This work was supported by the Special Scientific Research Project of the Beijing Agriculture University (YQ201603) and the Scientific Project of the Beijing Educational Committee (KM201610020005).

1. Spray Inoculation with a Suspension of M. grisea Conidia
<ol>
	<li>Fungal culture for M.grisea
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare the oatmeal tomato agar (OTA) culture medium for fungal strains.</li>
		<li>Weigh 30 - 50 g of oatmeal, add this to 800 mL of distilled/deionized water (ddH2O) and boil the mixture for 30 min in the electric pot.</li>
		<li>Filter the boiled oatmeal juice into the beaker through a piece of gauze.</li>
		<li>Add 150 mL of tomato juice and 20 g of agar to the ...

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Glycosylation+of+Effector+Proteins+by+an+&#945;-1,3-+Mannosyltransferase+Is+Required+for+the+Rice+Blast+Fungus+to+Evade+Host+Innate+Immunity.">N-Glycosylation of Effector Proteins by an &#945;-1,3- Mannosyltransferase Is Required for the Rice Blast Fungus to Evade Host Innate Immunity.</a> The Plant Cell. 26 (3), 1360-1376 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M.ARG1,+MoARG5,6+and+MoARG7+involved+in+arginine+biosynthesis+are+essential+for+growth,+conidiogenesis,+sexual+reproduction,+and+pathogenicity+in+Magnaporthe+oryzae.">M.ARG1, MoARG5,6 and MoARG7 involved in arginine biosynthesis are essential for growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae.</a> Microbiological Research. 180, 11-22 (2015).</li><li>Du, Y. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+serine/threonine-protein+phosphatase+PP2A+catalytic+subunit+is+essential+for+asexual+development+and+plant+infection+in+Magnaporthe+oryzae.">A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A catalytic subunit is essential for asexual development and plant infection in Magnaporthe oryzae.</a> Current Genetics. 59 (1-2), 33-41 (2013).</li><li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+protein+com1+is+required+for+normal+conidium+morphology+and+full+virulence+in+Magnaporthe+oryzae.">A novel protein com1 is required for normal conidium morphology and full virulence in Magnaporthe oryzae.</a> Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 23 (1), 112-123 (2010).</li><li>Cao, Z. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ash1-like+protein+MoKMT2H+null+mutant+is+delayed+for+conidium+germination+and+pathogenesis+in+Magnaporthe+oryzae.">An ash1-like protein MoKMT2H null mutant is delayed for conidium germination and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae.</a> BioMed Research International. 2016, 1575430 (2016).</li><li>Bryan, G. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+amino+acid+difference+distinguishes+resistant+and+susceptible+alleles+of+the+rice+blast+resistance+gene+Pi-ta.">A single amino acid difference distinguishes resistant and susceptible alleles of the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta.</a> The Plant Cell. 12 (11), 2033-2045 (2000).</li><li>Zhou, J. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Plant disease resistance genes play an essential role in preventing infections by pathogens, including fungal pathogens1,12. Rice blast has been used as a model to understand the nature of pathogen population structures and to identify plant resistance genes4. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the disease resistance genotype and avirulence genotypes of the main varieties of agricultural plants on a large scale to identify disease-resis...

Rice blast, caused by M. grisea, is one of the most serious diseases for rice varieties worldwide1,2. The process by which M. grisea infects host plants includes a conidia production and surface attachment, a conidia germination and appressorium formation, a formation of the penetration peg and infectious hypha differentiation, and a disease spread3. All these stages are common in many other plant pathogenic fungi, and, indeed, a blockade of any single stage prevents the infection of host plants. Owing to its economic importance and genetic tractability, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions1,4. Therefore, studying the molecular basis of these developmental stages in M. grisea will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal pathogenicity and the identification of candidate target genes for screening and designing novel fungicides5.
Recent reports concerning M. grisea infection have focused on the molecular mechanisms of the pre-penetration stages, especially the conidiation, the appressorium formation, the penetration pegs, and the infectious growth3,6. Therefore, it is essential to develop a detailed protocol to test M. grisea infection. Herein, we present a detailed method for an infection test that utilizes spray-mediated infection assays with a conidial suspension and the inoculation of wounds with mycelial plugs of M. grisea. In this report, the protocol focuses on the culture of strains, the preparation of the conidiation solution for spraying, and the mycelial plug-mediated inoculation of plants with M. grisea. These steps are described in detail below, and a schematic view showing the entire workflow of the method and a typical lesion are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="77">
			<td height="77" style="height:77px;width:216px;">&#160;Agar</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">AOBOX Biotechnology&#65288;China&#65289;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">01-023</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">GE Healthcare brand(Sweden)&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>10311387</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">50-mL tube</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">CORNING(Amercia)</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">430290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Eppendorf(Amercia)</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">5804R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Coolaber&#65288;China&#65289;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">CT11551-100ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:216px;">Culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermofisher(Amercia)</td>
			<td>150326</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">0.5-5 mL pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">&#160;4920000105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">100-1000uL pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>4920000083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Leybold</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">D25B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Dissection needle</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">26000-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">MEMMERT</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">PYX313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Inoculation ring</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Greiner Bio One</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">731175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the plant infection test: spray and wound-mediated inoculation with the plant pathogen magnaporthe grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The entire workflow for the technique is shown in Figure 1. The plant infection assays were performed on 14-day-old susceptible rice seedlings (O. sativa cv CO-39) or susceptible 7-day-old barley leaves (H. vulgare cv Golden Promise)7,8,9. To test for an infection on the rice leaves, a conidial suspension (1.0 x 105 spores/mL) of the ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea at JoVE.com

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

This video can help instruct key methods in the plant infection field such as free and wanted mediated inoculation with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. The main advantage of this technique is that the spraying, wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates. The implications of this technique relates to the study of physiology to combat plant pathogens because it is very important for the prevention and control of large scale plant diseases.This method can provide insight into conservation pathogeny mechanism in fungi. It can also be applied to the main variety of agriculture plants such as rice or barley. Generally individuals new to this method will struggle because it is difficult to scrape conidia gently with the sterile cotton swabs.The demonstration of this method is critical as a collection of scrape wounds without penetrating the leaves as the main means of detached rice or barley leaves is difficult. To begin weigh out 30 to 50 grams of oatmeal. Add the oatmeal to 800 milliliters of distilled deionized water and boil the mixture for 30 minutes in an electric pot.Next filter the boiled oatmeal mixture through a piece of gauze into a beaker. Then add 150 milliliters of tomato juice and 20 grams of agar to the beaker. Add distilled deionized water to the beaker up to 1000 milliliters.Soak about 50 rice seeds in distilled deionized water for 3 days then wrap the seeds in moistened gauze and germinate them on moist filter paper in Petri dishes. Next plant the seedlings in pots with autoclaved potting soil. After watering the seedlings cover them with a layer of vermiculite.Place the seedlings in a glass house maintained at 25 degrees Celsius for one to two weeks. Next use sterile surgical scissors to cut three layers of filter paper into eight centimeter circles. Place the filter paper circles onto 100 millimeter sterile plastic plates.Add just enough distilled deionized water to each dish to soak the filter paper. Then place two sterile tooth picks two to three centimeters apart in each culture dish. Two weeks after sowing collect the leaves of the rice plants by cutting the lower part of the stem.Using a thermostatic incubator culture the M.grisea strains on OTA plates at 25 degrees Celsius for four days. Then use a pipette to add two milliliters of distilled deionized water to each plate. Using an inoculation loop scrape the mycelia from the wild type and mutant strains into the mycelia debris.Collect the mycelia debris and transfer it to a new OTA plate. Then dry the mycelia debris in a clean bench. Add two milliliters of distilled deionized water to the cultured mycelium dish and use a sterile cotton swab to gently scrape the conidia.Filter the conidia suspension through two layers of lens paper and transfer the suspension to a new 50 millimeter tube. Then centrifuge the tube for five minutes at 5000 times g. After centrifugation remove the supernatant and re-suspend the pellet with Tween-20 solution resulting in a concentration of 20 000 conidia per milliliter.Pour the suspension into a hand-held sprayer then spray approximately 10 milliliters of the conidial suspension onto the leaves from the two week old rice plants. Spray the leaves of the control plants with the Tween-20 solution. After this incubate the leaves in a dark humid box for 24 hours.Next transfer the leaves to a moist chamber with fluorescent light for 12 hours. Using an anatomical needle scrape three two-to-three-centimeter long wounds in the main veins of detached rice leaves. Place the scraped leaves on toothpicks and spray them with Tween-20 solution.Next cut a half-by-half-centimeter mycelial plug from the OTA plates containing each M.grisea strain. Place the plugs on the wounded leaves and incubate them in a humid chamber at 25 degrees Celsius for three to eight days. After the incubation period examine and evaluate the lesions according to the scoring system provided by the International Rice Research Institute.Finally photograph the diseased leaves to evaluate the infectiousness of the tested strains. In this protocol plant infection assays using M.grisea strains P131 and Com1 were performed on susceptible rice seedlings. The P131 inoculated wild type leaves displayed the typical robust lesions of rice blast.However the Com1 inoculated leaves showed obvious infection defects and did not elicit a full infection. To determine if M.grisea could infect host cells through wounds abraded leaves of wild type plants were inoculated with mycelial plugs or conidial droplets. The spray inoculated leaves showed no infection defects.In contrast the leaves inoculated via mycelial plugs displayed obvious defects. While attempting this procedure it is important to scrape three two-to-three-centimeter long wounds in the main veins of the detached rice leaves. Following this procedure other methods like pathogen inoculation can be performed in order to identify and analyze crop disease resistance.After its development this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of plant pathogens to explore rice blast disease in modern organisms. Don't forget that working with Magnaporthe grisea can be hazardous and precautions such as wearing gloves should always be taken when performing these procedures.

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12.3K ビュー.  Beijing University of Agriculture. This video can help instruct key methods in the plant infection field such as free and wanted mediated inoculation with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. The main advantage of this technique is that the spraying, wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates. The implications of this technique relates to the study of physiology to combat plant pathogens because it is very important for the prevention and control of lar...