子どもと家族の COPSAC2010のコホート研究にすべての彼らのサポートとコミットメントに感謝の意を申し上げます。認識し、COPSAC 研究チームとサイトカインとケモカインの測定技術者 Lisbeth Buus Rosholm、デンマーク工科大学から技術の助けのユニークな努力に感謝します。

ヘルシンキ宣言の基本理念に基づき、研究を行った。(KF 01-289/96 COPSAC2000 ) および H-B-2008-093 COPSAC2010のコペンハーゲン、デンマークのデータ保護局の倫理委員会から承認が得られたし、入学前に各教科の親の両方から書面によるインフォームド コンセントを得た。
1. 実験装置
<ol>
	<li>フィルターの紙のシートを使用して、(線維の水酸化ポリエステル シート材料の表を参照してください)6,7。<ol>
		<li>お子様や大人 (5 × 20 × 10 mm (L の短い腕)) ためストリップ 3 × 15 mm 1 ヶ月歳の子供のための大きさで、L 字型にカットします。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>鉗子を用いた幼児各鼻孔にフィルターの紙一枚を挿入します。下鼻甲介 (新生児の鼻と他のすべての年齢のため 1.5 cm 内側約 1 cm) の前方の部分にろ紙を置きなさい。<ol>
		<li>ベッドの上に新生児を置くし、快適さのための砂糖水を与えます。 注: 他のすべての年齢の子供たち、サンプリングが実行されます最も簡単に件名が椅子に座っているの。</li>
		<li>お子様のためには、各鼻孔に L 形のフィルター紙の長い腕を挿入します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>不快感を最小限に抑えるため、フィルター ペーパーの偶然の損失を避けるために鼻孔の周りに鼻クリップを適用します。</li>
	<li>吸収の 2 分後に、フィルター ペーパーを削除します。</li>
	<li>ラベルの付いたチューブでフィルター ペーパーを置き、-80 ° c. ですぐにそれらを凍結</li>
	<li>サンプリングの日に子どもに示す気道感染の症状のメモしておきます。</li>
	<li>どんなくしゃみ、持続的な泣き、またはサンプリングの 2 分の中に発生する鼻出血を記録します。</li>
</ol>
2. 気道免疫メディエーターの定量化
<ol>
	<li>冷凍庫から 10 までのランダムなサンプルを取る。識別番号を記録します。全体の作業工程の中に氷のサンプルを保ちます。</li>
	<li>氷の融解後没頭 (通院) フィルター ペーパー両方の鼻から 300 μ L 作りたてのバッファー (参照材料表) 含まれている 1 つ完全なプロテアーゼ阻害剤タブレット (材料の表を参照してください) 25 mL のバッファーあたり。<ol>
		<li>フィルター ペーパーのサイズに従ってバッファーのボリュームを調整します。<ol>
			<li>フィルター ペーパーのサイズ 3 × 15 mm のバッファーの 300 μ L を使用します。</li>
			<li>フィルター紙の 1 つだけの場合は、半分のバッファー量 (150 μ L) を使用します。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>タイマー 5 分使用プレート シェーカー (400 回転) にサンプルを転送します。</li>
	<li>遠心機内に配置、酢酸セルロース チューブ フィルター (0.22 μ m 孔サイズ) のカップに湿ったフィルター ペーパーおよびアッセイバッファーを転送管 (材料の表を参照してください)。</li>
	<li>(4 ° C) で冷却遠心機で 5 分間 16,000 x g で遠心分離機の管にフィルター処理された鼻エキスを入手します。</li>
	<li>カップを削除し、低蛋白結合記憶板 (材料の表を参照してください) の井戸に早かったしながら氷の上管鼻のエキスを維持します。</li>
	<li>解析まで-80 ° C で保存します。</li>
	<li>高感度、electrochemiluminesce ベースの多重配列を用いた鼻抽出におけるサイトカインとケモカイン濃度を把握 (材料の表を参照してください)。 注: 人間 10 プレックス TH1/TH2 サイトカインのアッセイ、9 プレックス ケモカイン アッセイとシングル プレックス IL 17A、TGF-β 1、TSLP を行ったここ。<ol>
		<li>試金、4 ° C で一晩鼻のエキスを孵化させなさい。標準メーカーごとプロトコル (材料の表を参照してください) として測定を行います。 注: イムノアッセイ測定 1 までの高ダイナミック レンジがある (材料の表を参照してください) 通常 &#38; 10,000 pg/mL である試金 100,000 pg/mL をすることができますが。これは、すべてのサンプルを他の同様のイムノアッセイにおける場合と同様、健康と病気における異種希釈の影響が少なくて、同じ希釈で実行できることを意味します。すべてのサイトカインの検出下限値 1 pg/mL であったまたはそれが 1 間遠隔以下、ケモカイン、&#38; 50 pg/mL。1 カ月の年齢に TSLP がサンプルの 98% で検出可能でした。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 統計
<ol>
	<li>サイトカインおよびケモカイン レベルの正規分布の残差を取得する解析の前にデータを対数変換します。</li>
	<li>サンプルは 1 つ以上のバッチで分析し場合、は、対数変換データを中心に batch-wise のサイトカイン ・ ケモカインのデータを修正します。<ol>
		<li>全体的な平均と元の寸法の単位でデータを取得する逆対数変換を組み込みます。 注: 分析を行うのセットごとに、サイトカインやケモカインのレベルに影響を与える変数を調整することを検討してください。これはサンプリング、兄弟、ホームなどでペットに有害事象、母乳育児における母親の影響 (例えば、アルコール消費量と妊娠中の喫煙) ことがでした。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+Cytokine+Profile+in+the+Airway+Mucosal+Lining+Fluid+Is+Skewed+by+Maternal+Atopy.">Neonatal Cytokine Profile in the Airway Mucosal Lining Fluid Is Skewed by Maternal Atopy.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 185 (3), 275-280 (2012).</li><li>Chawes, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Vitamin+D3+Supplementation+During+Pregnancy+on+Risk+of+Persistent+Wheeze+in+the+Offspring:+A+Randomized+Clinical+Trial.">Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation During Pregnancy on Risk of Persistent Wheeze in the Offspring: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</a> JAMA. 315 (4), 353-361 (2016).</li><li>Bischoff, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+Response+to+A(H1N1)pnd09+Vaccination+in+Pregnant+Women:+A+Single+Blinded+Randomized+Controlled+Trial.">Altered Response to A(H1N1)pnd09 Vaccination in Pregnant Women: A Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.</a> PloS One. 8 (4), 56700 (2013).</li><li>Wolsk, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Picornavirus-Induced+Airway+Mucosa+Immune+Profile+in+Asymptomatic+Neonates.">Picornavirus-Induced Airway Mucosa Immune Profile in Asymptomatic Neonates.</a> J Infect Dis. 213 (8), 1262-1270 (2016).</li><li>Wolsk, H. M., Chawes, B. L., F&#248;lsgaard, N. V., Rasmussen, M. 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すべての著者には、この原稿の内容に関する潜在的な知覚、または実質利益相反の宣言しません。資金の機関設計と試験の実施で、役割はありませんでした。コレクション、管理、およびデータの解釈または、準備、レビュー、および原稿の承認。研究に関与する製薬会社がありませんでした。

ここで示した手法、体内上部気道粘膜免疫プロファイル以前行われていない時代の 1 ヶ月という早い時期から子供を決定することができました。気道細菌がその存在や周産期曝露と同様、ピコルナ ウイルス7,11, pre が新生児の気道の免疫プロファイルにミラー化されたを見ました。さらに、我々 は高用量ビタミン d の微量栄養素の無作為化?...

鼻の粘膜内層液上部気道系の液体の一部を占めています。調停に由来する上皮および侵入の微生物に対する防御の最初の行を構成する免疫細胞間の相互作用の複雑なマトリックスで構成されています。鼻の粘膜は簡単にアクセスできる、鼻と気管支1の免疫学的機能の強い関係があります。この区画は幼年期、生命に後でより普及しているその他の呼吸器系疾患の範囲にも喘息やアレルギー性鼻炎などでは一般的な気道疾患に関連して特別な関心。
ここでは、サンプル邪魔されず鼻腔から流体をライニング粘膜フィルター紙ベース、非侵襲的手法としてそれに続く抽出プロシージャを使用して、その定量化する前にフィルター ペーパーからの検体の蛋白質ベースの溶出に使用するメソッドの実装について述べる.この手法は、生体内で健康な個人と様々 な呼吸器疾患を持つ個人の免疫の署名を取得するたとえば、使用できます。さらに、特定免疫署名の重要性の露出を確認し、予測または発病後の調停の場合を評価することが可能です。
粘膜内層液は、鼻洗浄2がよく付いている鼻チャレンジ テスト、炎症性応答3,4を刺激するために高いレベルでのアレルゲンが導入される以前受けた。ただし、鼻洗浄技術は、幼児に適さないことがし、5アッセイの検出限界値以下のレベルが落ちることができる希薄化後の調停者として、結果を混同する不明な希釈率を紹介します。また、不明な希釈倍率により鼻チャレンジ テストから測定試料応答が設定コホートで鼻洗浄法の有用性を制限すること、個人間に匹敵します。最後に、アレルゲンの挑戦は、鋭敏化の分野で適用されるだけ、ヒスタミンの挑戦など、その他の課題は生理学的関連性の高い、メディエーター遊離の天井の効果を引き起こす可能性がありますありません。これらの問題は、流体と検体レベルの個々 の分泌が個体間の差異に影響を与える唯一の要因を粘膜内層流体コレクションの紹介したフィルター紙ベース テクニックで回避します。
抽出中に、検体は、すべてのサンプルに、バッファーの同じボリュームの付加の後でフィルター ペーパーから溶出されます。これは、すべてのサンプルの希釈前のヴィヴォ同様優先されます。抽出手順にアルブミン ベース等張食塩水の抽出バッファーを使用します。蛋白質ベースのメディエーターの抽出と定量化の前に溶出蛋白質の以降凍結変性を抑えるタンパク質を安定できます。抽出段階でのタンパク質分解を避けるためには、プロテアーゼ阻害剤のカクテルは抽出バッファーに追加されます。
邪魔されない生体内での定量化を可能にする技術の実装-粘膜のサイトで生成された免疫メディエーターが非常に重要です。最初に、粘膜のサイトは体内最大の免疫臓器をなります。第二に、鼻の位置の気中暴露のプライマリ サイトで、肺1呼吸器免疫学的区画にしっかりと接続されています。第三に、非侵襲的手法でこの重要な器官の調査の可能性は健康と気道の病気に関連して重要な微生物免疫の相互作用軸情報の茄多を提供する可能性を開きます。第四に、この技術は、医薬品と栄養素のランダム化された、制御された試験のローカル免疫学的変化などの他の多くの可能なアプリケーションがあります。
喘息のコペンハーゲンの前向き研究の手法を実装されて最初幼年期2000 (COPSAC2000) コホート研究において、7 歳児健常者13対アレルギー性鼻炎の粘膜内層液の免疫のプロフィールを調べた。その後、我々 は正常に縦 COPSAC2010コホートと評価気道免疫プロファイルにこの手法を適用 1 ヶ月、2 歳、6 歳の時、急性呼吸器症状のインスタンスで。1 歳 1 か月の新生児からの結果は、免疫の署名と初期の生活環境暴露7,8,9,10、11,12間の重要な関連を示しています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1688">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">Fibrous hydroxylatedpolyester sheets</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Accuwik Ultra&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPR0730</td>
			<td style="width:1084px;">Filter paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Milliplex Assay Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>L-AB</td>
			<td>Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">low-protein binding storage plates&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>CLS8161</td>
			<td>Plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protease Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11873580001</td>
			<td>complete EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">Reader of multi-spot plates</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Mesoscale</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Sector imager 6000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">Assays&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Mesoscale</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Human 10-plex TH1/TH2 cytokine assay and 9-plex chemokine assay, and singleplex IL-17A, TGF-&#946;1and TSLP. A description can be found online on www.mesoscale.com</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

noninvasive sampling of mucosal lining fluid for the quantification of in vivo upper airway immune-mediator levels

このプロトコルでは、妨げられていない上部気道粘膜内層流体の非侵襲的サンプリングについて説明します。それはまた刺激プロシージャ (よく、他の技術によって使用される) を必要とせず、気道局所の免疫署名に関する流体波における免疫メディエーターの分析の前に使用される抽出手順の詳細します。フィルター ペーパーのストリップの粘膜内層液をサンプリング下鼻甲介と吸収の 2 分間左の前部で置かれました。検体用濾紙から溶出され、同じサンプルの低レベルと高レベル分析の高感度定量を可能にする、電気化学発光を用いたイムノアッセイ法によって抽出された蛋白質基づいた溶出を分析します。上部気道粘膜における情報伝達システム特定の免疫に関連する 20 あらかじめ免疫メディエーターの体内レベルを測定したが、技術はその特定のパネルまたはサンプリング サイトに制限されていません。技術は、アレルギー性鼻炎小児2000 (COPSAC2000) コホート研究における喘息のコペンハーゲンの前向き研究から 7 歳児に最初実装されました。それはその後 1 ヶ月、2 歳、6 歳、急性呼吸器症状のインスタンスをサンプリング、縦の COPSAC2010出生コホートで使用されました。いくつかのサンプル (中央 (四分範囲 (IQR)) として報告測定検出限界以下であった我々 は正常に取得し 700 1 か月児の 620 (89%) からサンプルを分析した; します。各調停の (すなわち0 から検出下限値の設定ポイント) の検出限界以下のサンプル数は、29 (7.25 119.5) だった。この技術は、誕生からin vivo気道粘膜免疫プロファイルの数量化できる、縦、適用することができます、遺伝学と初期の生活環境暴露、病態、endotyping、および呼吸器疾患と開発と新規治療薬の評価の監視の影響に関する研究に適用することができます。

Baseline Characteristics of the Airway Immune Profiles: 
Complete data on upper airway mucosal immune mediator levels at 1 month of age was obtained in 620 (89%) of the 700 children enrolled in the COPSAC2010 cohort. Ten neonates were enrolled before the technique was established, and 19 did not attend the 1-month visit. Additionally, 47 samples were excluded because they were extracted and measured in another laboratory used in a pilot study, and 4 sample...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels at JoVE.com

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

このプロトコルでは、上気道から邪魔されず粘膜被覆液のサンプリングのための非侵襲的技術について説明します。それは、すべての年齢層の被験者でタンパク質メディエーター、サイトカイン、ケモカインなどの生体内レベルの定量化を実行する使用できます。

体内上部気道免疫メディエーター レベルの定量化のための粘膜内層流体の非侵襲的サンプリング

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the ...

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Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.1K ビュー.  University of Copenhagen. このプロトコルでは、上気道から邪魔されず粘膜被覆液のサンプリングのための非侵襲的技術について説明します。それは、すべての年齢層の被験者でタンパク質メディエーター、サイトカイン、ケモカインなどの生体内レベルの定量化を実行する使用できます。

ビデオ: Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils.&#160;This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state.&#160; Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration.&#160;This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil.&#160;Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface.&#160;The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1).&#160;Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000).&#160; The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls.&#160;This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces.&#160;Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections.&#160;A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Neutrophil trans-epithelial migration in response to mucosal bacterial infection contributes to epithelial injury and clinical disease.&#160;An in vitro model has been developed that combines pathogen, human neutrophils, and polarized human epithelial cell layers grown on transwell filters to facilitate investigations towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this phenomenon.

インビトロ 病原体誘導性好中球トランス上皮移動を評価するコーカルチャーアッセイ

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

免疫・感染学

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

In response to a viral infection, the host innate immune response is activated to up-regulate gene expression and production of antiviral cytokines. Conversely, viruses have evolved intricate strategies to evade and exploit host immune signaling for survival and propagation. Viral immune evasion, entailing host defense and viral evasion, provides one of the most fascinating and dynamic interfaces to discern the host-virus interaction. These studies advance our understanding in innate immune regulation and pave our way to develop novel antiviral therapies.
Murine &#947;HV68 is a natural pathogen of murine rodents. &#947;HV68 infection of mice provides a tractable small animal model to examine the antiviral response to human KSHV and EBV of which perturbation of in vivo virus-host interactions is not applicable. Here we describe a protocol to determine the antiviral cytokine production. This protocol can be adapted to other viruses and signaling pathways.
Recently, we have discovered that &#947;HV68 hijacks MAVS and IKK&#946;, key innate immune signaling components downstream of the cytosolic RIG-I and MDA5, to abrogate NF&#922;B activation and antiviral cytokine production. Specifically, &#947;HV68 infection activates IKK&#946; and that activated IKK&#946; phosphorylates RelA to accelerate RelA degradation. As such, &#947;HV68 efficiently uncouples NF&#922;B activation from its upstream activated IKK&#946;, negating antiviral cytokine gene expression. This study elucidates an intricate strategy whereby the upstream innate immune activation is intercepted by a viral pathogen to nullify the immediate downstream transcriptional activation and evade antiviral cytokine production.

We describe a protocol to measure the antiviral cytokine production in mice infected with a model herpesvirus, murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (&#947;HV68) that is closely-related to human Kaposi&#8217;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Utilizing genetically modified mouse strains and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we assessed the antiviral cytokine production both in vivo and ex vivo. &#8220;Reconstituting&#8221; the expression of innate immune components in knockout embryonic fibroblasts by lentiviral transduction, we further pinpoint specific innate immune molecules and dissect the key signaling events that differentially regulate the antiviral cytokine production.

サイトカイン産生のウイルス回避における先天性免疫シグナルを解剖

In response to a viral infection, the host innate immune response is activated to up-regulate gene expression and production of antiviral cytokines. ...

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the physiological mechanisms that mediate immune responses to vaccines perhaps due to the overall success of vaccination, which has reduced interest into the molecular and physiological mechanisms of vaccine immunity. However, several important human pathogens including influenza virus still pose a challenge for vaccination, and may benefit from immune-based strategies. 
Although influenza reverse genetics has been successfully applied to the generation of live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), the addition of molecular tools in vaccine preparations such as tracer components to follow up the kinetics of vaccination in vivo, has not been addressed. In addition, the recent generation of mouse models that allow specific depletion of leukocytes during kinetic studies has opened a window of opportunity to understand the basic immune mechanisms underlying vaccine-elicited protection. Here, we describe how the combination of reverse genetics and chimeric mouse models may help to provide new insights into how vaccines work at physiological and molecular levels, using as example a recombinant, cold-adapted, live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We utilized laboratory-generated LAIVs harboring cell tracers as well as competitive bone marrow chimeras (BMCs) to determine the early kinetics of vaccine immunity and the main physiological mechanisms responsible for the initiation of vaccine-specific adaptive immunity. In addition, we show how this technique may facilitate gene function studies in single animals during immune responses to vaccines. We propose that this technique can be applied to improve current prophylactic strategies against pathogens for which urgent medical countermeasures are needed, for example influenza, HIV, Plasmodium, and hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola virus.

There is an overall lack of knowledge about how vaccines work. Here we propose the combined use of reverse genetics and bone marrow chimeric mice to gain insight into the early host immune responses to vaccines with a special focus on dendritic cells and T cell immunity.

キメラマウスモデルにおける組換えインフルエンザワクチンの鼻腔内投与は、粘膜免疫を研究するために、

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the ...

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the correct determination of a peptide&#39;s concentration, it should be stable during blood processing. However, this is not the case for several peptides which are quickly degraded by endogenous peptidases. Recently, we developed a blood processing method employing Reduced temperatures, Acidification, Protease inhibition, Isotopic exogenous controls and Dilution (RAPID) for the use in rats. Here, we have established this technique for the use in humans and investigated recovery, molecular form and circulating concentration of food intake regulatory hormones. The RAPID method significantly improved the recovery for 125I-labeled somatostatin-28 (+39%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (+35%), acyl ghrelin and glucagon (+32%), insulin and kisspeptin (+29%), nesfatin-1 (+28%), leptin (+21%) and peptide YY3-36 (+19%) compared to standard processing (EDTA blood on ice, p&#160;&#60;0.001). High performance liquid chromatography showed the elution of endogenous acyl ghrelin at the expected position after RAPID processing, while after standard processing 62% of acyl ghrelin were degraded resulting in an earlier peak likely representing desacyl ghrelin. After RAPID processing the acyl/desacyl ghrelin ratio in blood of normal weight subjects was 1:3 compared to 1:23 following standard processing (p&#160;= 0.03). Also endogenous kisspeptin levels were higher after RAPID compared to standard processing (+99%, p&#160;= 0.02). The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans, yields higher peptide levels and allows for assessment of the correct molecular form.

The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans and yields higher peptide levels as well as allows for assessment of the correct molecular form. Therefore, this method will be a valuable tool in peptide research.

血液処理のための迅速な方法は、ヒト血液中の血漿ペプチドレベルの収量を増やすには

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the ...

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We demonstrate the procedure for preparing H. influenzae inoculum, intra-tracheal instillation of H. influenzae into the lung, collection of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), analysis of immune cells in the BALF, and RNA isolation for differential gene expression analysis. This procedure can be used to study the lung inflammatory response to any bacteria, virus or fungi. Direct tracheal instillation is mostly preferred over intranasal or aerosol inhalation procedures because it more efficiently delivers the bacterial inoculum into the lower respiratory tract with less ambiguity.

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models.

の気管内の管理<em&gt;インフルエンザ菌</em&gt;マウスモデルにおいて気道炎症を研究します

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the person-to-person route or indirectly through environmental surfaces or food, contaminated fomites and inanimate surfaces are important vehicles for the spread of the virus during norovirus outbreaks.
We developed and evaluated a protocol using macrofoam swabs for the detection and typing of human noroviruses from hard surfaces. Compared with fiber-tipped swabs or antistatic wipes, macrofoam swabs allow virus recovery (range 1.2-33.6%) from toilet seat surfaces of up to 700 cm2. The protocol includes steps for the extraction of the virus from the swabs and further concentration of the viral RNA using spin columns. In total, 127 (58.5%) of 217 swab samples that had been collected from surfaces in cruise ships and long-term care facilities where norovirus gastroenteritis had been reported tested positive for GII norovirus by RT-qPCR. Of these 29 (22.8%) could be successfully genotyped. In conclusion, detection of norovirus on environmental surfaces using the protocol we developed may assist in determining the level of environmental contamination during outbreaks as well as detection of virus when clinical samples are not available; it may also facilitate monitoring of effectiveness of remediation strategies.

A macrofoam based sampling methodology was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of norovirus on environmental hard surfaces.

表面上のヒトノロウイルスの検出のためのスワブサンプリング方法

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the ...

Bile Salt-induced Biofilm Formation in Enteric Pathogens: Techniques for Identification and Quantification

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, a significant stress response is induced during gastrointestinal transit and upon bile exposure, a normal component of human digestion. To overcome the bactericidal effects of bile, many enteric pathogens form a biofilm hypothesized to permit survival when transiting through the small intestine. Here we present methodologies to define biofilm formation through solid-phase adherence assays as well as extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix detection and visualization. Furthermore, biofilm dispersion assessment is presented to mimic the analysis of events triggering release of bacteria during the infection process. Crystal violet staining is used to detect adherent bacteria in a high-throughput 96-well plate adherence assay. EPS production assessment is determined by two assays, namely microscopy staining of the EPS matrix and semi-quantitative analysis with a fluorescently-conjugated polysaccharide binding lectin. Finally, biofilm dispersion is measured through colony counts and plating. Positive data from multiple assays support the characterization of biofilms and can be utilized to identify bile salt-induced biofilm formation in other bacterial strains.

This protocol enables the reader to analyze bile salt-induced biofilm formation in enteric pathogens using a multifaceted approach to capture the dynamic nature of bacterial biofilms by assessing adherence, extracellular polymeric substance matrix formation, and dispersion.

腸管病原体の胆汁酸塩によるバイオ フィルム形成: 同定及び定量化の手法

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, ...

Quantification of Atherosclerosis in Mice

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the world. The underlying cause in most cases is atherosclerosis, which is in part a chronic inflammatory disease. Experimental atherosclerosis studies have elucidated the role of cholesterol and inflammation in the disease process. This has led to successful clinical trials with pharmaceutical agents that reduce clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. Careful and well-controlled experiments in mouse models of the disease could further elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease, which is not fully understood. Standardized lesion analysis is important to reduce experimental variability and increase reproducibility. Determining lesion size in aortic root, aortic arch, and brachiocephalic artery are common endpoints in experimental atherosclerosis. This protocol provides a technical description for evaluation of atherosclerosis at all these sites in a single mouse. The protocol is particularly useful when material is limited, as is frequently the case when genetically modified animals are being characterized.

Murine models of atherosclerosis are useful tools to investigate pathogenic pathways on a molecular level, but require standardized quantification of lesion development. This protocol describes an optimized method to determine lesion size in the major arterial vessels including the aortic root, aortic arch, and brachiocephalic artery.

マウスにおけるアテローム性動脈硬化症の定量化

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the world. The underlying cause in most cases is atherosclerosis, which is in part a chronic ...

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Studying isolated cells from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) allows understanding of immune cells response in pathologies involving mucosal immunity, because they can model host-pathogen interactions in the tissue. While isolated cells derived from tissues were the first cell culture model, their use has been neglected because tissue can be hard to obtain. In the present protocol, we explain how to easily process and culture tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMCs) from healthy human tonsils to study innate immune responses upon activation, mimicking viral infection in mucosal tissues. Isolation of TMCs from the tonsils is quick, because the tonsils barely have any epithelium and yield up to billions of all major immune cell types. This method allows detection of cytokine production using several techniques, including immunoassays, qPCR, microscopy, flow cytometry, etc., similar to the use of peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from blood. Furthermore, TMCs show a higher sensitivity to drug testing than PBMCs, which needs to be considered for future toxicity assays. Thus, ex vivo TMCs cultures are an easy and accessible mucosal model.

In the present protocol, we explain how to easily process and culture tonsillar mononuclear cells from healthy humans undergoing partial surgical tonsillectomy to study innate immune responses upon activation, mimicking viral infection in mucosal tissues.

ヒト粘膜リンパ組織におけるEx Vivo自然免疫応答を研究する扁桃単核細胞の単核細胞の単離

Studying isolated cells from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) allows understanding of immune cells response in pathologies involving mucosal ...

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Aminopeptidase N in the Porcine Intestinal Mucosal Epithelium

Porcine aminopeptidase N (APN), a membrane-bound metallopeptidase abundantly present in small intestinal mucosa, can initiate a mucosal immune response without any interference such as low protein expression, enzyme inactivity, or structural changes. This makes APN an attractive candidate in the development of vaccines that selectively target the mucosal epithelium. Previous studies have shown that APN is a receptor protein for both enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) F4 and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Thus, APN shows promise in the development of antibody-drug conjugates or novel vaccines based on APN-specific antibodies. In this study, we compared production of APN-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using traditional hybridoma technology and recombinant antibody expression method. We also established a stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line using pIRES2-ZSGreen1-rAbs-APN and an E. coli expression BL21(DE3) strain harboring the pET28a (+)-rAbs-APN vector. The results show that antibodies expressed in pIRES2-ZSGreen1-rAbs-APN-CHO cells and mAbs produced using hybridomas could recognize and bind to the APN protein. This provides the basis for further elucidation of the APN receptor function for the development of therapeutics targeting different APN-specific epitopes.

The recombinant antibody protein expressed in pIRES2-ZSGreen1-rAbs-APN-CHO cells and monoclonal antibodies produced using traditional hybridoma technology can recognize and bind to the porcine aminopeptidase N (APN) protein.

ブタ腸粘膜上皮におけるアミノペプチダーゼNを標的とするモノクローナル抗体の作製

Porcine aminopeptidase N (APN), a membrane-bound metallopeptidase abundantly present in small intestinal mucosa, can initiate a mucosal immune response ...

体内上部気道免疫メディエーター レベルの定量化のための粘膜内層流体の非侵襲的サンプリング

体内上部気道免疫メディエーターレベルの定量化のための粘膜内層流体の非侵襲的サンプリング