该出版物中报告的研究得到国家牙科和颅面研究研究所 (NIDCR) 和国立卫生研究院全国癌症研究所 (R56 DE025098、UG3 DE027695 和 F30 CA206296) 的支持。内容完全是作者的责任, 不一定代表国家卫生研究院的官方意见。这项工作也得到了 NSF DMR 1206219 和 IADR 口腔护理奖 (2016) 创新的支持。
我们要感谢 Eri 圆山博士和安德鲁 Hollomon 为他们提供的唾液收集帮助。我们要感谢培伦翁协助进行腺体解剖。我们要感谢马修·格尔斯在图准备方面的协助。我们要感谢伊莲 Smolock 博士和艾米莉. 吴对这篇手稿的批判性阅读。

下文概述的所有体内程序均经罗切斯特罗切斯特大学动物资源大学委员会批准。纽约。
1. 准备
<ol><li>使用分析天平, 重20毫克的匹。将其溶于2毫升的无菌盐水中, 离心管。 注意: 由于匹属轻敏感, 并且随着时间的推移而失去活动, 这个解决方案应该在注射之日准备好, 并在被管理之前保护光线。</li>
	<li>使用分析平衡, 权衡和识别所有收集管和玻璃毛细血管。收集管和玻璃毛细血管的数量应与小鼠数量相匹配。</li>
</ol>2. 气管切开术
<ol><li>用分析天平称 C57/BL6 小鼠。</li>
	<li>使用0.5 毫升注射器与 29G x ½ "针, 麻醉小鼠与腹腔注射无菌盐水溶液100毫克/千克氯胺酮和10毫克/千克甲苯噻嗪。当鼠标不再响应刺激 (即没有踏板退出反射) 时, 继续执行以下步骤, 通常在注射后5到10分钟内发生。</li>
	<li>在用棉签涂抹润滑剂后, 轻轻地涂抹在眼睛上, 把鼠标放在舞台上的仰卧位置。麻醉动物必须保持在温暖的表面上。 注意: 所有步骤都在室温下执行。</li>
	<li>用手术胶带把鼻子、四肢和尾巴固定在舞台上。</li>
	<li>用酒精擦干净和湿脖子。 注意: 这将有助于防止毛皮进入随后的切口。</li>
	<li>用镊子提高腹中线颈部皮肤, 用解剖剪刀做一个小而浅的切口。引导剪刀进入开口, 慢慢地打开皮下的刀片, 分开组织平面。</li>
	<li>保持皮肤抬起, 小心地切到1厘米以下的嘴。</li>
	<li>在第一切口的下等和上级方面做两个侧向切口。使用镊子, 轻轻地反射离开皮肤, 使进入头部和颈部结构。</li>
	<li>使用解剖显微镜在8X 放大, 可视化颌下腺 (中线:图 1)。</li>
	<li>使用细钳, 轻轻地抬起腺体, 以暴露四舌骨下 (带) 肌肉在气管上方。避免撕裂或扰乱周围的血管或排泄管道。</li>
	<li>如果从多个鼠标收集唾液, 请在继续之前对每只鼠标重复步骤 2.1-2.10。 注: 本程序可同时安全执行多达5只鼠标。</li>
	<li>用小解剖剪刀, 移除带肌内侧部分, 同时尽量靠近中线。在手术过程中, 尽量减少气管的可视性, 保持带肌。避免偷任何附近的船只, 因为如果有严重出血继发量耗尽, 在诱导分泌物时, 匹比不会有效。</li>
	<li>从气管中反射出带肌。</li>
	<li>可视化喉、气管和甲状腺。确保气管的上部组织不明显。</li>
	<li>用小解剖剪刀在气管的下/后向甲状腺进行水平切口。确保气道是专利的, 并清除液体。</li>
</ol>3. 唾液收集
<ol><li>将胶带移近口部和角部解剖阶段向下 (45°, cranially), 以协助唾液流动。</li>
	<li>使用0.5 毫升注射器与 29G x ½ "针, 执行腹腔注射10µL/克体重的匹凡总剂量100毫克/千克。</li>
	<li>开始计时器。如果多剂量的老鼠, 通过快速移动和由助手同时注射其余的老鼠缩短提前时间。</li>
	<li>使用标准钳, 打开口管进入毛细管。</li>
	<li>一旦唾液中的一颗珠子被观察到, 将毛细管的近端放到液体中, 远端端放到位于解剖阶段以下的收集管 (两管预称重)。 注: 在 C57/BL6 雌性小鼠 6-10 周的年龄, 总流涎发生在2分钟的匹比注射。</li>
	<li>如果唾液是在口中生成的, 而不是流过管子, 重试上一步。确保管不直接放置在粘膜表面, 这会阻碍入口。</li>
	<li>收集唾液, 总共12分钟后, 匹凡刺激。确保气孔保持清晰。 注: 在这段时间内, 增加的潮汐量和分泌物 (唾液、泌尿、粪便) 是正常的。</li>
	<li>如果老鼠有压抑的唾液功能 (g., 由于伤害或干预), 使用 P200 微将剩余的液体从口腔转移到收集管。如果从多个鼠标收集, 请确保提示被更改。</li>
	<li>记录12分钟后收集唾液加管的重量。</li>
</ol>4. 腺体解剖
<ol><li>弄死小鼠由 CO2安乐死 (如 AVMA 指南为动物安乐死: 2013 编辑) 然后切开, 注意保存头和脖子的结构。因此, 避免颈椎脱位是安乐死的一种方法。</li>
	<li>将鼠标放在舞台上的仰卧位置。将原始站点中的腺体重新定位到气管 (图 1)。</li>
	<li>使用解剖显微镜在8X 放大, 可视化主要腺体: PG, SMG 和 SLG。为了区分解剖过程中的腺体, 确定 PG 是弥漫的, 躺在与 SMG 和 SLG 侧。 注: 如果解剖 PG, 这应该首先做, 因为它是最不明确的, 最有可能被撕裂。</li>
	<li>用镊子抓住 pg 的尾部, 将其从底层结构中拉出, 在用解剖剪刀切开 pg 头前轻轻地施加张力。</li>
	<li>用镊子将 SMGs 周围的胶囊破坏。轻轻地分开左, 右的 SMG。</li>
	<li>用镊子从粘附的 nonglandular 组织中释放 SMG 的背侧。</li>
	<li>用镊子把沃顿商学院的导管拉紧, 用解剖剪刀切开导管, 从颈部取出 SMG。</li>
	<li>用镊子轻轻地将 SLG 与 SMG 分开。 注: SLG 在 SMG 的 superolateral 方面。</li>
	<li>使用分析天平记录 SMG 重量。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

本文提出一种评价涎腺功能的多步法方法, 可用于研究腺损伤和治疗。我们的程序包括气管切开, 唾液收集和腺体解剖, 每个实验应用都能支持涎腺生物学的综合研究。例如, 小鼠气管切开术在阻塞口腔的过程中被用于一般的气道管理。
正确的解剖和气管切开是需要的, 以刺激唾液分泌100毫克/千克。另一种方法是, 减少的匹比, 可以避免对气管切开的需要, 因此用于纵向评估唾液...

涎腺疾病包括失调或分泌障碍的症状, 导致生产过剩 (sialorrhea) 或减产 (口干症和 hyposalivation) 的唾液1。在这两种情况下, 都有兴趣提高我们对涎腺生物学的认识, 迈向治疗发展的最终目标2。
涎腺是高度敏感器官, 并且经常被损坏在头颈癌放疗期间, 导致永久干嘴 (口干症)3, 4.与其他敏感组织不同, 涎腺的更替率相对较低, 分泌性损失的机制不太了解5,6。在这种独特的损伤设置, 组织再生和防护策略需要唾液功能评估。实验中, 小鼠唾液收集是评估辐射和治疗药物的腺体反应的一个特别有价值的工具。
在这里, 我们提出了一个方法, 以执行和量化刺激唾液分泌使用的匹毒蕈, 一个强有力的7激动剂。匹凡刺激自主神经系统诱发腺体分泌8,9。为了适当地完成这项试验, 需要进行气管切开, 以确保老鼠在整个过程中保持一个专利气道, 并减少口腔内的分泌物窒息和吸入的风险10。
这是一个终端程序, 最终清除三大涎腺: 腮腺 (PG), 颌下腺 (SMG) 和舌下 (SLG)。在功能性研究中, 腺体重量被记录下来, 通常用来规范化唾液测量11,12,13。这些数据在辐射研究中尤为重要, 其中腺体萎缩是预期结果14,15
在文献中有可变性的关于如何刺激唾液分泌被执行和报告的16。例如, 在文学范围内的匹比剂量至少三级17,18,19,20,21,22,23。在这里, 我们提出了一个优化的高剂量匹凡协议, 目的是提高方法执行的重现性, 以及提供一个模块化的技术平台 (气管切开, 唾液收集和腺体解剖), 可以适应需要。
除了协议演示外, 我们还包括有代表性的2周内唾液流动的功能数据 (4 剂量 6.85) 到 SMG 地区。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pilocarpine hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P6503</td><td>Pilocarpine</td></tr><tr><td>Student Vannas Spring Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>91500-9</td><td>Spring Scissors for Tracheostomy</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Saline Solution</td><td>Medline</td><td>RDI30296H</td><td>Saline</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #7 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11274-20</td><td>Curved Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-10</td><td>Straight Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Pattern Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11000-12</td><td>Blunt Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Fine Scissors- Tungsten Carbide</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14568-09</td><td>Dissection Scissors</td></tr><tr><td>Microhematocrit Heparinized Capillary Tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22362566</td><td>Capillary tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Lubricant Eye Ointment</td><td>Refresh</td><td>N/A</td><td>Refresh Lacri-Lube</td></tr><tr><td>Goat polyclonal anti-Nkcc1</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td><td>SC-21545</td><td>Nkcc1 Antibody</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&#039;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>D1306</td><td>DAPI</td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism</td><td>GraphPad</td><td>ver6.0</td><td>Statistical Software</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tipped applicator</td><td>Medline</td><td>MDS202000</td><td>Applicator for eye ointment</td></tr><tr><td>0.5cc Insulin Syringe, 29G x 1/2&quot;</td><td>BD</td><td>7629</td><td>Syringe for intraperitoneal injection</td></tr></tbody></table>

murine salivary functional assessment via pilocarpine stimulation following fractionated radiation

Hyposalivation 通常观察到 Sjögren 综合征的自身免疫反应或继放射损伤的主要涎腺。在这些情况下, 有关疾病发病机制和有效干预的问题仍然存在。一种优化的技术, 允许对涎腺的功能性评估是非常宝贵的研究外分泌腺生物学, 功能障碍和治疗。在这里, 我们提出一步一步的方法来执行的匹凡刺激唾液分泌, 包括气管切开和解剖三大鼠涎腺。我们还详细介绍了适当的小鼠头部和颈部解剖学在这些技术的访问。这种方法是可伸缩的, 允许多个鼠标同时处理, 从而提高了工作流的效率。我们的目的是提高这些方法的重现性, 每一个都有进一步的应用领域内。除了唾液收集, 我们还讨论了量化和规范化这些组织的功能能力的指标。有代表性的数据包括从颌下腺功能下降2周后, 分光辐射 (4 剂量 6.85)。

当执行高剂量的匹比刺激唾液收集, 重要的是保持呼吸道, 以防止吸入或窒息的分泌物在口腔。提供了气管切开的示意图 (图 1)。气管切开后, 气孔必须保持清晰的组织和液体。
为了加强唾液收集过程中的毛细血管作用, 应将小鼠的头部置于45°角度向下定位。这些步骤可以在 > 1 鼠标上执行, 但不建议一次?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation at JoVE.com

Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

小鼠涎腺照射后通过匹属刺激进行唾液功能评估

我们提出了一个详细的方法来执行唾液收集, 包括小鼠气管切开和隔离三大涎腺。

Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In ...

murine-salivary-functional-assessment-via-pilocarpine-stimulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K 次观看.  University of Rochester. 我们提出了一个详细的方法来执行唾液收集, 包括小鼠气管切开和隔离三大涎腺。

视频: Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their head and neck regions for cancer treatment. Both groups of patients experience symptoms such as xerostomia (dry mouth), dysphagia 
(impaired chewing and swallowing), severe dental caries, altered taste, oro-pharyngeal infections (candidiasis), mucositis, pain and discomfort.
One innovative approach of regenerative medicine for the treatment of salivary gland hypo-function is speculated in RS Redman, E Mezey 
et al. 2009: stem cells can be directly deposited by cannulation into the gland as a potent method in reviving the functions of the impaired organ. Presumably, 
the migrated foreign stem cells will differentiate into glandular cells to function as part of the host salivary gland. Also, this cannulation technique is an 
expedient and effective delivery method for clinical gene transfer application.
Here we illustrate the steps involved in performing the cannulation procedure on the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct 
(Fig 1). C3H mice (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) are used for this experiment, which have been kept under clean conventional conditions at 
the McGill University animal resource center. All experiments have been approved by the University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the 
guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
For this experiment, a trypan blue solution is infused into the gland through the opening of the Wharton's duct using a 
insulin syringe with a 29-gauge needle encased inside a polyethylene tube. Subsequently, the mouse is dissected to show that the infusions migrated 
into the gland successfully.

A protocol for the cannulation of the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct is described. For this experiment, the trypan blue solution is used as a dyer to demonstrate how this technique effectively delivers infusions into the targeted gland, and to suggest the reliability of this new approach as a potential clinical drug/cell therapy for the regeneration of salivary glands.

沃顿商学院的导管插管通过小鼠颌下腺唾液腺

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their ...

科研

医学

Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For many patients afflicted with CNS and non-CNS malignancies, radiotherapy and chemotherapy offer the best options for disease control. These treatments however come at a cost, and nearly all cancer survivors (~11 million in the US alone as of 2006) incur some risk for developing cognitive dysfunction, with the most severe cases found in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy (~200,000/yr) for the control of primary and metastatic brain tumors1. Particularly problematic are pediatric cases, whose long-term survival plagued with marked cognitive decrements results in significant socioeconomic burdens2. To date, there are still no satisfactory solutions to this significant clinical problem.
We have addressed this serious health concern using transplanted stem cells to combat radiation-induced cognitive decline in athymic rats subjected to cranial irradiation3. Details of the stereotaxic irradiation and the in vitro culturing and transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) can be found in our companion paper (Acharya et al., JoVE reference). Following irradiation and transplantation surgery, rats are then assessed for changes in cognition, grafted cell survival and expression of differentiation-specific markers 1 and 4-months after irradiation. To critically evaluate the success or failure of any potential intervention designed to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive sequelae, a rigorous series of quantitative cognitive tasks must be performed. To accomplish this, we subject our animals to a suite of cognitive testing paradigms including novel place recognition, water maze, elevated plus maze and fear conditioning, in order to quantify hippocampal and non-hippocampal learning and memory. We have demonstrated the utility of these tests for quantifying specific types of cognitive decrements in irradiated animals, and used them to show that animals engrafted with hNSCs exhibit significant improvements in cognitive function3.
The cognitive benefits derived from engrafted human stem cells suggest that similar strategies may one day provide much needed clinical recourse to cancer survivors suffering from impaired cognition. Accordingly, we have provided written and visual documentation of the critical steps used in our cognitive testing paradigms to facilitate the translation of our promising results into the clinic.

Cognitive impairment resulting from the radiotherapeutic management of brain tumors represents a clinically intractable condition that adversely impacts quality of life. The capability to critically evaluate potential interventions for ameliorating radiation-induced cognitive decrements ultimately depends on the capability to undertake rigorous quantitative assessments of cognition.

量化颅放疗引起的认知递减

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For ...

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

成人下丘脑神经发生局灶性放射性抑制功能审讯

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

神经科学

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal model of epilepsy, we generated pilocarpine-treated chronic epileptic mice. We present a protocol for three different behavioral tests using these epileptic mice: novel object location (NL), novel object recognition (NO), and pattern separation (PS) tests to evaluate learning and memory for places, objects, and contexts, respectively. We explain how to set the behavioral apparatus and provide experimental procedures for the NL, NO, and PS tests following an open field test that measures the animals&#8217; basal locomotor activities. We also describe the technical advantages of the NL, NO, and PS tests with respect to other behavioral tests for assessing memory function in epileptic mice. Finally, we discuss possible causes and solutions for epileptic mice failing to make 30 s of good contact with the objects during the familiarization sessions, which is a critical step for successful memory tests. Thus, this protocol provides detailed information about how to assess epilepsy-associated memory impairments using mice. The NL, NO, and PS tests are simple, efficient assays that are appropriate for the evaluation of different kinds of memory in epileptic mice.

This article presents experimental procedures for assessing memory impairments in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. This protocol can be used to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms of epilepsy-associated cognitive decline, which is one of the most common comorbidities in epilepsy.

皮洛卡平诱导癫痫小鼠记忆功能评估

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal ...

行为学

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

适应人类Videofluoroscopic燕子研究的方法来检测和检定吞咽困难的小鼠疾病模型

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

鼠标涎腺干细胞的分离

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

生物学

Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland

Two common goals of salivary gland therapeutics are prevention and cure of tissue dysfunction following either autoimmune or radiation injury. By locally delivering bioactive compounds to the salivary glands, greater tissue concentrations can be safely achieved versus systemic administration. Furthermore, off target tissue effects from extra-glandular accumulation of material can be dramatically reduced. In this regard, retroductal injection is a widely used method for investigating both salivary gland biology and pathophysiology. Retroductal administration of growth factors, primary cells, adenoviral vectors, and small molecule drugs has been shown to support gland function in the setting of injury. We have previously shown the efficacy of a retroductally injected nanoparticle-siRNA strategy to maintain gland function following irradiation. Here, a highly effective and reproducible method to administer nanomaterials to the murine submandibular gland through Wharton's duct is detailed (Figure 1). We describe accessing the oral cavity and outline the steps necessary to cannulate Wharton's duct, with further observations serving as quality checks throughout the procedure.

Local drug delivery to the submandibular glands is of interest in understanding salivary gland biology and for the development of novel therapeutics. We present an updated and detailed retroductal injection protocol, designed to improve delivery accuracy and experimental reproducibility. The application presented herein is the delivery of polymeric nanoparticles.

Retroductal 纳米微粒注射液对小鼠颌下腺的治疗

Two common goals of salivary gland therapeutics are prevention and cure of tissue dysfunction following either autoimmune or radiation injury. By locally ...

生物工程

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. Irreparable cell damage results in a chronic loss of salivary function that impairs basic oral activities, and increases the risk of oral infections and dental caries. Salivary hypofunction and its complications gravely impact a patient's comfort. Current symptomatic management of the condition is ineffective, and newer therapies to assuage the condition are needed. 
Salivary glands are exocrine glands, which expel their secretions into the mouth via excretory ducts. Cannulation of these ducts provides direct access to the glands. Retroductal delivery of a contrast agent to major salivary glands is a routine out-patient procedure for diagnostic imaging. Using a similar procedure, localized treatment of the glands is feasible. However, performing this technique in preclinical studies with small animals poses unique challenges. In this study we describe the technique of retroductal administration in rat submandibular glands, a procedure that was refined in Dr. Bruce Baum's laboratory (NIH)1, and lay out a procedure for local gland irradiation.

Salivary gland hypofunction, a major adverse effect of head and neck radiotherapy diminishes a patient's quality of life. The demonstration of efficacy of new therapies in animal models is a prerequisite before clinical transition. This protocol describes retroductal administration and local irradiation of rat submandibular glands.

Retroductal颌下腺灌输和本地化分割照射在涎腺功能减退症大鼠模型

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

A Method for the Measurement of Salivary Gland Function in Mice

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced saliva production. Similarly, saliva production is severely compromised in patients receiving radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Rodent models, developed to mimic these clinical conditions, facilitate an understanding of the disease pathogenesis and allow for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the ability to accurately, reproducibly, and repeatedly measure salivary gland function in animal models is critical. Building on procedures previously described in the literature, a method was developed that meets these criteria and was used to evaluate salivary gland function in mice. An additional advantage of this new method is that it is easily mastered, and has little inter-operator variation. Salivary gland function is evaluated as the amount (weight or volume) or rate (mL/min) of saliva produced in response to pilocarpine stimulation. The collected saliva is a good source for the analyses of protein content, immunoglobulin concentrations, and other biomolecules.

Salivary gland hypofunction is a frequent consequence of autoimmune disease and radiation therapy. Reproducible evaluation of salivary gland function in mouse models of these diseases is a technical challenge. Here, a simple method for accurate and reproducible measurement of saliva production in mice is described.

小鼠涎腺功能的测定方法

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced ...

免疫与感染

Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.

Using three-dimensional organotypic cultures to visualize morphology and functional markers of salivary glands may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of tissue damage following radiation. Described here is a protocol to section, culture, irradiate, stain, and image 50&#8211;90 &#956;m thick salivary gland sections prior to and following exposure to ionizing radiation.

下颌骨和腮腺表型模型对组织型培养的放射治疗是机体活力特征的关键

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with ...