この作品は、NIH U24 サンプル温存法プログラム (U24 AI118656) だけでなく、NIH/NIAID (R21AI119042) によって支えられました。

サンプル コレクションは、ピッツバーグ大学制度審査委員会 (IRB # PRO16060443, PRO10110387) によって承認されました。すべての実験は、バイオ セーフティ キャビネット適切な個人用保護具付けの下で実行されます。
1. デバイス作製とソフト ・ リソグラフィー
注: 標準的なソフト ・ リソグラフィー技術15,16はポリジメチルシロキサン (PDMS) マイクロ チャネルを作成する使用されました。
<ol><li>ベースと硬化剤の比率 10:1 の PDMS 前駆体をミックスします。</li>
	<li>微細加工によるアルミ金型の PDMS 前駆体混合物の 30 グラムを注ぐ (寸法は図 1を参照) および 100 mm のペトリ皿に PDMS 前駆体の混合物の 20 g。 注: ペトリ皿、支持層の PDMS (~ 3 mm) の厚いフィルムのために使用されます。PDMS の支持層は、マイクロ流体全体で均一な表面物性を提供します。また、スライド ガラス上の PDMS 薄膜を使用できます。特定のチャネル寸法マスター金型設計し、アルミのシートでの微粉砕により作製しました。本研究で使用されるスパイラル チャネルは、1 つの入口と半径 8 mm から 24 mm サイズ ベースの効率的な分離のために増加の 2 つのアウトレット 8 ループ スパイラル マイクロだった。</li>
	<li>ドガの画面で、通常 5-10 分、デシケータ用家真空気泡がなくなるまでに真空デシケータに金型とペトリ皿を配置します。</li>
	<li>真空を解放し、1 時間 90 ° C のオーブンで、カビやペトリ皿を配置します。 注: ホット プレートまたは他の加熱ツールは、オーブンの代わりに使用できます。</li>
	<li>金型とペトリ皿をオーブンから取り出し、10 分間室温で冷却するようにし、なさい。</li>
	<li>慎重に輪郭をカット、2 mm パンチャーを使用してデバイスの流体アクセス穴をパンチします。 注: パンチのサイズ チューブまたは流体のガイドのサイズによって異なります。</li>
	<li>テープ デバイスのチャネル側と PDMS、厚膜を付着し、ほこりを削除する鉗子で慎重に皮をむきます。</li>
	<li>デバイスと空気プラズマ プレーン PDMS とプレーン PDMS (図 1 a) の準備のサポート層との絆のチャネル側の両方を扱います。</li>
	<li>スライド ガラス 50 mm × 70 mm のチップを置き、接着強度を高めるために、少なくとも 30 分の 70 ° C のオーブンで配置します。</li>
</ol>2 機械的に換気された患者から気管分泌コレクション
注: 気管分泌物することによって機械的に換気された患者の通常ルーチン気道ケア中に標準的な大人の換気患者を収容する従来の方法から変更されたプロトコルを使用しています。サンプルは識別不能化されますされ、処理に直ちに送信されます。
<ol><li>気管吸引が示される場合は、気道の分泌物を抽出するカテーテルを使用します。</li>
	<li>気管内チューブにカテーテルを慎重に半分の方法を進めるし、あらかじめ 10 mL のシリンジから 0.9% 滅菌生理食塩水入り 5 mL を植え付けます。</li>
	<li>カテーテルは完全に、高度なまたは抵抗が満たされると、分泌物を吸引し、滅菌喀痰コレクション コンテナーを収集します。</li>
	<li>滅菌喀痰容器に気管分泌物の 10 mL を収集し、氷の上に置きます。すぐに処理するためのサンプルを送信します。</li>
</ol>3. 気管分泌物サンプル準備
注: すべての実験はバイオ セーフティ キャビネット適切な個人用保護具付けの下で実行する必要があります。
<ol><li>リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) (10 倍希釈) のプラスチックの 10 mL の注射器を使用しての 9 mL の気道分泌のサンプルの 1 つの mL を分散させます。粘液サンプルを均質化するのに鈍ピペットを使用します。</li>
	<li>希釈剤を大きな塊や血栓は、マイクロ アクセス穴またはチャネルをブロックすることができますを削除する 40 μ m ナイロン セル ストレーナー付けひずみ。処理後、氷の上、サンプルを配置します。</li>
	<li>PBS バッファー、希薄懸濁液 x 1,000 の結果の 100 倍量を使用して各サンプルの希釈剤を分散させます。氷の上全体の解離操作中にサンプルを配置します。</li>
</ol>4. 実験のセットアップ
注: すべての実験はバイオ セーフティ キャビネット適切な個人用保護具付けの下で実行する必要があります。
<ol><li>4 スパイラル マイクロ (図 1 b) のそれぞれに一様流を適用する流体のガイドと PDMS チップを組み立てます。 注: 4 つのチャンネルは、結果の懸濁液の量と細胞密度の最適化と同様に並列処理によってスループットを増やすに使用されました。流体のガイドは、設計されて、透明樹脂の光造形タイプの 3 D プリンターで作られました。入口と流体のガイドの出口ポート接続と操作中に安定したシール性を女性のルアーロック コネクタを使用します。</li>
	<li>1/16 インチ男性ルアー コネクタを入口と内部壁 (IW) アウトレット、流体のガイドの外側の壁 (OW) 出口ポートに接続し、サンプルの懸濁液にシリコン チューブを接続します。</li>
	<li>インレットとアウトレット サンプル貯水池の底に到達するための各終わりに鈍のヒントを挿入します。</li>
	<li>インレット チューブ蠕動性ポンプを接続します。</li>
	<li>サンプル タンクの入口配管と IW アウトレット チューブの端に配置し、(図 1d) 廃棄物貯蔵所の OW アウトレット チューブの端を置きます。</li>
	<li>サンプル保存容器にカルシウムとマグネシウムなしフィルター処理された PBS の 50 mL のチューブを置きます。</li>
	<li>デバイスを総理する低流量 (〜 1 mL/分) でポンピングを開始します。 注: チャネル内の泡をキャプチャすると、不安定にし、空気の気泡を除去するピンセットでチャンネルの上部をプッシュします。デバイスが完全に緩衝液でいっぱいになる、気道分泌のサンプル チューブを準備する PBS チューブを変更します。</li>
	<li>サンプル タンクのサンプルを配置すると、蠕動運動型ポンプのスイッチ、4 mL/分 (図 1d) で流量を設定します。</li>
	<li>サンプル ボリュームでは、指定されたボリューム (〜 1 mL) に達すると、操作を中止、シリコン チューブを外します。 メモ: 提案手法は大量の希釈液を減らすことでより効率的な (> 50 mL) をマイクロ遠心チューブ ボリューム (〜 1 mL) (図 2)。</li>
</ol>5 フローサイトメトリー解析
注: 解離手法 (マイクロおよび換散) を比較するため, 蛍光抗体法とフローサイトメトリーが使用されました。
<ol><li>かに (FITC) - 共役マウス抗 CD66b モノクローナル抗体とアロフィコシアニン (APC) - 共役マウス抗 CD45 抗体初期懸濁液 (ステップ 3.3) し、結果として得られる懸濁液 (ステップ 4.9) (200 μ L を追加します。各抗体) の 1:25 の比率で v/v。</li>
	<li>4 ° c 30 分間暗闇の中でサンプルをインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>Pmn を定量化する流れの cytometer で両方のサンプルを分析します。 注: は CD45 陽性、CD66b 陽性 FITC APC 二重肯定的な人口が好中球としてと考えられた.回復は、入力と結果の懸濁液の総細胞数の比率で算出しました。</li>
</ol>6. NE リリース解析
注: 分離されたの機能を比較するには、マイクロ流体システムと溶解法による好中球 NE アッセイ キットを使いました。
<ol><li>各結果サスペンション (4.9 のステップで取得) を 50 の最終濃度に PMA (アッセイ キットで提供されます) を追加 nM。</li>
	<li>2 h の 37 ° C でサンプルをインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>10 分間 300 x g で懸濁液を遠心します。</li>
	<li>それぞれの上清の 10 μ L を (アッセイ キットで提供されます) 96 ウェル プレートに転送します。 注: 平らな底と黒ポリスチレン 96 ウェル マイクロ プレートをも使用できます。</li>
	<li>(アッセイ キットで提供されます) 希釈アッセイバッファーの 90 μ L を各ウェルに追加します。</li>
	<li>エラスターゼ基板 (Z アラ アラ アラ アラ 2Rh110、アッセイ キットで提供される) の 10 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>37 ° C で 1.5 時間インキュベートします。</li>
	<li>485 の励起波長で、蛍光光度計を用いた 96 ウェル プレートを読む nm、発光波長 525 nm。 注: NE のレベルだった流れフローサイトメトリー解析から多核白血球数で割った値。</li>
</ol>

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著者は、ここでは説明された技術の特許出願を提出しました。

慣性マイクロ粒子と細胞は、マイクロ流路のサイズ5,18,19,20に基づいて特定の水平位置にローカライズします。ディーンの複合効果による力と慣性の揚力曲線マイクロ、大きな粒子、好中球をドラッグ (> 10 μ m) 6 より小さいチャネルと小さな粒子、粘液の集計、および残骸の中にある μ m を配置以...

細胞は多量の気道分泌物で粘液にカプセル化されて、以来の in vitroアッセイによる白血球の機能評価を妨げられています。ジチオトレイトール (DTT) は最も一般的な換散バッファーを切り離して、細胞学的分析と単離細胞1,2の許容性を提供しながら調停の検出の喀痰を均質化します。ただし、DTT はエラスターゼおよびミエロペルオキシダーゼ (MPO) リリース2,3など好中球機能の中断の結果気道好中球表面結合抗原を妨げることができます。したがって、末梢血好中球肺4の生理学的特性を明らかにするかもしれないとひと気道好中球機能のいくつかの研究が行われています。一方、慣性マイクロは、様々 な患者のマトリックス5,6から細胞を分離することを進歩させてをきました。慣性の揚力とディーン ドラッグ間の平衡により、ラベル無料粒子分離7彼らの大きさに応じて粒子/セルに配置します。当社グループは以前循環腫瘍細胞8,9血8病原体、細胞懸濁液文化10、11,からの試料作製法を導入した12と多形核白血球 (PMNs) 血13,14から。
好中球エラスターゼ (NE) アッセイなど、下流の in vitroアッセイの閉ループ慣性マイクロを使用して患者さんの気道分泌物から免疫細胞を準備するためのプロトコルを紹介します。このメソッドは、セル/粒子の元、セル/粒子の金利が削除される臨床サンプルでよく観察される横方向に重要な重複がある場合は特に、高濃度と復旧の両方を提供します。内部壁 (IW) を再循環によって-廃棄物の貯留層を通過する小さな粘液骨材を用いた背景流体中大きな粒子またはセルへ入力サンプル チューブ、粒子や貯水池の元セルの関心集中を集中。臨床サンプルの異種流体特性、にもかかわらず提案手法を一貫して好中球 1,000 倍希釈、気道分泌物のサンプルからの 95% 以上回復 (〜 1 mL) きれいな食塩水で。対照的に、換散方法は Pmn の広い範囲のサンプル条件によって回収率を示します。提案プロトコルは、物理的あるいは化学的停止することなく、臨床的に低侵襲と生体に挑戦から繊細な細胞を収穫する可能性を提供するが無料のラベルに白血球をキャプチャします。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS precursor</td>
			<td>Dow corning</td>
			<td>184 SIL ELAST KIT 3.9KG</td>
			<td>10:1 ratio of base and curing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR gravity convection oven</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>414005-128</td>
			<td>PDMS precursor to be cured in 90 deg.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89000-324</td>
			<td>Fabrication of PDMS Supporting layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harris Uni-core puncher</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>WHAWB100076</td>
			<td>2mm diameter or other depending on the tubing size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air plasma machine</td>
			<td>Femto Science</td>
			<td>Cute</td>
			<td>Surface plasma treatment for PDMS device to bottom base.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2&#8221; x 3&#8221; glass slide</td>
			<td>TED PELLA, INC.</td>
			<td>2195</td>
			<td>To support PDMS device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masterflex spooled platinum-cured silicone tubing, L/S 14</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-96410-14</td>
			<td>Tubing for microfluidics and peristlatic pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/16 inch Luer connector, male</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>PC2 72-1443</td>
			<td>Connector for fluid guide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL Falcon tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21008-940</td>
			<td>sample collection &#38; preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1X Without Calcium and Magnesium</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>45000-446&#160;</td>
			<td>Buffer solution to dilute sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halyard Closed suction Catheter, Elbow, 14F/ channel 4.67mm</td>
			<td>HALYARD HEALTH</td>
			<td>22113</td>
			<td>Tracheal seceation suction catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% Sterile Normal saline, 10mL pre-filled syringe</td>
			<td>BD PosiFlush</td>
			<td>NHRIC: 8290-306547</td>
			<td>For tracheal seceation collection from the patients</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SecurTainer&#8482; III Specimen Containers, 20mL</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>1176R36</td>
			<td>Sterile sputum (airway secretion) collection container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe with Luer-Lok Tip, 10mL</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>BD309604</td>
			<td>To pipette homogenize the mucus sample and reach the bottom of sample tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD&#160; Blunt Fill Needle, with BD Luer-Lok&#160; Tip</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To pipette homogenize the mucus sample and reach the bottom of sample tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40&#181;m nylon cell strainer&#160;</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>21008-949</td>
			<td>To remove large chunk or blood clots, which can block the microfluidics access hole or the channel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump (Masterflex L/S Digital Drive)</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>HV-07522-30</td>
			<td>operation of microfluidics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD LSR II flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>LSR II flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Quantification of cell recovery ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated mouse anti-human CD66b monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>561927</td>
			<td>Immunostaining of neutrophils for Flow cytometer analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated mouse anti-human CD45 monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>561864</td>
			<td>Immunostaining of neutrophils for Flow cytometer analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>Varioskan</td>
			<td>Plate reader for neutrophil elastase assay, ex485/em525</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutrophil elastase assay kit</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>600610</td>
			<td>Neutrophil functionality assessment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoresbrite YG Microspheres 10.0&#181;m</td>
			<td>PolyScience, Inc.</td>
			<td>18140-2</td>
			<td>Fluorescent particles to express white blood cell trajectory in microfluidics</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

label-free neutrophil enrichment from patient-derived airway secretion using closed-loop inertial microfluidics

気道分泌物には、多数免疫関連細胞、例えば、好中球、マクロファージ、リンパ球は、さまざまな肺疾患、研究および臨床目的のための両方を評価する主要なリソースとして使用することができますにはが含まれています。しかし、患者の粘液の異種と粘性の性質のためありません現在メソッドがあります信頼性の高い解離患者気道分泌の宿主の免疫細胞に被害はありません。本研究では慣性マイクロ流体を使用して、患者さんの免疫の評価のためのサンプル調製法を紹介します。臨床サンプルの異種流体プロパティに関係なく、提案手法は 1,000 倍希釈、気道分泌物のサンプルから好中球の 95% 以上を回復する清潔な生理食塩水のミリリットルと。初期サンプル貯水池へ集中している出力ストリームを再循環によって高濃度、回復、および免疫細胞の純度は用意されています。再循環は、トレードオフが伴う慣性マイクロ流体の単一実行注射器ベースの操作と見なされます。スパイラル マイクロ流体システムの閉ループ操作ホルボール 12-ミリスタート 13-アセタート (PMA) によって示されるように物理的または化学的にせずに、白血球を提供します-並べ替えられた好中球のエラスターゼ遊離。

孟とマイクロ流体解離 (図 3 a) を DTT と両方で透明な免疫細胞懸濁液を達成しました。マイクロ解離収集 105 Pmn x 4.40 平均 (2.1 x 10 x 10 の5 Pmn 5.60 に4 n = 6) 気道分泌のサンプルから 1,000 倍希釈 (容量 50 mL) きれいな懸濁液の 1 mL に。初期希釈 94.0 %pmn と比較して (CD66b+/CD45+) 6 臨床サンプルにわたって一貫して、...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Label-free Neutrophil Enrichment from Patient-derived Airway Secretion Using Closed-loop Inertial Microfluidics at JoVE.com

Label-free Neutrophil Enrichment from Patient-derived Airway Secretion Using Closed-loop Inertial Microfluidics

本研究ではスパイラル慣性マイクロ流体システムの閉ループの操作を使用して臨床の気道分泌物からラベル無料好中球分離法を紹介します。提案手法は、様々 な呼吸器疾患の臨床の in vitroアッセイを拡大します。

閉ループ慣性マイクロ流路を用いた患者由来気道分泌からラベル無料好中球の濃縮

Airway secretions contain a large number of immune-related cells, e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which can be used as a major resource ...

label-free-neutrophil-enrichment-from-patient-derived-airway

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

6.3K ビュー.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 本研究ではスパイラル慣性マイクロ流体システムの閉ループの操作を使用して臨床の気道分泌物からラベル無料好中球分離法を紹介します。提案手法は、様々 な呼吸器疾患の臨床の in vitroアッセイを拡大します。

ビデオ: Label-free Neutrophil Enrichment from Patient-derived Airway Secretion Using Closed-loop Inertial Microfluidics

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells

A basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an ability to identify T cells based on their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity. Many indirect methods are available in which a bulk population of T cells is stimulated in vitro with a specific antigen and epitope-specific T cells are identified through the measurement of a functional response such as proliferation, cytokine production, or expression of activation markers1. However, these methods only identify epitope-specific T cells exhibiting one of many possible functions, and they are not sensitive enough to detect epitope-specific T cells at naive precursor frequencies. A popular alternative is the TCR transgenic adoptive transfer model, in which monoclonal T cells from a TCR transgenic mouse are seeded into histocompatible hosts to create a large precursor population of epitope-specific T cells that can be easily tracked with the use of a congenic marker antibody2,3. While powerful, this method suffers from experimental artifacts associated with the unphysiological frequency of T cells with specificity for a single epitope4,5. Moreover, this system cannot be used to investigate the functional heterogeneity of epitope-specific T cell clones within a polyclonal population.
	The ideal way to study adaptive immunity should involve the direct detection of epitope-specific T cells from the endogenous T cell repertoire using a method that distinguishes TCR specificity solely by its binding to cognate peptide:MHC (pMHC) complexes. The use of pMHC tetramers and flow cytometry accomplishes this6, but is limited to the detection of high frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells only found following antigen-induced clonal expansion. In this protocol, we describe a method that coordinates the use of pMHC tetramers and magnetic cell enrichment technology to enable detection of extremely low frequency epitope-specific T cells from mouse lymphoid tissues3,7. With this technique, one can comprehensively track entire epitope-specific populations of endogenous T cells in mice at all stages of the immune response.

This protocol describes the use of peptide:MHC tetramers and magnetic microbeads to isolate low frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells and analyze them by flow cytometry. This method enables the direct study of endogenous T cell populations of interest from in vivo experimental systems.

ペプチドエピトープ特異的T細胞のMHCテトラマーベースの濃縮

A  basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an  ability to identify T cells based on their T cell ...

免疫・感染学

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

長期的な慢性<em&gt;緑膿菌</emマウスにおける&gt;気道感染

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Human Neutrophil Flow Chamber Adhesion Assay

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion involves many different adhesion molecules including members of the &beta;2 integrin family and their counter-receptors of the ICAM family. Recently, naturally occurring genetic variants in both &beta;2 integrins and ICAMs are reported to be associated with autoimmune disease. Thus, the quantitative adhesive capacity of neutrophils from individuals with varying allelic forms of these adhesion molecules is important to study in relation to mechanisms underlying development of autoimmunity. Adhesion studies in flow chamber systems can create an environment with fluid shear stress similar to that observed in the blood vessel environment in vivo. Here, we present a method using a flow chamber assay system to study the quantitative adhesive properties of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and to purified ligand substrates. With this method, the neutrophil adhesive capacities from donors with different allelic variants in adhesion receptors can be assessed and compared. This method can also be modified to assess adhesion of other primary cell types or cell lines.

A method of quantitating neutrophil adhesion is reported. This method creates a dynamic flow environment similar to that encountered in a blood vessel. It allows the investigation of neutrophil adhesion to either purified adhesion molecules (ligand) or endothelial cell substrate (HUVEC) in a context similar to the in vivo environment with sheer stress.

ヒト好フローチャンバー接着アッセイ

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion ...

Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Utilizing Label-free Biosensor Technology

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will die from the disease. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I samples peptides derived from proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins and presents these fragments on the cell surface for interrogation by circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Generation of T-cell receptor mimic (TCRm) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognize breast cancer specific peptide/HLA-A*02:01 complexes such as those derived from macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF19-27) and NY-ESO-1157-165 enable detection and destruction of breast cancer cells in the absence of an effective anti-tumor CTL response. Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by breast cancer cells and represent potentially relevant cancer biomarkers. In this work, a breakthrough biomarker screening system for cancer diagnostics incorporating T-cell receptor mimic monoclonal antibodies combined with a novel, label-free biosensor utilizing guided-mode resonance (GMR) sensor technology is presented. Detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated. The impact of this work could revolutionize personalized medicine through development of companion disease diagnostics for targeted immunotherapies.

Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by cancer cells, representing a potential relevant cancer biomarker. Utilizing label-free sensor technology and T-cell receptor mimicking monoclonal antibodies, detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated, enabling development of a novel cancer diagnostic platform.

ラベルフリーバイオセンサー技術を活用乳癌におけるヒト白血球抗原バイオマーカーの検出

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will ...

Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

The adoptive transfer of pathogen-specific T cells can be used to prevent and treat opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Viral-specific T cells from allogeneic donors, including third party donors, can be propagated ex vivo in compliance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), employing repeated rounds of antigen-driven stimulation to selectively propagate desired T cells. The identification and isolation of antigen-specific T cells can also be undertaken based upon the cytokine capture system of T cells that have been activated to secrete gamma-interferon (IFN-&#947;). However, widespread human application of the cytokine capture system (CCS) to help restore immunity has been limited as the production process is time-consuming and requires a skilled operator. The development of a second-generation cell enrichment device such as CliniMACS Prodigy now enables investigators to generate viral-specific T cells using an automated, less labor-intensive system. This device separates magnetically labeled cells from unlabeled cells using magnetic activated cell sorting technology to generate clinical-grade products, is engineered as a closed system and can be accessed and operated on the benchtop. We demonstrate the operation of this new automated cell enrichment device to manufacture CMV pp65-specific T cells obtained from a steady-state apheresis product obtained from a CMV seropositive donor. These isolated T cells can then be directly infused into a patient under institutional and federal regulatory supervision. All the bio-processing steps including removal of red blood cells, stimulation of T cells, separation of antigen-specific T cells, purification, and washing are fully automated. Devices such as this raise the possibility that T cells for human application can be manufactured outside of dedicated good manufacturing practice (GMP) facilities and instead be produced in blood banking facilities where staff can supervise automated protocols to produce multiple products.

The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

サイトカインキャプチャシステムを用いた臨床応用のためのサイトメガロウイルス特異的T細胞の自動化された細胞濃縮

The adoptive transfer of pathogen-specific T cells can be used to prevent and treat opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection ...

Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Priming Using IL-1&#946; Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mice

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood circulation and are quickly recruited to inflammatory sites. Priming is a critical event that enhances the phagocytic functionality of neutrophils. Although extensive studies have unveiled the existence and importance of neutrophil priming during infection and injury, means of visualizing this process in vivo have been unavailable. The protocol provided enables monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals by combining three methodologies: 1) DsRed reporter signal &#8212; used as a measure of priming 2) in vivo neutrophil labeling &#8212; achieved by injection of fluorescence-conjugated anti-lymphocyte antigen 6G (Ly6G) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and 3) intravital confocal imaging. Several critical steps are involved in this protocol: oxazolone-induced mouse ear skin inflammation, appropriate sedation of animals, repeated injections of anti-Ly6G mAb, and prevention of focus drift during imaging. Although a few limitations have been observed, such as the limit of continuous imaging time (~ 8 hr) in one mouse and the leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran from blood vessels in the inflammatory state, this protocol provides a fundamental framework for intravital imaging of primed neutrophil behavior and function, which can easily be expanded to examination of other immune cells in mouse inflammation models.

This current protocol employs fluorescent reporters, in vivo labeling, and intravital imaging techniques to enable monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals.

IL-1βプロモーター駆動のDsRedレポーターマウスを用いた好中球プライミングの生体内イメージング

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood circulation and are quickly recruited to inflammatory sites. Priming is a critical event that ...

Imaging the Neutrophil Phagosome and Cytoplasm Using a Ratiometric pH Indicator

Neutrophils are crucial to host innate defense and, consequently, constitute an important area of medical research. The phagosome, the intracellular compartment where the killing and digestion of engulfed particles take place, is the main arena for neutrophil pathogen killing that requires tight regulation. Phagosomal pH is one aspect that is carefully controlled, in turn regulating antimicrobial protease activity. Many fluorescent pH-sensitive dyes have been used to visualize the phagosomal environment. S-1 has several advantages over other pH-sensitive dyes, including its dual emission spectra, its resistance to photo-bleaching, and its high pKa. Using this method, we have demonstrated that the neutrophil phagosome is unusually alkaline in comparison to other phagocytes. By using different biochemical conjugations of the dye, the phagosome can be delineated from the cytoplasm so that changes in the size and shape of the phagosome can be assessed. This allows for further monitoring of ionic movement.

This manuscript describes a simple method to measure the phagosomal pH and area as well as the cytoplasmic pH of human and mouse neutrophils using the ratiometric indicator seminaphthorhodafluor (SNARF)-1, or S-1. This is achieved using live-cell confocal fluorescence microscopy and image analysis.

レシオメトリックpH指示薬を使用して好中球ファゴソームと細胞質のイメージング

Neutrophils are crucial to host innate defense and, consequently, constitute an important area of medical research. The phagosome, the intracellular ...

An All-on-chip Method for Rapid Neutrophil Chemotaxis Analysis Directly from a Drop of Blood

Neutrophil migration and chemotaxis are critical for our body's immune system. Microfluidic devices are increasingly used for investigating neutrophil migration and chemotaxis owing to their advantages in real-time visualization, precise control of chemical concentration gradient generation, and reduced reagent and sample consumption. Recently, a growing effort has been made by the microfluidic researchers toward developing integrated and easily operated microfluidic chemotaxis analysis systems, directly from whole blood. In this direction, the first all-on-chip method was developed for integrating the magnetic negative purification of neutrophils and the chemotaxis assay from small blood volume samples. This new method permits a rapid sample-to-result neutrophil chemotaxis test in 25 min. In this paper, we provide detailed construction, operation and data analysis method for this all-on-chip chemotaxis assay with a discussion on troubleshooting strategies, limitations and future directions. Representative results of the neutrophil chemotaxis assay testing a defined chemoattractant, N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), and sputum from a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient, using this all-on-chip method are shown. This method is applicable to many cell migration-related investigations and clinical applications.

This article provides the detailed method of performing a rapid neutrophil chemotaxis assay by integrating the on-chip neutrophil isolation from whole blood and the chemotaxis test on a single microfluidic chip.

血液滴からの迅速な好中球走化性解析のためのオールオンチップ法

Neutrophil migration and chemotaxis are critical for our body's immune system. Microfluidic devices are increasingly used for investigating neutrophil ...

Label-Free Identification of Lymphocyte Subtypes Using Three-Dimensional Quantitative Phase Imaging and Machine Learning

We describe here a protocol for the label-free identification of lymphocyte subtypes using quantitative phase imaging and machine learning. Identification of lymphocyte subtypes is important for the study of immunology as well as diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Currently, standard methods for classifying lymphocyte types rely on labeling specific membrane proteins via antigen-antibody reactions. However, these labeling techniques carry the potential risks of altering cellular functions. The protocol described here overcomes these challenges by exploiting intrinsic optical contrasts measured by 3D quantitative phase imaging and a machine learning algorithm. Measurement of 3D refractive index (RI) tomograms of lymphocytes provides quantitative information about 3D morphology and phenotypes of individual cells. The biophysical parameters extracted from the measured 3D RI tomograms are then quantitatively analyzed with a machine learning algorithm, enabling label-free identification of lymphocyte types at a single-cell level. We measure the 3D RI tomograms of B, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T lymphocytes and identified their cell types with over 80% accuracy. In this protocol, we describe the detailed steps for lymphocyte isolation, 3D quantitative phase imaging, and machine learning for identifying lymphocyte types.

We describe a protocol for the label-free identification of lymphocyte subtypes using quantitative phase imaging and a machine learning algorithm. Measurements of 3D refractive index tomograms of lymphocytes present 3D morphological and biochemical information for individual cells, which is then analyzed with a machine-learning algorithm for identification of cell types.

ラベル無料三次元定量的な位相画像を用いたリンパ球サブタイプの同定と機械学習

We describe here a protocol for the label-free identification of lymphocyte subtypes using quantitative phase imaging and machine learning. Identification ...

Automated Image-Based Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Using NETQUANT

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like antimicrobial structures consisting of DNA and granule derived antimicrobial proteins. Immunofluorescence microscopy and image-based quantification methods remain important tools to quantitate neutrophil extracellular trap formation. However, there are key limitations to the immunofluorescence-based methods that are currently available for quantifying NETs. Manual methods of image-based NET quantification are often subjective, prone to error and tedious for users, especially non-experienced users. Also, presently available software options for quantification are either semi-automatic or require training prior to operation. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of an automated immunofluorescence-based image quantification method to evaluate NET formation called NETQUANT. The software is easy to use and has a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). It considers biologically relevant parameters such as an increase in the surface area and DNA:NET marker protein ratio, and nuclear deformation to define NET formation. Furthermore, this tool is built as a freely available app, and allows for single-cell resolution quantification and analysis.

Here, we present a protocol for generating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and operating NETQUANT, a fully automatic software option for quantification of NETs in immunofluorescence images.