この出版物で報告された研究は、国立歯科研究所と顔面研究 (NIDCR) ・賞数 R56 DE025098、UG3 DE027695、F30 CA206296 の下で健康の国民の協会の国立癌研究所 (NCI) によって支えられました。内容は著者の責任と国立衛生研究所の公式見解を必ずしも表さない。この作品も、NSF DMR 1206219 と口腔ケア賞 (2016), 技術革新によって支えられました。
唾コレクション援助の博士えり丸山とアンドリュー ホローモンに感謝したいと思います。腺解剖して彼の支援の Pei Lun 翁に感謝したいと思います。我々 は図の準備の彼の援助のマシュー ・ インガルスを感謝したいです。この原稿の批判的読解の博士 Elaine Smolock とエミリー呉に感謝したいと思います。

すべては、生体内での下記手続は、ロチェスターの大学、ロチェスター動物資源の大学委員会によって承認されました。NY。
1. 準備
<ol><li>分析用天秤を使用すると、ピロカルピンの 20 mg の重量を量る。微量遠心チューブの滅菌生理食塩水 2 mL に溶かします。 注: ピロカルピンが光に敏感で、時間をかけて活動を失うのでこのソリューション必要があります準備注入の日と投与までの光から保護されました。</li>
	<li>分析用天秤を使用すると、重量を量るし、すべてのコレクション チューブ、ガラス管を識別します。コレクション チューブ、ガラス管の数には、マウスの数を一致する必要があります。</li>
</ol>2. 気管切開
<ol><li>分析用天秤を用いた C57/BL6 マウスの重量を量る。</li>
	<li>29 x ½"針で 0.5 mL シリンジを使用して、100 mg/kg 10 mg/kg とケタミン ・ キシラジンの腹腔内注入滅菌生理食塩液をマウスを麻酔します。マウスが応答する刺激 (すなわちペダル逃避反射の不在) に一般的に投与 5 〜 10 分以内に発生するときは、次の手順に進みます。</li>
	<li>綿の先端アプリケータに潤滑剤を塗布後軽く目に適用され、仰臥位でステージ上にマウスを置きます。麻酔下の動物は、暖かい表面に保たれなければなりません。 注: すべての手順は、室温で実行されます。</li>
	<li>鼻、手足、サージカル テープを使用して、ステージに尾を保護します。</li>
	<li>きれいにしアルコール ワイプで首を濡れています。 注: これは入力後切開から毛皮を防ぐため役立ちます。</li>
	<li>鉗子で腹側正中線の首の皮膚を引き上げ、解剖はさみを使用して小さい、表面的なカットをします。開口部にはさみをご案内し、ゆっくりと皮下組織面を分離するブレードを開きます。</li>
	<li>口の下に 1 cm 上げた肌に保つ、慎重にカットします。</li>
	<li>最初のカットの劣ると優れた側面を 2 つの横切開を確認します。鉗子を使用すると、頭と首の構造へのアクセスを有効にする皮膚反映まで優しく。</li>
	<li>顎下腺 8 倍の倍率で解剖顕微鏡を用いた可視化 (正中線:図 1)。</li>
	<li>微細鉗子を使用すると、気管を覆う 4 つの舌骨下 (ストラップ) 筋肉を公開する腺をそっと持ち上げます。涙や周囲の血管や導管を中断することを避けるため。</li>
	<li>1 つ以上のマウスから唾液を収集する続行する前に各マウスを使って手順 2.1 2.10 を繰り返します。 メモ: この手順が安全で実行できます 5 マウスまで同時に。</li>
	<li>小さな解剖はさみでできるだけ正中線に近い滞在中ストラップの筋肉の内側の部分を削除します。気管を視覚化し、プロシージャの間に方法のストラップの筋肉を保つために必要な量だけカットのみ。ピロカルピンが分泌を誘導する効果的ではない重要な出血にセカンダリ ボリュームの枯渇がある場合ために任意の近くの血管を傷つけないでください。</li>
	<li>気管からストラップの筋肉を反映してください。</li>
	<li>喉頭・気管・甲状腺を視覚化します。気管がない組織を覆うことを確認します。</li>
	<li>小さな解剖はさみを使って甲状腺に劣る/後部気管内横切開を加えます。気道が特許と流体の明確なことを確認します。</li>
</ol>3. 唾液コレクション
<ol><li>口と角解離ステージ下方近くテープを削除 (45 ° 頭側) 唾液の流れを支援します。</li>
	<li>29 x ½"針で 0.5 mL シリンジを使用して、100 mg/kg の総線量の 10 μ L/g 本体重量ピロカルピンの腹腔内投与を実行します。</li>
	<li>タイマーを起動します。複数のマウスを投与している場合、は、迅速に移動することによって、アシスタント残りのマウスを同時に注入することでリードタイムを短縮します。</li>
	<li>通常鉗子を使用すると、キャピラリー チューブのアクセスのための口を開きます。</li>
	<li>口の中で唾液のビードを観察すると、遠位端で、流体にキャピラリー チューブの近位端の場所が (両方のチューブが事前の重量を量った) 解離性の段階の下に収集の管に配置。 注: C57/BL6 雌ネズミの 6-10 週齢総唾液分泌に発生しますピロカルピン注射の 2 分以内。</li>
	<li>唾液は、口の中でビル管を通って流れていない場合、前の手順を再試行します。入口を妨げることができる粘膜表面に対して直接チューブが配置されていないことを確認します。</li>
	<li>ピロカルピン刺激 12 分の合計のため唾液を収集します。ストーマは明確に残ることを確認します。 注: この時間の間に、通常一回換気量の増加や分泌物 (唾液、尿、便) が。</li>
	<li>マウスは唾液の機能に踏み込んだ場合 (e.g。、ケガや介入のため)、P200 ピペットを使用してコレクションの管口から残りの流体に転送。複数のマウスから収集する場合は、ヒントを変更することを確認します。</li>
	<li>ピロカルピン注射後採取唾液プラス チューブ 12 分の重量を記録します。</li>
</ol>4. 腺解剖
<ol><li>CO2安楽死によってマウスを安楽死させる (動物の安楽死の AVMA のガイドラインに従って: 2013 年版) 開胸、頭と首の構造を維持するために世話が続きます。このため、安楽死の方法として頚部転位を避けます。</li>
	<li>仰臥位でステージ上にマウスを置きます。気管 (図 1) を元のサイトで腺の位置を変更します。</li>
	<li>8 倍の倍率で解剖顕微鏡を用いた視覚化大腺: PG、SMG、SLG。解剖中腺を区別するために、PG がびまん性、SMG と SLG に横で横になっていることを特定します。 注: PG を解剖する場合これされるべき最初だから少なくとも定義され引き裂かれるらしい。</li>
	<li>基になる構造から引き離し、鉗子で PG の尾をつかみ、優しく解剖はさみで PG の頭を切断する前に緊張を適用します。</li>
	<li>鉗子を用いた SMGs を覆う被膜を破る。左と右の SMG を優しきます。</li>
	<li>無料の鉗子を用いた付着 nonglandular 組織から SMG の背側面。</li>
	<li>鉗子でピンと張ったウォートンのダクトを描画し、解剖はさみとダクトを切断、首から SMG を削除します。</li>
	<li>SMG は鉗子を使用してから、SLG を優しきます。 注: SLG は、SMG の上外側面では。</li>
	<li>分析のバランスを使用して、SMG の重みを記録します。</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

腺傷害や治療研究に適用可能な唾液腺機能を評価するためにマルチ ステップ法を提案します。私たちの手順には、気管、唾液のコレクション、および唾液腺の生物学の統合研究をサポートすることができます実験アプリケーションを持つ腺解剖が含まれます。たとえば、マウスの気管は、口腔内を妨害する手順の中で一般的な気道管理のため使用されています。
ピロカ?...

唾液腺の障害には、調節不全の過剰産生 (sialorrhea) や唾1の生産不足 (口腔乾燥症と唾液) の分泌障害症候群が含まれます。どちらの場合も、治療開発2の最終目標に向けて唾液腺の生物学の私達の理解の向上に関心があります。
唾液腺は放射線感受性非常器官、頭頸部がんの放射線治療、永久的なドライマウス (口腔乾燥症)3,4につながる間しばしば破損しています。他の放射線感受性の組織とは異なりただし、唾液腺の離職率は比較的低いと分泌の損失のメカニズムはかり5,6。このユニークなけが設定で組織再生と放射線防護戦略唾液の機能評価が必要です。実験的マウス唾液コレクションは腺に対する放射線と治療薬の評価に特に貴重なツールです。
実行して、ピロカルピン、強力なムスカリン作動薬7を使用して刺激唾液分泌の定量化の方法を紹介します。ピロカルピンは、腺分泌8,9を誘導するために自律神経を刺激します。このテストを適切に完了するには、気管切開は、マウスがプロシージャ中気道を維持するために口腔内10でプールされた分泌物から誤嚥・窒息のリスクを低減する必要があります。
これは、3 つの大唾液腺の除去で最高潮に達する、ターミナル手順: (PG) 耳下腺、顎下腺 (SMG)、舌下腺 (SLG)。機能性研究腺重量は記録され、唾液測定11,12,13を正規化する頻繁に使用されます。このデータは、前記腺萎縮が予想した結果14,15放射線研究で特に重要です。
どのように刺激唾液の分泌に関して文献の変動が実行され、16の報告があります。たとえば、ピロカルピン投与量文学スパン少なくとも 3 桁17,18,19,20,21,22,23内。今回、最適化された高用量ピロカルピン プロトコルとして合わせることができる技術 (気管、唾液のコレクション、および腺郭清) のモジュール式プラットフォームを提供することと同様に、メソッドの実行、再現性向上の目的で必要があります。
プロトコル デモに加えて、我々 は SMG 領域に分別された放射線 (6.85 Gy の 4 用量) に続く 2 週間で唾液の流れの代表的な機能のデータを含めます。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Pilocarpine hydrochloride</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">P6503</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Pilocarpine</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Student Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
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			<td>Spring Scissors for Tracheostomy</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Sterile Saline Solution</td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:219px;">Dumont #7 Forceps</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:219px;">Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:219px;">Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
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			<td>Dissection Scissors</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Microhematocrit Heparinized Capillary Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22362566</td>
			<td>Capillary tubes</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Lubricant Eye Ointment</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Goat polyclonal anti-Nkcc1</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC-21545</td>
			<td>Nkcc1 Antibody</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D1306</td>
			<td>DAPI</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">GraphPad Prism</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">GraphPad</td>
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			<td>Applicator for eye ointment</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">0.5cc Insulin Syringe, 29G x 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7629</td>
			<td>Syringe for intraperitoneal injection</td>
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murine salivary functional assessment via pilocarpine stimulation following fractionated radiation

唾液は、シェーグレン症候群や大唾液腺に次の放射線障害の自己免疫の反作用でよく観察されます。これらの場合、病気の発症と効果的介入に関する質問のまま。唾液腺の機能評価ができる最適化されたテクニックは外分泌腺の生物学、機能不全、および治療の調査のため貴重です。ピロカルピンを実行するステップ バイ ステップ アプローチを提案するここでは、気管切開と 3 つの主要なマウス唾液腺の解剖など、唾液の分泌を刺激します。我々 はまた、これらのテクニックの中にアクセス適切なマウス頭頸部解剖の詳細します。このアプローチは、スケーラブルな仕事の流れの効率を上げる複数のマウスを同時に処理を可能にします。それぞれはさらにフィールド内でアプリケーションがこれらのメソッドの再現性の向上を目指しています。唾コレクションに加えて指標を定量化し、これらの組織の機能の正常化をについて説明します。代表的なデータは分別された放射線 (6.85 Gy の 4 用量) に続く 2 週間落ち込んで唾液腺機能と顎下腺から含まれます。

唾コレクションに刺激高用量ピロカルピンを実行するときは、誤嚥を防ぐために気道を維持するために重要なまたは口腔内の分泌物から窒息です。切開の概略図 (図 1) を提供しています。気管切開後ストーマは組織や体液の明確なままする必要があります。
唾コレクション中に毛管作用を向上させ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation at JoVE.com

Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

ピロカルピン刺激次を介してマウス唾液機能的アセスメント分別放射線

マウスの気管切開と 3 つの大唾液腺の分離を含む唾液のコレクションを実行する詳細なアプローチを提案します。

Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In ...

murine-salivary-functional-assessment-via-pilocarpine-stimulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.0K ビュー.  University of Rochester. マウスの気管切開と 3 つの大唾液腺の分離を含む唾液のコレクションを実行する詳細なアプローチを提案します。

ビデオ: Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their head and neck regions for cancer treatment. Both groups of patients experience symptoms such as xerostomia (dry mouth), dysphagia 
(impaired chewing and swallowing), severe dental caries, altered taste, oro-pharyngeal infections (candidiasis), mucositis, pain and discomfort.
One innovative approach of regenerative medicine for the treatment of salivary gland hypo-function is speculated in RS Redman, E Mezey 
et al. 2009: stem cells can be directly deposited by cannulation into the gland as a potent method in reviving the functions of the impaired organ. Presumably, 
the migrated foreign stem cells will differentiate into glandular cells to function as part of the host salivary gland. Also, this cannulation technique is an 
expedient and effective delivery method for clinical gene transfer application.
Here we illustrate the steps involved in performing the cannulation procedure on the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct 
(Fig 1). C3H mice (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) are used for this experiment, which have been kept under clean conventional conditions at 
the McGill University animal resource center. All experiments have been approved by the University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the 
guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
For this experiment, a trypan blue solution is infused into the gland through the opening of the Wharton's duct using a 
insulin syringe with a 29-gauge needle encased inside a polyethylene tube. Subsequently, the mouse is dissected to show that the infusions migrated 
into the gland successfully.

A protocol for the cannulation of the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct is described. For this experiment, the trypan blue solution is used as a dyer to demonstrate how this technique effectively delivers infusions into the targeted gland, and to suggest the reliability of this new approach as a potential clinical drug/cell therapy for the regeneration of salivary glands.

ワルトン管を経由してマウス顎下唾液腺のカニュレーション

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their ...

医学

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

神経筋電気刺激による筋力トレーニングのマウスモデル

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive biologic markers of stress. This article we present the steps for collection and analysis of two salivary assays in research with frail, community residing older adults-salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase. The field of salivary bioscience is rapidly advancing and the purpose of this presentation is to provide an update on the developments for investigators interested in integrating these measures into research on aging. Strategies are presented for instructing family caregivers in collecting saliva in the home, and for conducting laboratory analyses of salivary analytes that have demonstrated feasibility, high compliance, and yield quality specimens. The protocol for sample collection includes: (1) consistent use of collection materials; (2) standardized methods that promote adherence and minimize subject burden; and (3) procedures for controlling certain confounding agents. We also provide strategies for laboratory analyses include: (1) saliva handling and processing; (2) salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase assay procedures; and (3) analytic considerations.

We demonstrate: (1) procedures for collection of salivary samples in cognitive impaired older adults by family caregivers in the home setting, (2) procedures for measuring stress activity via salivary cortisol and alpha amylase, and (3) representative profiles. Protocols that allow researchers to study stress-linked processes advance our understanding of biological sensitivity and susceptibility.

唾液を収集し、家族介護者を経由して高齢者を居住する虚弱コミュニティ唾液コルチゾールおよびα-アミラーゼの測定

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research  that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive  biologic markers of ...

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.

This protocol describes the porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model using a 90 min closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, the protocol for several outcome parameters, such as cardiac function, hemodynamics, microvascular resistance, and infarct size, are also presented.

豚における心筋梗塞および機能的結果の評価

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power.
Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is effective for Parkinson&#8217;s disease, improving symptoms and reducing power consumption compared to conventional deep brain stimulation (cDBS). In aDBS we track a local field potential biomarker (beta oscillatory amplitude) in real time and use this to control the timing of stimulation.

アダプティブ脳深部刺激とパーキンソン病の防除

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Assessment of Acute Ionizing Radiation Induced Skin Toxicity Using a Mouse Model

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and negatively impact patient quality of life and long term survival. Advances in the understanding of the biological pathways associated with normal tissue toxicities have allowed for the development of interventional drugs, however, current response studies are limited by a lack of quantitative metrics for assessing the severity of skin reactions. Here we present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe the instrumentation design of the DOS system as well as the inversion algorithm for extracting the optical parameters. Finally, to demonstrate clinical utility, we present representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema and compare the results with a commonly employed visual scoring. The described DOS method offers an objective, high through-put evaluation of skin toxicity via functional response that is translatable to the clinical setting.

We present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe DOS instrumentation design, optical parameters extraction algorithms and the animal handling procedures required to yield representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema.

マウスモデルを用いた急性電離放射線による皮膚毒性の定量的評価のための光学分光拡散

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and ...

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. Irreparable cell damage results in a chronic loss of salivary function that impairs basic oral activities, and increases the risk of oral infections and dental caries. Salivary hypofunction and its complications gravely impact a patient's comfort. Current symptomatic management of the condition is ineffective, and newer therapies to assuage the condition are needed. 
Salivary glands are exocrine glands, which expel their secretions into the mouth via excretory ducts. Cannulation of these ducts provides direct access to the glands. Retroductal delivery of a contrast agent to major salivary glands is a routine out-patient procedure for diagnostic imaging. Using a similar procedure, localized treatment of the glands is feasible. However, performing this technique in preclinical studies with small animals poses unique challenges. In this study we describe the technique of retroductal administration in rat submandibular glands, a procedure that was refined in Dr. Bruce Baum's laboratory (NIH)1, and lay out a procedure for local gland irradiation.

Salivary gland hypofunction, a major adverse effect of head and neck radiotherapy diminishes a patient's quality of life. The demonstration of efficacy of new therapies in animal models is a prerequisite before clinical transition. This protocol describes retroductal administration and local irradiation of rat submandibular glands.

唾液機能低下のラットモデルにおけるRetroductal顎下腺点滴とローカライズされた分割照射

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and electrophysiological phenotype in the atria. That encourages us to utilize a genetically-engineered mouse model to elucidate the mechanism of AF. However, it is difficult to evaluate the electrophysiological properties in murine atria due to their small size. This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of atria using an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution in Langendorff perfused murine hearts. The optical mapping system is assembled with dual high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and high magnification objective lenses, to detect the fluorescence of a voltage-sensitive dye and Ca2+ indicator. To focus on the assessment of murine atria, optical mapping is performed with an area of 2 mm &#215; 2 mm or 10 mm x 10 mm, with a 100 &#215; 100 resolution (20 &#181;m/pixel or 100 &#181;m/pixel) and sampling rate of up to 10 kHz (0.1 ms) at maximum. A 1-French size quadripolar electrode pacing catheter is placed into the right atrium through the superior vena cava avoiding any mechanical damage to the atrium, and pacing stimulation is delivered through the catheter. An electrophysiological study is performed with programmed stimulation including constant pacing, burst pacing, and up to triple extrastimuli pacing. Under a spontaneous or pacing rhythm, the optical mapping recorded the action potential duration, activation map, conduction velocity, and Ca2+ transient individually in the right and left atria. In addition, the programmed stimulation also determines the inducibility of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Precise activation mapping is performed to identify the propagation of the excitation in the atrium during an induced atrial tachyarrhythmia. Optical mapping with a specialized setting enables a thorough electrophysiological evaluation of the atrium in murine pathological models.

This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of murine atria utilizing an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution, including dual recordings of the membrane voltage and Ca2+ transient under programmed stimulation through a specialized electrode catheter.

高解像度光学マッピングとマウスの心房の電気生理学的評価

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and ...

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

The immune system operates by maintaining a tight balance between coordinating responses against foreign antigens and maintaining an unresponsive state against self-antigens as well as antigens derived from commensal organisms. The disruption of this immune homeostasis can lead to chronic inflammation and to the development of autoimmunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system involved in activating na&#239;ve T cells to initiate immune responses against foreign antigens. However, DCs can also be differentiated into TolDCs that act to maintain and promote T cell tolerance and to suppress effector cells contributing to the development of either autoimmune or chronic inflammation conditions. The recent advancement in our understanding of TolDCs suggests that DC tolerance can be achieved by modulating their differentiation conditions. This phenomenon has led to tremendous growth in developing TolDC therapies for numerous immune disorders caused due to break in immune tolerance. Successful studies in preclinical autoimmunity murine models have further validated the immunotherapeutic utility of TolDCs in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Today, TolDCs have become a promising immunotherapeutic tool in the clinic for reinstating immune tolerance in various immune disorders by targeting pathogenic autoimmune responses while leaving protective immunity intact. Although an array of strategies has been proposed by multiple labs to induce TolDCs, there is no consistency in characterizing the cellular and functional phenotype of these cells. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide for the development of bone marrow-derived DCs in large numbers, a unique method used to differentiate them into TolDCs with a synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid-difluoro-propyl-amide (CDDO-DFPA), and the techniques used to confirm their phenotype, including analyses of essential molecular signatures of TolDCs. Finally, we show a method to assess TolDC function by testing their immunosuppressive response in vitro and in vivo in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and characterize tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs) and evaluate their immunotherapeutic utility.

開発とマウス免疫寛容樹状細胞の機能解析

The immune system operates by maintaining a tight balance between coordinating responses against foreign antigens and maintaining an unresponsive state ...

Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.

Using three-dimensional organotypic cultures to visualize morphology and functional markers of salivary glands may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of tissue damage following radiation. Described here is a protocol to section, culture, irradiate, stain, and image 50&#8211;90 &#956;m thick salivary gland sections prior to and following exposure to ionizing radiation.

顎下および耳下腺唾液腺からの Organotypic 培養の放射線治療は生体内特性をモデル化する

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with ...