Exp. (62), e3923 (2012).</li><li>Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer Manual. MAN0010866. Life Technologies Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/qubit_3_fluorometer_man.pd">https://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/qubit_3_fluorometer_man.pd</a> (2017)</li><li>Vitak, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+thousands+of+single-cell+genomes+with+combinatorial+indexing.">Sequencing thousands of single-cell genomes with combinatorial indexing.</a> Nat Methods. 14 (3), 302-308 (2017).</li><li>Illumina. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nextera &#174; XT DNA Library Preparation Kit. , (2017).</li><li>Takara Bio USA Inc. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> SMART-Seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit for Sequencing User Manual. , (2016).</li><li>Kurimoto, K., Yabuta, Y., Ohinata, Y., Saitou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+single-cell+cDNA+amplification+to+provide+a+template+for+representative+high-density+oligonucleotide+microarray+analysis.">Global single-cell cDNA amplification to provide a template for representative high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (3), 739-752 (2007).</li></ol>

カザフスタンは、共同創設者兼 Singlera ジェノミクス社の科学アドバイザー

ゲル seq デバイス作製とプロトコル自体に関連付けられているいくつかの重要な手順があります。製作中にゲルの様々 な地域の所定の層の厚さで始まるをお勧めします。異なる製造オプションをテスト時間を大幅を過ごし、ここで説明したプロトコル [テーブルの材料および試薬カセットの最高のデバイスが生成されます。研究者は、代替カセット システムを使用している場合?...

次世代シークエンシング (NGS) は、遺伝学研究方法の深遠な影響を与えています。ここでの研究者は、一度全体の種のゲノムに焦点を当てて、今単一の腫瘍または 1 つの実験でも単一セルのゲノムを配列することが可能です。1 NGS もしました、トランスクリプトームと呼ばれるデータのコレクションのセル内にある RNA 転写産物をシーケンス処理する費用対効果。増幅し、小さい開始サンプルから DNA または RNA をシーケンスする能力は、過去 5 年間で達成されているのみ。2,3,4は残念ながら、標準のプロトコルに互換性がないと研究者はある特定のサンプルの DNA または RNA をシーケンス処理するかどうかを選択する必要があります。開始サンプルが十分に大きい場合は、半分に分割することができます。ただし、規模が小さいサンプルの分裂のための材料の損失はライブラリの品質に影響を与えるし、細胞間の興味深いバリエーションを平均することができますサンプルのプールします。5さらに、研究者は単一のセルまたは小さな異種腫瘍生検などを分割できないサンプルを調べることに興味を持つ。6
この問題を解決する 3 つのプロトコルが最近開発された同じ開始サンプルから DNA と RNA の両方をシーケンス処理する: ゲル seq7、G & T seq8、および DR seq9。この記事は、ゲル-seq、同時にごくわずかな追加コストで 100 細胞から DNA および RNA のライブラリを生成するための詳細なプロトコルを示します。ゲル seq の小説の側面は、DNA と RNA 低コスト ハイドロゲル行列を使用して大きさだけに基づいて区別する能力です。ゲル Seq プロトコルのコア技術革新は RNA から DNA を物理的に分離します。この分離は、電気泳動によってこれらの分子のサイズ違いの活用のポリアクリルアミドの膜の組み合わせを使用して実現されます。コンテキストでこれらのサイズ違いを置く、DNA と RNA をイメージする方法を検討してください: RNA ナノメートル スケール上に存在し、低温電子などの複雑な技術を使用してイメージを作成する必要があります DNA ミクロン スケール上に存在する、伝統的な顕微鏡を使用して表示することができますが、顕微鏡検査。10
このプロトコルでは DNA と RNA を分離するアプローチは、図 1に示します。左側のパネルは、DNA および RNA の無料ソリューション膜近くに浮かんでいるを示しています。電気フィールドを適用すると、右側のパネルに示すように、DNA および RNA は膜を介して移行を誘導する電気泳動の力を体験します。膜特性を調整することにより、RNA から DNA を分離する半透膜を作成しました。DNA 分子は膜に対して押されるが、サイズが大きいので端につれ。その一方で、小さな RNA 分子を再構成し、できます膜を通して彼らの方法を織る。レプテーション、として知られているこのプロセスはヘビが草を介して移動する方法に似ています。さらに小さいポリマー難しすぎて第二に、高密度の膜によってこれらの RNA 分子を停止する最終的に (> 200 塩基対) をくねらせるため。一度物理的に分離、DNA および RNA 回収し、処理できるゲノムとトランスクリプトームの両方に関する情報を生成します。我々 は DNA と RNA を区切ることができます、我々 は分離前に cDNA に転写される RNA が逆の場合より良い結果が得られますを発見しました。CDNA/RNA 雑種は単独で RNA より安定して、低密度の膜を通して渡すことができます。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57315/57315fig1.jpg"> 図 1.ゲル seq 動作原理。物理的に DNA と RNA を分離するために使用する基本原理。応用電界で小さな RNA 分子が低密度の膜を通って移行しますが、大きい DNA の分子が表面に閉じ込められています。この図は、王立化学協会の許可を得て参考文献 7 から再現しました。<a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57315/57315fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
本稿で詳細にゲル seq デバイス作製を生成する生物学的プロトコル ペアに DNA および RNA のライブラリ。両方の概要を図 2に示します。レイヤー 3 つ異なる密度ポリアクリルアミドゲルで互いの上に標準的なスタッキングのゲルを作成する同じプロセスでデバイスを作製しました。11生物学的プロトコルから始まる 100-1000 細胞を PBS で中断します。細胞を分離、cDNA/RNA 雑種からゲノム DNA を分離するデバイスを使用する前に、RNA が cDNA に変換されます。後分離と回復、ゲノム、トランスクリプトーム ライブラリは、標準の全ゲノム ライブラリの準備キットのプロトコルに密着したプロセスを使用して準備されます。チップ用の文書でラボでの開発とゲル seq の検証についてさらに詳細を読むことができます"ゲル seq: 全ゲノムとトランスクリプトーム シーケンス半透性ハイドロゲル障壁を用いた同時低入力 DNA および RNA 図書館準備で."7 
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57315/57315fig2.jpg"> 図 2.ゲル seq プロトコル。ゲル seq デバイスおよびプロトコルを生成するための手順の概要については、DNA および RNA のライブラリ ペア。この図の部分は、王立化学協会の許可を得て参考文献 7 から再現されました。<a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57315/57315fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
単一セルからの DNA および RNA のライブラリを生成するため、研究者は G & T seq や DR seq. G 
DR seq は DNA や RNA からの cDNA の両方が同じ管で増幅される中古増幅ステップに依存します。サンプルが 2 つに分割し、DNA と RNA シーケンス ライブラリを準備する並列で処理します。ゲノム DNA と RNA からの cDNA の区別は、DR seq は計算のアプローチを取る。エクソンのみが存在するシーケンスは、それらは DNA や RNA から由来している可能性がありますと計算ゲノム DNA データの抑制されます。9このアプローチの利点は、DNA と cDNA/RNA 区切る必要はありません物理的にゲル seq と G & T seq. で行われるように欠点は、ただしは、DR seq のゲノムとトランスクリプトーム (すなわちイントロンとエクソン)、事前知識を必要とし、多くの転写産物がないまだ完全に核のシーケンスなどのアプリケーションに最適なできない可能性があります。スプライシング ・ イントロンが含まれています。12
ゲル seq の小説の側面は、DNA と RNA のサイズのみに基づいてセルの数百を分離する能力です。このメソッドには、ゲノム、トランスクリプトームの先験的知識は不完全な接続に対してロバストとポリ adenylated の成績証明書に限定されていませんが必要です。研究者が少なくとも 100 セルから始まる、アプリケーション、ゲル seq は安く、広く利用可能な材料を使用して簡単な方法を提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:905px;" width="906">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Acrylamide Monomer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A8887-100G</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Ammonium Persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3678-25G</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Ampure XP Beads</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A63880</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as solid phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">DNA Gel Loading Dye (6x)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0611</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as 6X loading dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7023-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">KAPA SYBR FAST One-Step qRT-PCR Kits</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kapa BioSystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7959613001</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as 2X qPCR mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">N,N&#8242;-Methylenebis(acrylamide)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">146072-100G</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Also known as bis-acrylamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:271px;">NexteraXT DNA Library Preparation Kit (referred to in the text as library preparation kit)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FC-131-1024</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Includes: TD (referred to in the text as transposase buffer), ATM (referred to in the text as transposase), NT (referred to in the text as transposase stop buffer), and NPM (Referred to in the text as library prep PCR mix)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Nuclease Free Water</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3098</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Protease</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19155</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="189">
			<td height="189" style="height:189px;width:271px;">SMART-Seq v4 Kit (referred to in the text as whole-transcript amplification (WTA) kit)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Takara/Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">634888</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Includes: Lysis buffer, RNase inhibitor, 3&#8217; SMART-Seq CDS Primer II A (referred to in the text as RT primer), 5X Ultra Low First Strand Buffer (referred to in the text as first strand buffer), SMART-Seq v4 Oligonucleotide (referred to in the text as template switch oligonucleotide (TSO)), SMART-Scribe Reverse Transcriptase (referred to in the text as reverse transcriptase), and PCR Primer II A (referred to in the text as cDNA PCR primer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Random hexamer with WTA adapter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">IDT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>5&#8242;-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTAC-NNNNNN-3&#8242;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0389-500G</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">TEMED</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T9281-25ML</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">DNA AWAY Surface Decontaminant</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7010PK&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as DNA removal product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer (10X concentration)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T4415-1L</td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">SYBR Gold Nucleic Acid Gel Stain (10,000X Concentrate in DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11494</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as gel stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:369px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">BD Precisionglide&#160;syringe needles, gauge 18</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z192554</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Branson CPX series ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z769363</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Empty Gel Cassettes, mini, 1.0 mm</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC2010</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:271px;">Mesh Filter Plate - Corning&#160;HTS Transwell 96 well permeable supports - 8.0 &#181;m pore size</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CLS3374</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as 8 um mesh filter plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">PowerPac HC Power Supply</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1645052</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Qubit Fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q33216</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Vacufuge Concentrator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22822993</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">XCell SureLock Mini-Cell system</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EI0001</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Bio-Rad CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1855195&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Amersham UVC 500 Ultraviolet Crosslinker</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UVC500-115V</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Discontinued, any equivalent hardware is acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Gel Doc XR+ Gel Documentation System</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1708195</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as gel imager</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Dark Reader Transilluminator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Clare Chemical Research</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DR89</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Referred to in the text as UV transilluminator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">&#160;Ultrasonic&#160;Bath</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bransonic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1207K35</td>
			<td style="width:369px;">Any equivalent ultrasonic bath is acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

gel-seq: a method for simultaneous sequencing library preparation of dna and rna using hydrogel matrices

増幅し、小さい開始サンプルから DNA または RNA をシーケンスする能力は、過去 5 年間で達成されているのみ。残念なことに、ゲノムの生成やトランスクリプトーム ライブラリの標準的なプロトコルに互換性がないと、研究者は特定のサンプルの DNA または RNA をシーケンスするかどうかを選択する必要があります。ゲル seq DNA と単純なハイドロゲル デバイスを用いた 100-1000 細胞から始まる RNA の両方のライブラリを同時に準備する研究者を有効にしてこの問題を解決します。対ライブラリを生成する生物のプロトコルと同様に、デバイス作製のための詳細なアプローチを提案する.他の研究者によって簡単に実装できるようにゲル seq を設計多くの遺伝学研究所はすでにゲル seq デバイス作製を再現する必要な機器を持っています。私達のプロトコルは両方全体転写増幅 (WTA) のための一般的に使用されるキットを採用しています、ライブラリ生成ゲノムおよびトランスクリプトームに精通したライブラリの準備は、既に研究者に精通していることも多い。我々 のアプローチでは、ごくわずかな追加コストと分割せず単一サンプル、DNA と RNA の両方のシーケンスの力をもたらすために研究者をことができます。

蛍光イメージング; 的ゲル seq デバイス/RNA の cDNA と gDNA 雑種の物理的な分離に視覚化できます。代表的な結果を図 3に示します。パネルを示しますゲル seq 素子を試作偽色が異なるゲル領域を区別するために追加されました。パネル B を検証に使用される 4 つの異なる分離のクローズ アップ表示します。第 3 レーン、ネガティブ コントロールは?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gel-seq: A Method for Simultaneous Sequencing Library Preparation of DNA and RNA Using Hydrogel Matrices at JoVE.com

Gel-seq: A Method for Simultaneous Sequencing Library Preparation of DNA and RNA Using Hydrogel Matrices

ゲル seq の両方 DNA と RNA-seq 単純なハイドロゲル デバイスを用いた 100-1000 細胞からごくわずかな追加コストでライブラリを同時に準備することも可能。 にします。対ライブラリを生成する生物のプロトコルと同様に、デバイス作製のための詳細なアプローチを提案する.

ゲル-seq: DNA および RNA のゲルのマトリックスを使用しての同時配列ライブラリの準備の方法

The ability to amplify and sequence either DNA or RNA from small starting samples has only been achieved in the last five years. Unfortunately, the ...

gel-seq-method-for-simultaneous-sequencing-library-preparation-dna

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.9K ビュー.  University of San Diego. ゲル seq の両方 DNA と RNA-seq 単純なハイドロゲル デバイスを用いた 100-1000 細胞からごくわずかな追加コストでライブラリを同時に準備することも可能。 にします。対ライブラリを生成する生物のプロトコルと同様に、デバイス作製のための詳細なアプローチを提案する.

ビデオ: Gel-seq: A Method for Simultaneous Sequencing Library Preparation of DNA and RNA Using Hydrogel Matrices

Preparation of Complaint Matrices for Quantifying Cellular Contraction

The regulation of cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell migration and ECM remodeling. Focal adhesions are macromolecular assemblies that couple the contractile F-actin cytoskeleton to the ECM. This connection allows for the transmission of intracellular mechanical forces across the cell membrane to the underlying substrate. Recent work has shown the mechanical properties of the ECM regulate focal adhesion and F-actin morphology as well as numerous physiological processes, including cell differentiation, division, proliferation and migration. Thus, the use of cell culture substrates has become an increasingly prevalent method to precisely control and modulate ECM mechanical properties.
To quantify traction forces at focal adhesions in an adherent cell, compliant substrates are used in conjunction with high-resolution imaging and computational techniques in a method termed traction force microscopy (TFM). This technique relies on measurements of the local magnitude and direction of substrate deformations induced by cellular contraction. In combination with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of fluorescently tagged proteins, it is possible to correlate cytoskeletal organization and remodeling with traction forces.
Here we present a detailed experimental protocol for the preparation of two-dimensional, compliant matrices for the purpose of creating a cell culture substrate with a well-characterized, tunable mechanical stiffness, which is suitable for measuring cellular contraction. These protocols include the fabrication of polyacrylamide hydrogels, coating of ECM proteins on such gels, plating cells on gels, and high-resolution confocal microscopy using a perfusion chamber. Additionally, we provide a representative sample of data demonstrating location and magnitude of cellular forces using cited TFM protocols.

In this video, we demonstrate the experimental techniques used to fabricate compliant, extracellular matrix (ECM) coated substrates suitable for cell culture, and which are amenable to traction force microscopy and observing effects of ECM stiffness on cell behavior.

細胞収縮を定量化するための苦情の行列の準備

The regulation of cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell migration and ECM remodeling.  Focal adhesions are ...

生物工学

Constant Pressure-controlled Extrusion Method for the Preparation of Nano-sized Lipid Vesicles

Liposomes are artificially prepared vesicles consisting of natural and synthetic phospholipids that are widely used as a cell membrane mimicking platform to study protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions3, monitor drug delivery4,5, and encapsulation4. Phospholipids naturally create curved lipid bilayers, distinguishing itself from a micelle.6 Liposomes are traditionally classified by size and number of bilayers, i.e. large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) and multilamellar vesicles (MLVs)7. In particular, the preparation of homogeneous liposomes of various sizes is important for studying membrane curvature that plays a vital role in cell signaling, endo- and exocytosis, membrane fusion, and protein trafficking8. Several groups analyze how proteins are used to modulate processes that involve membrane curvature and thus prepare liposomes of diameters &lt;100 - 400 nm to study their behavior on cell functions3. Others focus on liposome-drug encapsulation, studying liposomes as vehicles to carry and deliver a drug of interest9. Drug encapsulation can be achieved as reported during liposome formation9. Our extrusion step should not affect the encapsulated drug for two reasons, i.e. (1) drug encapsulation should be achieved prior to this step and (2) liposomes should retain their natural biophysical stability, securely carrying the drug in the aqueous core. These research goals further suggest the need for an optimized method to design stable sub-micron lipid vesicles.
Nonetheless, the current liposome preparation technologies (sonication10, freeze-and-thaw10, sedimentation) do not allow preparation of liposomes with highly curved surface (i.e. diameter &lt;100 nm) with high consistency and efficiency10,5, which limits the biophysical studies of an emerging field of membrane curvature sensing. Herein, we present a robust preparation method for a variety of biologically relevant liposomes.
Manual extrusion using gas-tight syringes and polycarbonate membranes10,5 is a common practice but heterogeneity is often observed when using pore sizes &lt;100 nm due to due to variability of manual pressure applied. We employed a constant pressure-controlled extrusion apparatus to prepare synthetic liposomes whose diameters range between 30 and 400 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS)10, electron microscopy11 and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)12 were used to quantify the liposome sizes as described in our protocol, with commercial polystyrene (PS) beads used as a calibration standard. A near linear correlation was observed between the employed pore sizes and the experimentally determined liposomes, indicating high fidelity of our pressure-controlled liposome preparation method. Further, we have shown that this lipid vesicle preparation method is generally applicable, independent of various liposome sizes. Lastly, we have also demonstrated in a time course study that these prepared liposomes were stable for up to 16 hours. A representative nano-sized liposome preparation protocol is demonstrated below.

This protocol describes an extrusion method for preparing lipid vesicles of sub-micron sizes with a high degree of homogeneity. This method uses a pressure-controlled system with controlled nitrogen flow rates for liposome preparation. The lipid preparation1,2, liposome extrusion, and size characterization will be presented herein.

ナノサイズの脂質小胞の調製のための一定の圧力制御押出法

Liposomes are artificially prepared vesicles consisting of natural and synthetic phospholipids that are widely used as a cell membrane mimicking platform ...

An Improved Method for the Preparation of Type I Collagen From Skin

Soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) is used extensively as an adhesive substrate for cell cultures and as a cellular scaffold for regenerative applications. Clinically, this protein is widely used for cosmetic surgery, dermal injections, bone grafting, and reconstructive surgery. The sources of COL1 for these procedures are commonly nonhuman, which increases the potential for inflammation and rejection as well as xenobiotic disease transmission. In view of this, a method to efficiently and quickly purify COL1 from limited quantities of autologously-derived tissues would circumvent many of these issues; however, standard isolation protocols are lengthy and often require large quantities of collagenous tissues. Here, we demonstrate an efficient COL1 extraction method that reduces the time needed to isolate and purify this protein from about 10 days to less than 3 hr. We chose the dermis as our tissue source because of its availability during many surgical procedures. This method uses traditional extraction buffers combined with forceful agitation and centrifugal filtration to obtain highly-pure, soluble COL1 from small amounts of corium. Briefly, dermal biopsies are washed thoroughly in ice-cold dH2O after removing fat, connective tissue, and hair. The skin samples are stripped of noncollagenous proteins and polysaccharides using 0.5 M sodium acetate and a high speed bench-top homogenizer. Collagen from residual solids is subsequently extracted with a 0.075 M sodium citrate buffer using the homogenizer. These extracts are purified using 100,000 MW cut-off centrifugal filters that yield COL1 preparations of comparable or superior quality to commercial products or those obtained using traditional procedures. We anticipate this method will facilitate the utilization of autologously-derived COL1 for a multitude of research and clinical applications.

Traditional procedures for the isolation of soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) require about 10 days from start to finish because of lengthy buffer incubations and laborious resuspensions of fibrils. Here, we describe a means to purify COL1 from small dermal biopsies in less than 3 hr.

皮膚からのI型コラーゲンの調製のための改良された方法

Soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) is used extensively as an adhesive substrate for cell cultures and as a cellular scaffold for regenerative applications. ...

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein block-copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. A highly hydrophilic random coil is inserted into one of the block-copolymers for water retention. Mixing of the two protein block copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit with crosslinkers at either end that rapidly self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is very stable under both acidic and basic conditions, at temperatures up to 50 &#176;C, and in organic solvents. The hydrogel rapidly reforms after shear-induced rupture. Incorporation of a &#34;docking station peptide&#34; into the hydrogel building block enables convenient incorporation of &#34;docking protein&#34;-tagged target proteins. The hydrogel is compatible with tissue culture growth media, supports the diffusion of 20 kDa molecules, and enables the immobilization of bioactive globular proteins. The application of the intein-mediated protein hydrogel as an organic-solvent-compatible biocatalyst was demonstrated by encapsulating the horseradish peroxidase enzyme and corroborating its activity.

We present the synthesis of a split-intein-mediated protein hydrogel. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. Mixing of the two protein copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit that self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is highly pH- and temperature-stable, compatible with organic solvents, and easily incorporates functional globular proteins.

インテイン媒介人工タンパク質ヒドロゲルの合成

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of ...

Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins

Novel biomarker discovery plays a crucial role in providing more sensitive and specific disease detection. Unfortunately many low-abundance biomarkers that exist in biological fluids cannot be easily detected with mass spectrometry or immunoassays because they are present in very low concentration, are labile, and are often masked by high-abundance proteins such as albumin or immunoglobulin. Bait containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAm) based nanoparticles are able to overcome these physiological barriers. In one step they are able to capture, concentrate and preserve biomarkers from body fluids. Low-molecular weight analytes enter the core of the nanoparticle and are captured by different organic chemical dyes, which act as high affinity protein baits. The nanoparticles are able to concentrate the proteins of interest by several orders of magnitude. This concentration factor is sufficient to increase the protein level such that the proteins are within the detection limit of current mass spectrometers, western blotting, and immunoassays. Nanoparticles can be incubated with a plethora of biological fluids and they are able to greatly enrich the concentration of low-molecular weight proteins and peptides while excluding albumin and other high-molecular weight proteins. Our data show that a 10,000 fold amplification in the concentration of a particular analyte can be achieved, enabling mass spectrometry and immunoassays to detect previously undetectable biomarkers.

Several pathological biomarkers cannot be easily detected by current techniques because of their low concentration in biological fluids, the presence of degrading enzymes, and large amounts of high molecular weight proteins. Chemically functionalized hydrogel nanoparticles can harvest, preserve and concentrate low abundance proteins enabling the detection of previously undetectable biomarkers.

ハイドロゲルナノ粒子プラズマの収穫や少量のタンパク質を検出するための尿

Novel biomarker discovery plays a crucial role in providing more sensitive and specific disease detection. Unfortunately many low-abundance biomarkers ...

Bioprinting Cellularized Constructs Using a Tissue-specific Hydrogel Bioink

Bioprinting has emerged as a versatile biofabrication approach for creating tissue engineered organ constructs. These constructs have potential use as organ replacements for implantation in patients, and also, when created on a smaller size scale as model "organoids" that can be used in in vitro systems for drug and toxicology screening.
Despite development of a wide variety of bioprinting devices, application of bioprinting technology can be limited by the availability of materials that both expedite bioprinting procedures and support cell viability and function by providing tissue-specific cues. Here we describe a versatile hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin-based hydrogel system comprised of a multi-crosslinker, 2-stage crosslinking protocol, which can provide tissue specific biochemical signals and mimic the mechanical properties of in vivo tissues. 
Biochemical factors are provided by incorporating tissue-derived extracellular matrix materials, which include potent growth factors. Tissue mechanical properties are controlled combinations of PEG-based crosslinkers with varying molecular weights, geometries (linear or multi-arm), and functional groups to yield extrudable bioinks and final construct shear stiffness values over a wide range (100 Pa to 20 kPa). Using these parameters, hydrogel bioinks were used to bioprint primary liver spheroids in a liver-specific bioink to create in vitro liver constructs with high cell viability and measurable functional albumin and urea output. This methodology provides a general framework that can be adapted for future customization of hydrogels for biofabrication of a wide range of tissue construct types.

We describe a set of protocols that together provide a tissue-mimicking hydrogel bioink with which functional and viable 3-D tissue constructs can be bioprinted for use in in vitro screening applications.

Bioprinting細胞化は、組織特異的ヒドロゲルBioinkを使用して構築します

Bioprinting has emerged as a versatile biofabrication approach for creating tissue engineered organ constructs. These constructs have potential use as ...

Fabricating a Kidney Cortex Extracellular Matrix-Derived Hydrogel

Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides important biophysical and biochemical cues to maintain tissue homeostasis. Current synthetic hydrogels offer robust mechanical support for in vitro cell culture but lack the necessary protein and ligand composition to elicit physiological behavior from cells. This manuscript describes a fabrication method for a kidney cortex ECM-derived hydrogel with proper mechanical robustness and supportive biochemical composition. The hydrogel is fabricated by mechanically homogenizing and solubilizing decellularized human kidney cortex ECM. The matrix preserves native kidney cortex ECM protein ratios while also enabling gelation to physiological mechanical stiffnesses. The hydrogel serves as a substrate upon which kidney cortex-derived cells can be maintained under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the hydrogel composition can be manipulated to model a diseased environment which enables the future study of kidney diseases.

Here we present a protocol to fabricate a kidney cortex extracellular matrix-derived hydrogel to retain the native kidney extracellular matrix (ECM) structural and biochemical composition. The fabrication process and its applications are described. Finally, a perspective on using this hydrogel to support kidney-specific cellular and tissue regeneration and bioengineering is discussed.

腎臓皮質細胞外マトリックス由来ハイドロゲルを製造

Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides important biophysical and biochemical cues to maintain tissue homeostasis. Current synthetic hydrogels offer robust ...

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and analysis of complex structural variants. Nanopore platforms perform single-molecule sequencing by directly measuring the current changes mediated by DNA passage through the pores and can generate hundreds of kilobase (kb) reads with minimal capital cost. This platform has been adopted by many researchers for a variety of applications. Achieving longer sequencing read lengths is the most critical factor to leverage the value of nanopore sequencing platforms. To generate ultra-long reads, special consideration is required to avoid DNA breakages and gain efficiency to generate productive sequencing templates. Here, we provide the detailed protocol of ultra-long DNA sequencing including high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction from fresh or frozen cells, library construction by mechanical shearing or transposase fragmentation, and sequencing on a nanopore device. From 20-25 &#181;g of HMW DNA, the method can achieve N50 read length of 50-70 kb with mechanical shearing and N50 of 90-100 kb read length with transposase mediated fragmentation. The protocol can be applied to DNA extracted from mammalian cells to perform whole genome sequencing for the detection of structural variants and genome assembly. Additional improvements on the DNA extraction and enzymatic reactions will further increase the read length and expand its utility.

Long-read sequences greatly facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and characterization of structural variation. We describe a method to generate ultra-long sequences by nanopore-based sequencing platforms. The approach adopts an optimized DNA extraction followed by modified library preparations to generate hundreds of kilobase reads with moderate coverage from human cells.

全 Genomic DNA 分析のための超長いリード シーケンス

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes ...

High Throughput Yeast Strain Phenotyping with Droplet-Based RNA Sequencing

The powerful tools available to edit yeast genomes have made this microbe a valuable platform for engineering. While it is now possible to construct libraries of millions of genetically distinct strains, screening for a desired phenotype remains a significant obstacle. With existing screening techniques, there is a tradeoff between information output and throughput, with high-throughput screening typically being performed on one product of interest. Therefore, we present an approach to accelerate strain screening by adapting single cell RNA sequencing to isogenic picoliter colonies of genetically engineered yeast strains. To address the unique challenges of performing RNA sequencing on yeast cells, we culture isogenic yeast colonies within hydrogels and spheroplast prior to performing RNA sequencing. The RNA sequencing data can be used to infer yeast phenotypes and sort out engineered pathways. The scalability of our method addresses a critical obstruction in microbial engineering.

A bottleneck in the &#8216;design-build-test&#8217; cycle of microbial engineering is the speed at which we can perform functional screens of strains. We describe a high-throughput method for strain screening applied to hundreds to thousands of yeast cells per experiment that utilizes droplet-based RNA sequencing.

液滴ベースのRNAシーケンシングによるハイスループット酵母株フェノタイピング

The powerful tools available to edit yeast genomes have made this microbe a valuable platform for engineering. While it is now possible to construct ...

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and cancer biology. An in vitro cell culture assay is often used to learn about the contribution of different tryptophan catabolites in a disease mechanism and for testing therapeutic strategies. Cell culture medium that is rich in secreted metabolites and signaling molecules reflects the status of tryptophan metabolism and other cellular events. New protocols for the reliable quantification of multiple kynurenines in the complex cell culture medium are desired to allow for a reliable and quick analysis of multiple samples. This can be accomplished with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This powerful technique is employed in many clinical and research laboratories for the quantification of metabolites and can be used for measuring kynurenines.
Presented here is the use of liquid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-SQ) for the simultaneous determination of four kynurenines, i.e., kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic, and xanthurenic acid in the medium collected from in vitro cultured cancer cells. SQ detector is simple to use and less expensive compared to other mass spectrometers. In the SQ-MS analysis, multiple ions from the sample are generated and separated according to their specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), followed by the detection using a Single Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode.
This paper draws the attention on the advantages of the reported method and indicates some weak points. It is focused on critical elements of LC-SQ analysis including sample preparation along with chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. The quality control, method calibration conditions and matrix effect issues are also discussed. We described a simple application of 3-nitrotyrosine as one analog standard for all target analytes. As confirmed by experiments with human ovary and breast cancer cells, the proposed LC-SQ method&#160;generates reliable results and can be further applied to other in vitro cellular models.

Described here is a protocol for the determination of four different tryptophan metabolites generated in the kynurenine pathway (kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) in the medium collected from cancer cell cultures analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with a single quadrupole mass spectrometry.

癌細胞培養から採取した培地における液体クロマトグラフィー-質量分析法による選択キヌレニンの同時定量化

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and ...