系統、自然科学工学研究会議 (レベル) に線虫の遺伝学センターとカナダ財団の資金調達の革新 (CFI) のために感謝したいと思います。博士 Exing 王 (アソシエイト ・ ディレクター、光イメージング施設と同様、博士 Lizhen 陳 (細胞工学システム、解剖学、UT 健康サン ・ アントニオ) すべての線虫の実験のための彼女の研究室設備の無制限使用を許可するために感謝したいと思います、ユタ州健康サン アントニオ) 共焦点顕微鏡による援助のため。サポートおよびビデオ撮影を容易にするために奨励を提供するため博士マイロン イグナチオに感謝も申し上げます。

1. 染色し、腸内リソソームをイメージ
<ol><li>シード線虫成長媒体 (NGM) 鋼板 OP50
	<ol>
<li>19推奨プロトコルに従って NGM 板を準備し、閉じたプレートは室温で 2 日間乾燥を許可します。</li>
		<li>滅菌ルリア スープ (LB) スープに OP50 細菌を接種する、37 ° c 36 h または外径が 0.2 〜 0.4 まで揺れインキュベーターや水のお風呂で育ちます。細菌培養を用いた OD を避ける > 1 または外径 < 0.2。</li>
		<li>一度 NGM 板が乾燥、プレートの中央に OP50 接種のドロップ (〜 30 μ L) を配置し、約 2 cm × 2 cm サイズでは、パッチにドロップを広めます。 注: 任意残り OP50 接種は 1 ヶ月最大 4 ° C で保存できます。</li>
		<li>接種に (約 10 または 15 分) が乾燥したら OP50 板を反転し、36 h の 37 ° C で版を孵化させなさい。</li>
		<li>36 時間後まで後で使用の定温器および 4 ° C でストアからプレートを削除します。 注: プレートは 4 ° C で 1 ヶ月に適してする必要があります。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>OP50 に cDCFDA を補う
	<ol>
<li>OP50 プレートの上に cDCFDA を補うためには、ジメチルスルホキシド (DMSO) で 10 mM cDCFDA の在庫を用意してください。光と後で使用のための-20 ° C でのストアから保護された cDCFDA のソリューションを保持します。</li>
		<li>パッチ全体が cDCFDA で均一に覆われているように、2 cm × 2 cm OP50 パッチの表面に 10 mM cDCFDA 溶液 100 μ L をそっと置きます。 注: OP50 のパッチ全体が cDCFDA で覆われていることが非常に重要です。必要な場合は、各プレートの cDCFDA の最大 150 μ L を使用します。また、cDCFDA ソリューションが OP50 パッチから流れる cDCFDA の食品に組み込まれません、染色強度縮小になりますので OP50 パッチの境界を超えて拡張していないことが不可欠です。</li>
		<li>CDCFDA ソリューションのすべての細菌のパッチに吸収されるまで、ベンチ上暗いボックスに OP50 プレートを置き (通常約 25 〜 30 分)。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>CDCFDA を使用してワームを染色
	<ol>
<li>CDCFDA は、OP50 パッチを浸透している完全に、一度プレートごとの以上 20 のワームを置き、14 時間の最小値のための 20 の ° C で反転板を孵化させなさい。 注: ライトへの露出を最小限に抑えるため不透明なボックスに cDCFDA プレートを配置することをお勧めします。</li>
		<li>実験の摂取量の違いを制御し、cDCFDA 信号を正規化する (推奨) 3-{2-[(1H,1'H-2,2'-bipyrrol-5-yl-kappaN(1))methylidene]-2H-pyrrol-5-yl-kappaN}-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]propanamidato) (共同染色フッ素) ホウ素 (たて 1 ミリメートルのソリューションの 2.5 μ L)、その蛍光は主として非変酸性 pH スペクトル acidotropic 弱いアミン染料 (試薬の一般的な名前の材料表を参照してください)。 注: これが不十分な cDCFDA 染色強度を提供し、ライソゾーム pH の誤った解釈を与えるので 14 h 未満のワームを染色しません。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>顕微鏡のスライドの準備
	<ol>
<li>テープに約 3 インチ ミラー (図 1) などの滑らかな平らな面に離れてラベル付けの 2 つの平行ストリップを配置します。</li>
		<li>撥水スプレーが付いているミラーの表面をコート、余分な液体をふき取る。</li>
		<li>完全に液化まで電子レンジで (蒸留 H2O に溶解) 2% の agarose を溶かし、テープの 2 つのストリップ間の agarose の 50 μ L のドロップを配置し、スライドが垂直のストリップに顕微鏡のスライドとドロップについて簡単に説明テープ。Agarose が固化した後、スライドの下の円形のパッドを形成スライドを裏返し、5 mM アジ化ナトリウム (NaN3) agarose パッド上の 10 に 15 μ L を追加します。 注: ナン3はシトクロム C 阻害剤時に低濃度で使用、可逆画像の中には移動しませんので、ワームに麻酔がかかります。</li>
		<li>CDCFDA と補われる OP50 プレートからワームを選ぶし、任意 OP50 せずきれいな NGM プレートに転送しています。ワームは、地表から削除する、OP50 のほとんどを許可する秒数移動するワームを許可し、5 mM アジ化ナトリウムを含む agarose パッドにワームを転送します。</li>
		<li>すぐにカバー スリップでアガロース パッドをカバーします。優しくこれワーム破裂で起因できるので、あまりにも多くの圧力を適用することがなくカバー スリップを配置することを確認します。 注: cDCFDA を添加した OP50 細菌蛍光顕微鏡で可視化したとき、それ故にアジ化ナトリウムを含む agarose パッドにそれらを置く前に可能な限り、ワームをきれいにすることが重要です。線虫(N2、野生型のコントロールを含む) の以上 6 系統を準備中している場合、6、ワームが agarose パッド上の乾燥しないでくださいことを確保するためのバッチのサンプルを準備することをお勧めします。いくつかの系統で、外陰部はそれに応じて計画することが重要ですので、カバー スリップからの圧力により時間の延長期間の後破裂を開始します。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>共焦点顕微鏡 注: いくつかの顕微鏡蛍光強度を補うため蛍光の変数のレベルが自動的に増加する組み込み機能があります。そのような顕微鏡は、サンプルの蛍光強度は増加が本質的にするので、cDCFDA で染色ワームをイメージングのためによく働かないかもしれない。<ol>
<li>励起/蛍光波長 488/530 に設定を使用して標準的な共焦点顕微鏡のイメージングを実行 cDCFDA の nm。腸内リソソームの単一の平面画像 (ない Z スタック) を取るし、強度の定量化のための焦点 (最大信号強度) は、リソソームのみを使用します。 注: おそらく染料の可用性の違いのためのすぐ後方咽頭に小腸細胞のリソソームを維持 cDCFDA 染色遺伝子型や年齢に関係なく、それゆえ注意が必要これらの細胞のリソソームをイメージングを避けるために。</li>
		<li>2 日間の古い野生型 N2 はまずワームを含むスライドをイメージします。そうしながら染色 cDCFDA が飽和状態ではないことを確保するためのレーザー出力のピンホール、絞りなど共焦点撮像パラメーターを調整します。 注: これらの設定を設定した後は変更その日の画像の全体の持続期間のため。</li>
		<li>腸 (3 に 4 枚ワーム) の単一の平面の 1024 x 1024 ピクセルの画像をキャプチャ、60 倍レンズを使用します。 注: ワームの cDCFDA の発光スペクトルは、520 nm は、報告された蛍光スペクトル20、腸蛍光 (図 3) とは異なる特定の信号読み出しを提供するとの一致で単一の顕著なピークを得られます。</li>
		<li>生共焦点画像 (.lsm ファイル) を各チャネルの .tiff ファイルとしてエクスポートします。</li>
		<li>次に、ImageJ を開き、ファイルをクリックして |開いてを定量化する画像ファイルを開きます。イメージが読み込まれると、一度 ImageJ で楕円形選択ツールを使用して、利益 (率 ROI) の領域を選択します。</li>
		<li>その後、分析をクリックして |メジャー ROI の蛍光強度を定量化します。画像 1 枚あたり 4-5 異なるフォーカスのリソソームを選択し、利益 (率 ROI) の各地域の平均の相対的な蛍光強度を計算します。</li>
		<li>各イメージのリソソーム間腸地域のバック グラウンド蛍光強度を測定します。リソゾーム蛍光強度の値からバック グラウンド蛍光強度の値を減算します。</li>
		<li>合計では、約 30 に 50 cDCFDA 強度 (6 に 10 動物) テストされる各緊張に個別正規化した値を収集します。これらの値を使用して、任意の適切な統計解析ソフトウェアを使用してボックス、ウィスカのプロットを印刷します。 注: は、蛍光強度の比較が同じ染色実験のサンプル プロセス内で関連するだけになるよう温度、培養時間、動物の全体的な健康/年齢のような要因によってかなり異なります染色できます。したがって、すべての染色実験のコントロールを処理するために重要です。統計的な差異を計算 (t-テスト)、適切な統計ソフトウェアを使用します。</li>
		<li>イメージすべては順番に世話を撮像パラメーターのいずれかを変更すること (同じ日にステンド グラス) 同じ実験から系統します。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+proteomics+analysis+of+differential+protein+expression+and+oxidative+modification+of+specific+proteins+in+the+brains+of+old+mice.">Quantitative proteomics analysis of differential protein expression and oxidative modification of specific proteins in the brains of old mice.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 27 (7), 1010-1019 (2006).</li><li>Yin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+basis+of+lipofuscin,+ceroid,+and+age+pigment-like+fluorophores.">Biochemical basis of lipofuscin, ceroid, and age pigment-like fluorophores.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 21 (6), 871-888 (1996).</li><li>Nehrke, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reduction+in+intestinal+cell+pHi+due+to+loss+of+the+Caenorhabditis+elegans+Na+/H++exchanger+NHX-2+increases+life+span.">A reduction in intestinal cell pHi due to loss of the Caenorhabditis elegans Na+/H+ exchanger NHX-2 increases life span.</a> J Biol Chem. 278 (45), 44657-44666 (2003).</li><li>Chakraborty, K., Leung, K., Krishnan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+lumenal+chloride+in+the+lysosome+is+critical+for+lysosome+function.">High lumenal chloride in the lysosome is critical for lysosome function.</a> Elife. 6, (2017).</li></ol>

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高齢化に貢献するさまざまな細胞および分子イベント生活史特性と遺伝的要因によって影響を受けます。私たちの最近の研究22では、生殖周期がライソゾーム pH の動態の調節を介して相馬のフィットネスの制御において重要な役割を果たしていることを示唆しています。V ATPase の転写は、順番により、酸性リソソームのアップレギュレーションによって動物を積極的に再現?...

タンパク質凝集体の外観広く認められる真核細胞1,2,3と細胞老化4原則ドライバーの中に思想が形成の高齢化の特徴,5,6,7. 年齢を細胞、タンパク質の異化が障害、タンパク質凝集の増加につながる成長証拠があります。老化細胞における蛋白質分解の破綻には、プロテアソームを介したタンパク質分解9と同様、オートファジー8の障害が含まれます。最後に、古い細胞の増加は不可逆的なタンパク質の酸化タンパク質異化10をさらに損なうこと。
Autophagy は当初一括劣化損傷を受けたタンパク質の非選択性プロセスであると考えられたが、最近の研究は、オートファジーはタンパク質凝集体とは細胞小器官の機能不全の非常に選択が示されています。他の蛋白質のクリアランス機構11による特性劣化を受けやすい。オートファジーのプロセス中に破損したと集計されたタンパク質は、オートファゴソームと呼ばれる二重膜の小胞に隔離します。このオートファゴソームは、オートファゴソーム貨物12の劣化につながる、リソソームと呼ばれる酸性の細胞内小器官と融合します。リソソーム オートファジー経路のエンドポイントを表し、細胞膜修復、転写調節、栄養リモートセンシングなど別の細胞プロセスに参加(文献 13 見直し) のホメオスタシスで彼らの中心的な役割を強調します。いくつかの研究は、ライソゾーム機能、年齢依存的な低下と様々 な神経変性疾患13間の関連を示しています。一貫して、古い細胞のライソゾームの機能を復元すると、高齢化に関連した表現14,15の発症を遅らせることができます。Intralumen 環境の組成の研究では、古い細胞のライソゾームの機能の崩壊はリソソームタンパク16の生産の減少のためではないことを示唆しています。また、intralysosomal 酸味、その酵素活性の重要な要件の損失可能性がありますリソソームを介したタンパク質分解17でドロップの根底にあることが提案されている.この仮説を検証することができる、試薬およびレプリケート可能で一貫性のある方法で生きた細胞のライソゾーム pH のダイナミックな変化をプローブするためのプロトコルの開発が不可欠です。
線虫 c. エレガンスの腸みみずの主要な代謝組織であり、全身の恒常性と寿命の重要な調節因子。変化を評価するアッセイを開発したどのようにリソソームを介したタンパク質分解を決定するワームの腸内リソソーム内腔の酸性度で高齢化に貢献します。Hasn't されてまだ、体内ライソゾーム pH18.の小さい増加を検出する成功したプロトコルを確立する努力が pH に敏感な fluorophores が付いては、腸内のリソソームをマークする線虫で従来使用されてきた、ここでは、OP50 食品に pH に依存した蛍光体 (cDCFDA) が組み込まれています簡単で便利な餌プロトコルを使用してc. の elegansの腸の細胞のライソゾーム酸性度の損失を検出する使用できるプロトコルを提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1166">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:475px;">OP50 (E. coli)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Order online at https://cgc.umn.edu/strain/OP50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">5(6)-carboxy-2&#8217;,7&#8217;-dichlorofluorescein diacetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C369</td>
			<td>Commonly known as cDCFDA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:475px;">9-diethylamino-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazine-5-one and (3-{2-[(1H,1&#39;H-2,2&#39;-bipyrrol-5-yl-kappaN(1))methylidene]-2H-pyrrol-5-yl-kappaN}-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]propanamidato)(difluoro)boron</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L7528</td>
			<td>Commonly known as Lysotracker Red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Confocal microscope (e.g. Zeiss LSM 510)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Download for free from https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">LB Broth powder</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22700041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A5306-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S9888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Bacto Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S71604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Cholesterol powder</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C3045&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">449709</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">K3PO4</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Sodium Azide</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Microscope Slides</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48311-703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Cover Slips</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A6013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:475px;">Mirror or other smooth flat surface</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing lysosomal alkalinization in the intestine of live caenorhabditis elegans

線虫線虫(C. elegans) は、長寿と発達経路の研究に広く使用されているモデル システムです。このような研究は動物、転送し逆遺伝学的アッセイ、生成の蛍光に分類された蛋白質の相対的な容易さと初期に microinjected することができますいずれか蛍光染料の使用能力の透明物によって促進されます。胚、または細胞細胞器官 (例えば9-ジエチルアミノヒドロキシベンゾイル-5 H-ベンゾ (a) 誘導 5-1 と (3-{2-[(1H,1'H-2,2'-bipyrrol-5-yl-kappaN(1)) methylidene]-2 H-pyrrol-5-イル-活版} - N は - のラベルにその食品(大腸菌 OP50)に組み込まれました。[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]propanamidato)(difluoro)boron)。今回腸内リソソームを汚れ蛍光 pH 感受性色素の使用ライブ ワームのライソゾーム酸性度の動的な生理学的な変更のビジュアルの読み出しを提供します。このプロトコルはリソソームの pH を測定しないが、むしろライソゾーム酸性度の生理学的な関連語句を評価する信頼性の高い方法を確立することを目的と。cDCFDA は細胞内のエステラーゼによって加水分解時に蛍光蛍光 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (cDCF) に変換はセル側の透過物化合物です。リソソーム内のプロトン化それが蓄積する場所、これらのオルガネラの cDCF をトラップします。4.8 その低い pKa、ためこの染料は、酵母の pH センサーとして使用されています。ここで腸内リソソーム内の酸性度を評価するために栄養補助食品として cDCFDA の使用を説明線虫。この技術は生きている動物,に取って代わるリソソームの発見が可能、老化, オートファジー, およびリソソーム器官に関する研究を含む実験的アプリケーションの広い範囲を持っています。

cDCFDA は pH 依存的にリソソームを汚れ、その低い pKa およびリソソームに準備ができて吸収理想的な pH センサー21になります。cDCFDA 染色、ライソゾーム pH (pH が下がると強度の増加が染色されているすなわち)18,22に反比例します。cDCFDA 信号が v-atp アーゼ プロトン インポート22 に必要な...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

PH に敏感な重要な染料 6 - カルボキシ - を使用して 2', 7'-ジクロルフルオレッセン アセテート (cDCFDA) のc. の elegansの腸のライソゾーム酸性度の損失をプローブするステップ バイ ステップ ガイド

腸の生きている線虫のライソゾーム アルカリ化を評価します。

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a model system that is widely used to study longevity and developmental pathways. Such studies are ...

assessing-lysosomal-alkalinization-intestine-live-caenorhabditis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

5.9K ビュー.  University of Saskatchewan. PH に敏感な重要な染料 6 - カルボキシ - を使用して 2', 7'-ジクロルフルオレッセン アセテート (cDCFDA) のc. の elegansの腸のライソゾーム酸性度の損失をプローブするステップ バイ ステップ ガイド

ビデオ: Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Identifying the reproductive toxicity of the thousands of chemicals present in our environment has been one of the most tantalizing challenges in the field of environmental health. This is due in part to the paucity of model systems that can (1) accurately recapitulate keys features of reproductive processes and (2) do so in a medium- to high-throughput fashion, without the need for a high number of vertebrate animals.
We describe here an assay in the nematode C. elegans that allows the rapid identification of germline toxicants by monitoring the induction of aneuploid embryos. By making use of a GFP reporter line, errors in chromosome segregation resulting from germline disruption are easily visualized and quantified by automated fluorescence microscopy. Thus the screening of a particular set of compounds for its toxicity can be performed in a 96- to 384-well plate format in a matter of days. Secondary analysis of positive hits can be performed to determine whether the chromosome abnormalities originated from meiotic disruption or from early embryonic chromosome segregation errors. Altogether, this assay represents a fast first-pass strategy for the rapid assessment of germline dysfunction following chemical exposure.

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

We describe the detailed steps of a high-throughput chemical assay in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans used to assess germline toxicity. In this assay, disruption of germline function following chemical exposure is monitored using a fluorescent reporter specific to aneuploid embryos.

線虫を用いて生殖化学毒性を総合的に評価<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Identifying the reproductive toxicity of the thousands of chemicals present in our environment has been one of the most tantalizing challenges in the ...

発生生物学

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a population of rapidly cycling intestinal stem cells (ISCs) characterized by their expression of the Lgr5 gene. These are supported by a quiescent stem cell population, marked by Bmi-1 expression, capable of replacing them in the event of injury. Investigating the interactions between these populations is crucial to understanding their roles in disease and cancer. The ISCs exist within crypts on the intestinal surface, these niches support the ISC in replenishing the epithelia. The interaction between active and quiescent ISCs likely involves other differentiated cells within the niche, as it has previously been demonstrated that the &#8216;&#8216;stemness&#8217;&#8217; of the Lgr5 ISC is closely tied to the presence of their neighboring Paneth cells. Using conditional cre-lox mouse models we tested the effect of deleting the majority of active ISCs in the presence or absence of the Paneth cells. Here we describe the techniques and analysis undertaken to characterize the intestine and demonstrate that the Paneth cells play a crucial role within the ISC niche in aiding recovery following substantial insult.

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

Intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISCs) are intermingled with Paneth cells. These cells are differentiated progeny of the ISC, which support the ISCs and provide antibacterial protection. Here we demonstrate how we used transgenic conditional mouse models to establish that Paneth cells play a crucial role in maintaining the intestinal epithelia.

条件を使用して、マウス腸の再生成にパネート細胞の役割を分析するためのプロトコル<em&gt;のCre-LOX</em&gt;マウスモデル

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a ...

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

The evolutionarily conserved&#160;extracellular signal transducing RTK-RAS-ERK pathway is an important kinase-signaling cascade that controls multiple cellular and developmental processes principally via activation of ERK, the terminal kinase of the pathway. Tight regulation of ERK activity is essential for normal development and homeostasis; overly active ERK results in excessive cellular proliferation, while underactive ERK causes cell death. C. elegans is a powerful model system that has helped characterize the function and regulation of RTK-RAS-ERK signaling pathway during development. In particular, the RTK-RAS-ERK pathway is essential for C. elegans germline development, which is the focus of this method. Using antibodies specific to the active, diphosphorylated form of ERK (dpERK), the stereotypical localization pattern can be visualized within the germline. Because this pattern is both spatially and temporally controlled, the ability to reproducibly assay dpERK is useful to identify regulators of the pathway that affect dpERK signal duration and amplitude and thus germline development. Here we demonstrate how to successfully dissect, stain, and image dpERK within the C. elegans gonad. This method can be adapted for spatial localization of any signaling or structural protein in the C. elegans gonad, provided an antibody compatible with immunofluorescence is available.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

We present an immunofluorescence&#160;imaging-based method for spatial and temporal localization of active ERK in the dissected C. elegans gonad. The protocol described here can be adapted for visualization of any signaling or structural protein in the C. elegans gonad, provided a suitable antibody reagent is available.

で活躍ERKの時空間解析<em&gt; C。エレガンス</em&gt;生殖細胞系列

The evolutionarily conserved&#160;extracellular signal transducing RTK-RAS-ERK pathway is an important kinase-signaling cascade that controls multiple ...

In Vitro Ovule Cultivation for Live-cell Imaging of Zygote Polarization and Embryo Patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana

In most flowering plants, the zygote and embryo are hidden deep in the mother tissue, and thus it has long been a mystery of how they develop dynamically; for example, how the zygote polarizes to establish the body axis and how the embryo specifies various cell fates during organ formation. This manuscript describes an in vitro ovule culture method to perform live-cell imaging of developing zygotes and embryos of Arabidopsis thaliana. The optimized cultivation medium allows zygotes or early embryos to grow into fertile plants. By combining it with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) micropillar array device, the ovule is held in the liquid medium in the same position. This fixation is crucial to observe the same ovule under a microscope for several days from the zygotic division to the late embryo stage. The resulting live-cell imaging can be used to monitor the real-time dynamics of zygote polarization, such as nuclear migration and cytoskeleton rearrangement, and also the cell division timing and cell fate specification during embryo patterning. Furthermore, this ovule cultivation system can be combined with inhibitor treatments to analyze the effects of various factors on embryo development, and with optical manipulations such as laser disruption to examine the role of cell-cell communication.

In Vitro Ovule Cultivation for Live-cell Imaging of Zygote Polarization and Embryo Patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana

This manuscript describes an in vitro ovule cultivation method that enables live-cell imaging of Arabidopsis zygotes and embryos. This method is utilized to visualize the intracellular dynamics during zygote polarization and the cell fate specification in developing embryos.

体外受精卵の Live 細胞イメージング偏光とシロイヌナズナの胚パターン形成の胚珠培養

In most flowering plants, the zygote and embryo are hidden deep in the mother tissue, and thus it has long been a mystery of how they develop dynamically; ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

マウス二次口蓋融合のライブイメージング

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

The C. elegans Intestine As a Model for Intercellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis at the Single-cell Level: Labeling by Antibody Staining, RNAi Loss-of-function Analysis and Imaging

Multicellular tubes, fundamental units of all internal organs, are composed of polarized epithelial or endothelial cells, with apical membranes lining the lumen and basolateral membranes contacting each other and/or the extracellular matrix. How this distinctive membrane asymmetry is established and maintained during organ morphogenesis is still an unresolved question of cell biology. This protocol describes the C. elegans intestine as a&#160;model for the analysis of polarized membrane biogenesis during tube morphogenesis, with emphasis on apical membrane and lumen biogenesis. The C. elegans twenty-cell single-layered intestinal epithelium is arranged into a simple bilaterally symmetrical tube, permitting analysis on a single-cell level. Membrane polarization occurs concomitantly with polarized cell division and migration during early embryogenesis, but de novo polarized membrane biogenesis continues throughout larval growth, when cells no longer proliferate and move. The latter setting allows one to separate subcellular changes that simultaneously mediate these different polarizing processes, difficult to distinguish in most polarity models. Apical-, basolateral membrane-, junctional-, cytoskeletal- and endomembrane components can be labeled and tracked throughout development by GFP fusion proteins, or assessed by in situ antibody staining. Together with the organism&#39;s genetic versatility, the C. elegans intestine thus provides a unique in vivo model for the visual, developmental, and molecular genetic analysis of polarized membrane and tube biogenesis. The specific methods (all standard) described here include how to: label intestinal subcellular components by antibody staining; analyze genes involved in polarized membrane biogenesis by loss-of-function studies adapted to the typically essential tubulogenesis genes; assess polarity defects during different developmental stages; interpret phenotypes by epifluorescence, differential interference contrast (DIC) and confocal microscopy; quantify visual defects. This protocol can be adapted to analyze any of the often highly conserved molecules involved in epithelial polarity, membrane biogenesis, tube and lumen morphogenesis.

The C. elegans Intestine As a Model for Intercellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis at the Single-cell Level: Labeling by Antibody Staining, RNAi Loss-of-function Analy

The transparent C. elegans intestine can serve as an "in vivo tissue chamber" for studying apicobasal membrane and lumen biogenesis at the single-cell and subcellular level during multicellular tubulogenesis. This protocol describes how to combine standard labeling, loss-of-function genetic/RNAi and microscopic approaches to dissect these processes on a molecular level.

細胞間腔の形態形成と単一細胞レベルでのIn Vivo偏光膜生合成のためのモデルとして線虫腸: 抗体の汚損、RNAi 損失の機能解析、イメージングによるラベリング

Multicellular tubes, fundamental units of all internal organs, are composed of polarized epithelial or endothelial cells, with apical membranes lining the ...

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein are molecular motors that regulate anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively. These motors use microtubule networks as rails. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful model organism to study axonal transport and IFT in vivo. Here, I describe a protocol to observe axonal transport and IFT in living C. elegans. Transported cargo can be visualized by tagging cargo proteins using fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). C. elegans is transparent and GFP-tagged cargo proteins can be expressed in specific cells under cell-specific promoters. Living worms can be fixed by microbeads on 10% agarose gel without killing or anesthetizing the worms. Under these conditions, cargo movement can be directly observed in the axons and cilia of living C. elegans without dissection. This method can be applied to the observation of any cargo molecule in any cells by modifying the target proteins and/or the cells they are expressed in. Most basic proteins such as molecular motors and adaptor proteins that are involved in axonal transport and IFT are conserved in C. elegans. Compared to other model organisms, mutants can be obtained and maintained more easily in C. elegans. Combining this method with various C. elegans mutants can clarify the molecular mechanisms of axonal transport and IFT.

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a good model to study axonal and intracellular transport. Here, I describe a protocol for in vivo recording and analysis of axonal and intraflagellar transport in C. elegans.

線虫ニューロンの細胞内輸送を分析するための固定化

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain and protect cellular identities. The conversion of germ cells into specific neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful tool for performing genetic screens in order to dissect regulatory pathways that safeguard established cell identities. Reprogramming of germ cells to a specific type of neurons termed ASE requires transgenic animals that allow broad over-expression of the Zn-finger transcription factor (TF) CHE-1. Endogenous CHE-1 is expressed exclusively in two head neurons and is required to specify the glutamatergic ASE neurons fate, which can easily be visualized by the gcy-5prom::gfp reporter. A trans gene containing the heat-shock promoter-driven che-1 gene expression construct allows broad mis-expression of CHE-1 in the entire animal upon heat-shock treatment. The combination of RNAi against the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 and heat-shock-induced che-1 over-expression leads to reprogramming of germ cell into ASE neuron-like cells. We describe here the specific RNAi procedure and appropriate conditions for heat-shock treatment of transgenic animals in order to successfully induce germ cell to neuron conversion.

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

This protocol describes how to study cellular processes during cell fate conversion in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. Using transgenic animals, allowing heat-shock promoter-driven overexpression of the neuron fate-inducing transcription factor CHE-1 and RNAi-mediated depletion of the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 germ cell to neuron reprogramming can be observed in vivo.

線虫のニューロンに生殖細胞を再プログラムする RNAi と熱衝撃による転写因子の発現のアプリケーション

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

核の分布、蛋白質および細胞骨格を研究する線虫生殖細胞の解析

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Studying Oxidative Stress Caused by the Mitis Group Streptococci in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a free-living nematode, has emerged as an attractive model to study host-pathogen interactions. The presented protocol uses this model to determine the pathogenicity caused by the mitis group streptococci via the production of H2O2. The mitis group streptococci are an emerging threat that cause many human diseases such as bacteremia, endocarditis, and orbital cellulitis. Described here is a protocol to determine the survival of these worms in response to H2O2 produced by this group of pathogens. Using the gene skn-1 encoding for an oxidative stress response transcription factor, it is shown that this model is important for identifying host genes that are essential against streptococcal infection. Furthermore, it is shown that activation of the oxidative stress response can be monitored in the presence of these pathogens using a transgenic reporter worm strain, in which SKN-1 is fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). These assays provide the opportunity to study the oxidative stress response to H2O2 derived by a biological source as opposed to exogenously added reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources.

Studying Oxidative Stress Caused by the Mitis Group Streptococci in Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model to dissect host-pathogen interactions. Described here is a protocol to infect the worm with members of the mitis group streptococci and determine activation of the oxidative stress response against H2O2 produced by this group of organisms.

腸の生きている線虫のライソゾーム アルカリ化を評価します。

腸の生きている線虫のライソゾームアルカリ化を評価します。