彼の実験室のリソースの使用を提供する私たち心から感謝博士ムスタファ ・ Khokha、エール大学。優れたテクニカル サポートに呉明傑氏に感謝しております。EF は HHMI 捜査官です。この作品は、ジョン ・ Monsky、ジェニファー ヴァイス Monsky ライム病研究基金からの贈り物によって支えられました。

<ol>
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著者はある利益相反を開示します。

これは病原体の節足動物ベクトルの微生物叢を勉強する全体マウントの in situハイブリダイゼーション (WMISH) 技術の最初の使用。我々 のプロトコルは、カエル胚25,26、ショウジョウバエの研究に使われたから適応されました。全体マウント RNAの in situハイブリダイゼーションは、日常的に空間的の遺伝子の転写をローカライズに...

節足動物ベクトルによって送信される人間と家畜の病原体が世界中1、しかし効果的な感染症の約 20% のグローバル アカウントし、安全なワクチンこれらの病原体のほとんどはご利用いただけません。総称マイクロバイ2、調節、およびほぼすべての多細胞動物3健康を形成して共生、環境共生・病原性微生物の重要な役割の私達の理解を拡大しています。今、またハーバー腸内細菌の病原体の節足動物ベクトル多様な媒介性病原体4,5に影響を与えるこれらのベクター関連微生物叢が示されていることが明らかです。節足動物のマイクロバイ真正細菌、古細菌、ウイルス、原虫、線虫、菌類6などの真核微生物で構成されます。ただし、優勢な研究の焦点されている真正細菌のため、一部では、マーカー遺伝子と細菌の特定のメンバーを識別するために参照データベースの可用性に。
イクソデススカプラリス、ボレリアブルグドルフェリ7,を含む複数の人間の病原体のベクターの目盛りを中心とライム病の病原微生物の可視化技術の最適化を目指したベクトル ・病原菌相互作用のコンテキストでティック腸内細菌の私達の理解を改善しています。ティック マイクロバイ フィールドで答えるべきいくつかの疑問が残っています。腸は、目盛りと水平方向に移された病原体; のコンテキストで受信の病原体との間の最初の拡張の出会いのサイトしたがって、ベクトル ・病原菌相互作用を調節することでベクトル腸内細菌の役割を理解すると、意味のある洞察が明らかになります。マダニは、吸血消化、血液の食事コンポーネントは処理場所8では細胞内のユニークなモードを持っています。栄養の消化と同化餌の数日中に結果として起きるの後補充や腸の内腔は一見ティック フィードとして血液の食事を含む容器として機能します。給餌中にダニによって取得した病原体に入る、吸血と共に腸内腔と内腔になるダニ、病原体、および常駐細菌間の相互作用のプライマリ サイト。消化の補充と脱皮マダニを通過、腸は構造と機能の変化9を経る。組成と腸内細菌の空間組織も変化する腸内環境とのコンサートでは異なる可能性が高いです。したがって、完全にダニ、病原体と腸内細菌の相互作用を理解する目盛りの腸内常在細菌のアーキテクチャを理解することが重要です。
ホスト関連付けられている細菌叢を日常的に記述するため分子技術は、増幅し、細菌の 16S リボソーム DNA (rDNA) をシーケンスに高スループット並列シーケンス戦略10を利用します。これらのシーケンスの戦略は、特定の細菌の無菌共生栽培を取得し、サンプルで表される細菌のすべてのメンバーの詳細な説明を提供する必要を回避します。それにもかかわらず、このような戦略は、善意の住民から環境汚染を区別する無力によって混同されます。さらに、サンプル サイズが小さいと、それゆえ低細菌固有の DNA が含まれているダニなどの評価の結果、環境汚染物質の増幅の可能性増加11とのあいまいな解釈の結果マイクロバイ組成物。特定の細菌の可視化と組み合わせて機能解析、したがって、重要になりますを定義し、時間的、空間的にダニのマイクロバイを識別します。私たちはこの目標に向かって交配その場全体マウント RNA を利用しました。このテクニックは、日常的に使用して臓器および胎仔の12,13,14の遺伝子発現パターンを評価する、目的の全体標本上式の半定量分析を可能します。これは交配技術従来の in situティッシュ セクションを利用し断面計算アセンブリ全体の臓器15で式を予測する材料の広範な解析は往々 に異なります。全体マウント一般的に全体の生物12を参照しますが、ここで全部マウントは全体の内臓や器官を指します。ティック腸内微生物叢のアーキテクチャを評価するために交配アプローチその場全体マウント RNA を使用する利点は、多重。ティック腸憩室の 7 ペア サイズ16の各ペアで構成されます。機能の違いこれら憩室の間で、いずれはダニの生物学の文脈で理解されていない場合は、細菌やダニ ・病原菌相互作用をチェックします。破裂腸憩室腸の操作は細菌叢腸内腔や腸内細菌叢の空間定位の誤解の結果と緩く関連付けられている内に存在を転置します。蛍光標識 RNAの in situハイブリダイゼーションを修正し、個々 の腸憩室プローブの交配を確保し、ボレリアをローカライズするティック腸成績17を調べる以前に利用されています。18全体ダニのパラフィン包埋の区分により成績証明書。これらの両方のアプローチでは、腸内細菌叢のアーキテクチャに影響を及ぼす交配前にティック組織の操作必要があります。
このレポートでその場で全部マウント交配 (WMISH) を使用して実行可能な目盛り腸内細菌を調べるプロトコル詳細に述べる。全体マウント RNAの in situハイブリダイゼーションの使用により、存在の国際理解と腸内のさまざまな地域で特定の腸内細菌の豊かさと病原体の植民地化のコンテキストでティック腸の生物学への新しい洞察に拍車をかける可能性があります。トランス ミッション。さらに、特定の細菌 RNA に対して指示される RNA プローブの使用が目盛りの腸内細菌の検出を可能します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sefar NITEX Nylon Mesh, 110 micron</td><td>Amazon</td><td>03-110/47</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pGEM-T Easy Vector System</td><td>Promega</td><td>A1360</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digoxygenin-11-UTP</td><td>Roche</td><td>1209256910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dNTP</td><td>New England Biolabs&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N0447S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNAse I(RNAse-free)</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0303S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HiScribe SP6 RNA synthesis kit</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>E2070S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HiScribe T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>E2040S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water, RNase-free, DEPC-treated</td><td>American Bioanalytical</td><td>AB02128-00500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA, 0.5M, pH 8.0</td><td>American Bioanalytical</td><td>AB00502-01000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde, 37%</td><td>JT Baker</td><td>2106-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formamide</td><td>American Bioanalytical</td><td>AB00600-00500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E-4378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS, 10X</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14300-075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P1379-25ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>3115879001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triethanolamine HCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T1502-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic anhydride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>320102-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>ThermoScientific/Pierce</td><td>28906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SSC, 20X</td><td>American Bioanalytical</td><td>AB13156-01000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNA from torula yeast</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>R3629-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin, sodium salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>H3393-10KU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Denhardt&#039;s Solution, 50X</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D2532-5ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CHAPS hydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C3023-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNase A</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>10109142001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNase T1</td><td>ThermoScientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EN0541</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maleic acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M0375-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blocking reagent</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>11096176001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Digoxigenin-AP, Fab fragments</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>11093274910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Levamisol hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>31742-250MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>11442074001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bouin&#039;s solution</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>HT10132-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide</td><td>Mallinkrodt Baker, Inc</td><td>2186-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single stranded RNA ladder</td><td>Ambion -Millenium</td><td>AM7151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;#11 High-Carbon steel blades&amp;nbsp;</td><td>C and A Scientific Premiere</td><td>#11-9411</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocycler</td><td>BioRad, CA</td><td>1851148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>ThermoScientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NanoDrop 2000C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orbital shaker</td><td>VWR</td><td>DS-500E Digital Orbital shaker</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shaking water bath</td><td>BELLCO Glass, Inc</td><td>Hot Shaker-7746-12110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel&amp;nbsp; documentation system</td><td>BioRad</td><td>Gel Doc XR+ Gel documentation system</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bright-field Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon</td><td>NikonSM2745T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bright-field Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>AXIO Scope.A1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>STEMI 2000-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Light box</td><td>VWR</td><td>102097-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR purification kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image capture software</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Zen lite</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image editing software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Adobe&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Adobe Photoshop CS4 version 11.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image analysis software</td><td>National Institutes of Health</td><td>ImageJ-NIH /imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Automation compatible instrumentation</td><td>Intavis Bioanalytical Instruments, Tubingen, Germany).&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Intavis, Biolane HT1.16v</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

visualization of microbiota in tick guts by whole-mount in situ hybridization

節足動物ベクトルによる伝染病は、世界中の人間の健康に重大な脅威をもたらすし続けます。これらの病気を引き起こしている病原体は、彼らはベクトル; を植民地化するとき、単独では存在しません。むしろ、腸内腔の常駐微生物との相互作用に従事する可能性が高い。ベクトル内の細菌叢は、いくつかの媒介性疾患の病原体の感染に重要な役割を再生する実証されています。イクソデススカプラリス目盛り、ボレリアブルグドルフェリを含むいくつかの人間の病原体のベクトルの腸内常在細菌病原体のダニの伝送に影響を与えるかどうかは未定です。ティックの腸内で潜在的な種間相互作用の理解を容易にするダニ腸に関連付けられている細菌の組成を特徴付けるための方法が必要です。その場で全部マウントの使用特定の細菌種に関連付けられている RNA 転写産物を視覚化する交配できます豊かさに関する質的データの収集とそのまま組織の細菌叢の分布。この技術は、ダニの餌にわたって腸内細菌叢の環境の変化を調べるため、ティック遺伝子の発現を分析にも適用できます。三次元再構成を必要とせず、組織の標的 RNA の総空間分布については収量をガッツ全目盛りの染色としばしば混同法を用いた環境汚染の影響が小さい複雑な微生物群集を研究する頻繁に使用されるメソッド。全体的にみて、この手法はより良いするために使用できる貴重なツール ベクトル病原細菌の相互作用とその病気の感染における役割を理解します。

測定および RNA プローブの質の評価、染色を開始する前に重要です。In vitro転写効率量と DNA のテンプレートの質に大きく依存します。我々 は日常的に純度と転写反応によって生成されたプローブの量を確認するホルムアルデヒドのゲルの RNA プローブを可視化。プローブは、明るい、離散バンド (図 2) として表示されます。RNA 濃度の吸光...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

ホール マウントIn Situハイブリダイゼーションによる目盛りの腸内微生物叢の可視化

ここでは、空間的そして一時的変更されたホール マウント in situ ハイブリダイゼーションのアプローチを使用して目盛り根性で実行可能な微生物叢の存在を評価するためにプロトコルを提案します。

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these ...

visualization-microbiota-tick-guts-whole-mount-situ

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

9.5K ビュー.  Yale University School of Medicine. ここでは、空間的そして一時的変更されたホール マウント in situ ハイブリダイゼーションのアプローチを使用して目盛り根性で実行可能な微生物叢の存在を評価するためにプロトコルを提案します。

ビデオ: Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and transmitted from one generation to the next through the female oocyte is of fundamental importance. Because of the genetic tractability, and the elegant, ordered simplicity by which oocyte development proceeds, Drosophila oogenesis has become an invaluable system for mitochondrial study. An EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) labeling method was utilized to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in Drosophila ovaries. This method is superior to the BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) labeling method in that it allows for good structural preservation and efficient fluorescent dye penetration of whole-mount tissues.
Here we describe a detailed protocol for labeling replicating mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila adult ovaries with EdU. Some technical solutions are offered to improve the viability of the ovaries, maintain their health during preparation, and ensure high-quality imaging. Visualization of newly synthesized mtDNA in the ovaries not only reveals the striking temporal and spatial pattern of mtDNA replication through oogenesis, but also allows for simple quantification of mtDNA replication under various genetic and pharmacological perturbations.

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

Drosophila oogenesis continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of mitochondrial proliferation and inheritance. This manuscript describes a detailed protocol used to label the replicating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Drosophila adult ovaries with 5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine (EdU), which facilitates uncovering mechanisms associated with mitochondrial inheritance that were previously debatable.

EDU染色によりショウジョウバエアダルト卵巣内のミトコンドリアDNA複製のその場の標識で

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and ...

遺伝学

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most mutagenesis-based screens, researchers have relied on the use of toxic chemicals, carcinogens, or irradiation, which requires designated equipment, safety setup, and/or disposal of hazardous materials. We have developed a simple approach to induce heritable mutations in C. elegans using germline-expressed histone-miniSOG, a light-inducible potent generator of reactive oxygen species. This mutagenesis method is free of toxic chemicals and requires minimal laboratory safety and waste management. The induced DNA modifications include single-nucleotide changes and small deletions, and complement those caused by classical chemical mutagenesis. This methodology can also be used to induce integration of extrachromosomal transgenes. Here, we provide the details of the LED setup and protocols for standard mutagenesis and transgene integration.

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Genetically-encoded histone-miniSOG induces genome-wide heritable mutations in a blue&#160;light-dependent manner. This mutagenesis method is simple, fast, free of toxic chemicals, and well-suited for forward genetic screening and transgene integration.

でヒストンminiSOGを使用した光遺伝学ランダム突然変異誘発<em&gt; C。エレガンス</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

Detection of Inter-chromosomal Stable Aberrations by Multiple Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (mFISH) and Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) in Irradiated Mice

Ionizing radiation (IR) induces numerous stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations. Unstable aberrations, where chromosome morphology is substantially compromised, can easily be identified by conventional chromosome staining techniques. However, detection of stable aberrations, which involve exchange or translocation of genetic materials without considerable modification in the chromosome morphology, requires sophisticated chromosome painting techniques that rely on in situ hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA probes, a chromosome painting technique popularly known as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH probes can be specific for whole chromosome/s or precise sub-region on chromosome/s. The method not only allows visualization of stable aberrations, but it can also allow detection of the chromosome/s or specific DNA sequence/s involved in a particular aberration formation. A variety of chromosome painting techniques are available in cytogenetics; here two highly sensitive methods, multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY), are discussed to identify inter-chromosomal stable aberrations that form in the bone marrow cells of mice after exposure to total body irradiation. Although both techniques rely on fluorescent labeled DNA probes, the method of detection and the process of image acquisition of the fluorescent signals are different. These two techniques have been used in various research areas, such as radiation biology, cancer cytogenetics, retrospective radiation biodosimetry, clinical cytogenetics, evolutionary cytogenetics, and comparative cytogenetics.

Detection of Inter-chromosomal Stable Aberrations by Multiple Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization mFISH and Spectral Karyotyping SKY in Irradiated Mice

The present protocol describes the usefulness of multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY) in identifying inter-chromosomal stable aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice after exposure to total body irradiation.

複数の蛍光によるインター染色体安定型異常の検出<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション（mFISH）と照射されたマウスにおけるスペクトル核型分析（SKY）

Ionizing radiation (IR) induces numerous stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations. Unstable aberrations, where chromosome morphology is substantially ...

Methods for Rapid Transfer and Localization of Lyme Disease Pathogens Within the Tick Gut

Lyme disease is caused by infection with the spirochete pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, which is maintained in nature by a tick-rodent infection cycle 1. A tick-borne murine model 2 has been developed to study Lyme disease in the laboratory. While na&iacute;ve ticks can be infected with B. burgdorferi by feeding them on infected mice, the molting process takes several weeks to months to complete. Therefore, development of more rapid and efficient tick infection techniques, such as a microinjection-based procedure, is an important tool for the study of Lyme disease 3,4. The procedure requires only hours to generate infected ticks and allows control over the delivery of equal quantities of spirochetes in a cohort of ticks. This is particularly important as the generation of B. burgdorferi infected ticks by the natural feeding process using mice fails to ensure 100% infection rate and potentially results in variation of pathogen burden amongst fed ticks. Furthermore, microinjection can be used to infect ticks with B. burgdorferi isolates in cases where an attenuated strain is unable to establish infection in mice and thus can not be naturally acquired by ticks 5. This technique can also be used to deliver a variety of other biological materials into ticks, for example, specific antibodies or double stranded RNA 6. In this article, we will demonstrate the microinjection of nymphal ticks with in vitro-grown B. burgdorferi. We will also describe a method for localization of Lyme disease pathogens in the tick gut using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy.

Lyme disease research studies often require generation of ticks infected with the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, a process that typically takes several weeks. Here we demonstrate a microinjection-based tick infection procedure that can be accomplished within hours. We also demonstrate an immunofluorescence method for in situ localization of B. burgdorferi within ticks.

ティック腸内ライム病の病原体の迅速な伝達とローカリゼーションのための方法

Lyme disease is caused by infection with the spirochete pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, which is maintained in nature by a tick-rodent infection cycle 1.  ...

免疫・感染学

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on mammalian hosts. In nature, this zoonotic bacterial pathogen may use a variety of reservoir hosts, but the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is the primary reservoir for larval and nymphal ticks in North America. Humans are incidental hosts most frequently infected with B. burgdorferi by the bite of ticks in the nymphal stage. B. burgdorferi adapts to its hosts throughout the enzootic cycle, so the ability to explore the functions of these spirochetes and their effects on mammalian hosts requires the use of tick feeding. In addition, the technique of xenodiagnosis (using the natural vector for detection and recovery of an infectious agent) has been useful in studies of cryptic infection. In order to obtain nymphal ticks that harbor B. burgdorferi, ticks are fed live spirochetes in culture through capillary tubes. Two animal models, mice and nonhuman primates, are most commonly used for Lyme disease studies involving tick feeding. We demonstrate the methods by which these ticks can be fed upon, and recovered from animals for either infection or xenodiagnosis.

Lyme disease is the most commonly-reported vector-borne disease in North America. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete bacterium transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Transmission and detection of infection in animal models is optimized by the use of tick feeding, which we describe here.

ライム病研究における送信および外因診断法のために動物にダニの摂食

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the  attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on ...

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most colonized hosts, the commensal reservoir does serve as a repository for infectious disease, and the presence of high fungal titers in the gut is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we describe a method to visualize C. albicans cell morphology and localization in a mouse model of stable gastrointestinal colonization. Colonization is established using a single dose of C. albicans in animals that have been treated with oral antibiotics. Segments of gut tissue are fixed in a manner that preserves the architecture of luminal contents (microorganisms and mucus) as well as the host mucosa. Finally, fluorescent in situ hybridization is performed using probes against fungal rRNA to stain for C. albicans and hyphae. A key advantage of this protocol is that it allows for simultaneous observation of C. albicans cell morphology and its spatial association with host structures during gastrointestinal colonization.

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize Candida albicans cell shape and localization in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract.

上皮内蛍光を用いたマウス消化管におけるカンダアルビカンスの可視化

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most ...

Visualization of Gut Microbiota-host Interactions via Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, Lectin Staining, and Imaging

Measuring the localization of microbes within their in vivo context is an essential step in revealing the functional relationships between the microbiota and the vertebrate gut. The spatial landscape of the gut microbiota is tightly controlled by physical features - intestinal mucus, crypts, and folds - and is affected by host-controlled properties such as pH, oxygen availability, and immune factors. These properties limit the ability of commensal microbes and pathogens alike to colonize the gut stably. At the micron-scale, microbial organization determines the close-range interactions between different microbes as well as the interactions between microbes and their host. These interactions then affect large-scale organ function and host health.
This protocol enables the visualization of the gut microbiota spatial organization from distances between cells to organ-wide scales. The method is based on fixing gut tissues while preserving intestinal structure and mucus properties. The fixed samples are then embedded, sectioned, and stained to highlight specific bacterial species through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Host features, such as mucus and host cell components, are labeled with fluorescently labeled lectins. Finally, the stained sections are imaged using a confocal microscope utilizing tile-scan imaging at high magnification to bridge the micron to centimeter length scales. This type of imaging can be applied to intestinal sections from animal models and biopsies from human tissues to determine the biogeography of the microbiota in the gut in health and disease.

Visualization of Gut Microbiota-host Interactions via Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, Lectin Staining, and Imaging

This streamlined protocol details a workflow to detect and image bacteria in complex tissue samples, from fixing the tissue to staining microbes with fluorescent in situ hybridization.

蛍光を介した蛍光による腸内微生物叢-宿主相互作用の可視化( Situ ハイブリダイゼーション、レクチン染色、イメージング)

Measuring the localization of microbes within their in vivo context is an essential step in revealing the functional relationships between the microbiota ...

Fluorescent Reporter 定量による全臓器病原体追跡(英語)

High&#45;Resolution Three&#45;Dimensional Whole&#45;Organ Tomography of Microbial Infections

Most infections take place within three-dimensional host tissues with intricate anatomy and locally varying host physiology. The positioning of pathogen cells within this diverse environment significantly affects their stress levels, responses, fate, and contribution to the overall progression of the disease and treatment failure. However, due to the technical difficulties in locating &#181;m-sized pathogen cells within cm-sized host organs, this area of research has been relatively unexplored. Here, we present a method for addressing this challenge. We employ serial two-photon tomography and AI-enhanced image analysis to locate individual Salmonella cells throughout the entire spleen, liver lobes, and whole lymph nodes of infected mice. Using fluorescent reporters and in vivo antibody administration, the replication rate of single Salmonella cells, their local interaction with specific immune cells, and bacterial responses to antibiotics can be determined. These methodologies open avenues for a comprehensive examination of infections, their prevention, and treatment within the three-dimensional tissue context.

著者スポットライト:組織における抗生物質と免疫系に対する細菌の応答を解明する

Here, we describe a procedure that enables organ-wide detection of pathogenic bacteria during infection and quantification of fluorescent reporter activities.

微生物感染症の高解像度三次元全臓器断層撮影法

Most infections take place within three-dimensional host tissues with intricate anatomy and locally varying host physiology. The positioning of pathogen ...

ホールマウントIn Situハイブリダイゼーションによる目盛りの腸内微生物叢の可視化

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ホール マウントIn Situハイブリダイゼーションによる目盛りの腸内微生物叢の可視化

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ホールマウントIn Situハイブリダイゼーションによる目盛りの腸内微生物叢の可視化