本研究で用いた線虫株は健康の国民の協会 - 研究基盤プログラムのオフィス (P40 OD010440) によってサポートされている線虫の遺伝学センターから得られました。この作品は、NIH によって支えられた: 1R03AG048578-01 6 月亮、淳亮と PSC に CUNY CCRG 1501-CUNY 66184 00 44、6 月梁に 67248 00 45。キャシーの野蛮人-ダンにありがとう親切に彼女の研究室スペースを共有します。クイーンズ大学中核施設ですべての蛍光画像を集めました。ウィリアム ・ j ・ ライスに原稿の彼のコメントありがちましょう。

1. ソリューション
<ol><li>
NGM プレート
	<ol>
<li>2 L の三角フラスコで塩化ナトリウム 3 g、寒天の 17 g、2.5 g ペプトン、dH2O. カバー アルミ箔でフラスコの口の 975 mL を追加します。オートクレーブ 50 分のフラスコは、20-30 分間それを冷やします。</li>
		<li>滅菌ソリューションを追加: 1 M CaCl2の 1 mL、1 mL のエタノールで 5 mg/mL コレステロール、1 M MgSO4の 1 mL、25 mL の 1 M KPO4 (pH 6.0) バッファー。それらを混ぜるための解決策を旋回します。</li>
		<li>液体ディスペンサーを使用して、60 mm ペトリ プレートに NGM ソリューションを調剤します。寒天プレート 2/3 完全な塗りつぶし。将来の使用のための 4 ° C で気密容器に保存します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
1 M KPO4バッファー (pH 6.0)
	<ol>
<li>KH2PO4 10.83 g と dH2O、K2HPO4 3.56 g を溶解し、100 mL に容量を調整します。オートクレーブ 15 分のためのソリューション。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
M9
	<ol>
<li>KH2PO4、 6 g の Na2HPO の 3 g を溶解4、および dH2O、塩化ナトリウム 5 g 1 M MgSO4、1 mL を加えるし、1 l 容量を調整</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
10 μ G/ml DAPI
	<ol>
<li>DH2O. 999 μ L に DAPI を 10 mg/mL の 1 μ L を追加します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
アルコール 95% (v/v)
	<ol>
<li>100% アルコールの 95 mL を測定し、蒸留水 100 mL にボリュームを調整するを追加します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
アセトン 30% (v/v)
	<ol>
<li>DH2O にアセトン 30 mL を追加し、100 mL に容量を調整します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 熱応力
<ol><li>ターゲット遺伝子9,10の並進コンストラクト染色体外配列ラインを生成します。また、線虫研究の公共のリソースは、線虫の遺伝学センター (CGC) からまたは以前に発行された研究室からこのような行を取得します。</li>
	<li>染色ラインを 3,800 γ 放射線9にワームを公開することによってゲノムに統合します。各動物は、GFP やローラーなどのマーカー蛋白質を表現できるように安定的表現の行を選択します。</li>
	<li>放射線中に生成された突然変異を削除するには、少なくとも 2 行 outcross x。トランスジェニック行を使用して、ストレスの下で蛋白質発現パターンの変化を検出します。</li>
	<li>手順 1.1 NGM ワーム プレートを準備します。OP50 クローンを連勝し、一晩流体培養基 LB 液体中の細菌を培養します。みみずのための食糧源として細菌の芝生の成長に一晩で種子液体 OP50 NGM 板文化し、37 ° C の定温器の版を孵化させなさい。使用する前に、少なくとも 30 分間室温でプレートを冷やします。</li>
	<li>熱応力測定の前に、少なくとも 2 世代のための飢えのない 20 の ° C で形質転換線を成長します。</li>
	<li>新しいワーム プレートし約 3-5 時間のため卵を産む彼ら let 8-10 の若い大人妊娠 (子宮の卵でいっぱい) を選択し、板からすべての大人を削除します。</li>
	<li>ワームを同期させると、卵が孵化して 4 令幼虫 (L4) に約 48 時間の幼虫を成長をさせます。その外陰部の構造 (半月形の構造) L4 段階 (図 1の矢印)11を識別するを調べます。</li>
	<li>熱ストレスを達成するために 2-5 h の 35 ° C の定温器で L4 幼虫ワーム プレートを配置します。温度を正確に測定するインキュベーターで温度計を配置します。</li>
</ol>3. DAPI 染色
<ol><li>
エタノールの固定
	<ol>
<li>スライド ガラスの中央に M9 バッファーの 10 μ L を追加します。</li>
		<li>ステップ 2.8 から熱ショックによるワームを選ぶし、スライド ガラスに M9 バッファーに入れます。<ol>
<li>また、M9 とプレートを洗浄、1,000 × g室温で 1 分間の遠心分離機、上澄みを廃棄します。ワームをガラス スライドに追加します。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>軟部組織を使用して、余分な液体を排出します。足元に解剖顕微鏡の下で。</li>
		<li>ワームに 95% アルコールの 10 μ L を追加し、乾燥する空気。解剖顕微鏡の下でプロセスを見るし、あまりにもドライを得る動物を聞かせていません。動物からエタノールが蒸発した直後には、次の手順に進みます。 注: エタノールは非常に迅速に蒸発します。</li>
		<li>手順 3.1.4 二度、そのワームを修正します。 メモ: それは暗くなり、歪んで見える動物の正常です。</li>
		<li>DAPI の 10 μ L を追加 (10 μ G/ml) ワーム。すぐに、coverslip でそれらをカバーし、透明なマニキュアのゲルを使用してスライドをシールします。</li>
		<li>蛍光顕微鏡で約 10 分後に、動物を表示します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
アセトン固定 (別の方法)
	<ol>
<li>M9 とステップ 2.8 から熱ショックによるプレートを洗浄、1,000 × g室温で 1 分間の遠心分離機、上澄みを廃棄します。DH2O の ml の 1 ペレット、ペレットを収集し、上澄みを廃棄します。</li>
		<li>部屋の温度で 1 分間 1,000 x gで 15 分遠心分離機の 30% アセトンの 400 μ L を追加し、上澄みを廃棄します。2 動物を洗う 500 μ L の dH2O を使用して x。上清を捨てます。</li>
		<li>DAPI を 200 μ l 添加 (10 μ G/ml) または 4 x 15 分間管内全体ヴォルムスのボリュームの量。</li>
		<li>1 分の 1,000 × gで遠心分離し、上澄みを廃棄します。ペレット 2 dH2O を 500 μ L の x スライド ガラスにワームを配置、coverslips とそれらをカバー、透明なマニキュアのゲルを使用してスライドをシール、蛍光顕微鏡下で動物を観察します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 顕微鏡イメージング
<ol><li>UV 光源と蛍光顕微鏡を入れます。顕微鏡に接続するコンピューターをオンに。</li>
	<li>蛍光顕微鏡のスライドをロードします。低消費電力対物レンズ (10 X) を使用してワームを見つけ、400 X、倍率を増やす、供試体に焦点を当てます。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡に付属するソフトウェアを開きます。メニューの「取得」をクリック「カメラ」をクリックし、顕微鏡に接続されているカメラを選択これにより、ソフトウェアと通信する選択したカメラです。 注: 別の顕微鏡の操作で異なる場合があります。</li>
	<li>同じ「取得」の下で「多次元取得」をクリックしてします。新しい「多次元買収」ナビゲーション ウィンドウをが開きます。「マルチ チャンネル」ボタンをクリックして、すべての使用可能なチャンネルが表示されます。</li>
	<li>青、緑、および試料を観察する DIC (微分干渉コントラスト) を選択します。「多次元獲得」ナビゲーション ウィンドウ"青 DAPI"、「グリーン GFP」、と「グレー DIC」、;「ノマルスキー」チャンネルに残しておく「赤ローダミン"や"白い明るいフィールド"、などの他のチャネルを右クリックして終了います。</li>
	<li>
まず、各チャンネル用の露光時間を測定します。
	<ol>
<li>それを選択し、「測定」の自動露光時間と DAPI チャネルの下でライブ画像を撮影するためにクリックする"青 DAPI"チャネルを左クリックします。ライブ イメージで新しいウィンドウが表示されます。</li>
		<li>ライブ イメージ ウィンドウの左側にある、必要に応じてイメージを作るために必要な場合手動で露光時間を調整します。</li>
		<li>最後に、 "[ok] をクリックして"ライブ画像ウィンドウで。これは DAPI チャネルの下で露出時間を設定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>他のチャンネル、「緑色 GFP」、「グレー-DIC」、「ノマルスキー"、これらのチャネルのための露光時間を設定するのステップ 4.6 を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>「多次元取得」のナビゲーション ウィンドウで自動的セットとして特定の露光時間の順序 (上記参照) で 3 つの異なるチャネルの下で 3 つ画像を収集する「スタート」をクリックします。</li>
	<li>ファイルを保存すると、メイン メニューに移動、「として保存」し、「ファイル」をクリックします。ファイル名とフォルダー名を入力します。今後の参考のため詳細な画像情報を保存する既定のファイル形式としてファイルを保存します。</li>
	<li>
他の形式でファイルをエクスポート: する
	<ol>
<li>「ファイル」に移動し、「エクスポート」をクリックします。これは、エクスポートの設定ウィンドウを開くでしょう。</li>
		<li>ファイル名とフォルダーを設定します。データを整理するより「プロジェクト フォルダーを作成する」をチェックします。ソフトウェアはまた 4 の他のオプションを指定できます:「マージの生成画像」、「チャンネルの画像に色を使用」「使用チャネル名」と「結合イメージのみ」.</li>
		<li>"TIF"、"BMP"、「PSD」、または「JPG」、他の種類など、ドロップ ダウン メニューから、目的のファイルの種類を選択します。エクスポートする「スタート」をクリックします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+elegans+HIM-17+links+chromatin+modification+and+competence+for+initiation+of+meiotic+recombination.">C. elegans HIM-17 links chromatin modification and competence for initiation of meiotic recombination.</a> Cell. 118 (4), 439-452 (2004).</li><li>Ames, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-cell-autonomous+role+of+BEC-1/BECN1/Beclin1+in+coordinating+cell-cycle+progression+and+stem+cell+proliferation+during+germline+development.">A non-cell-autonomous role of BEC-1/BECN1/Beclin1 in coordinating cell-cycle progression and stem cell proliferation during germline development.</a> Current Biology. 27 (6), 905-913 (2017).</li><li>Pekar, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+the+environment,+DAF-7/TGFbeta+signaling+and+LAG-2/DSL+ligand+expression+in+the+germline+stem+cell+niche.">Linking the environment, DAF-7/TGFbeta signaling and LAG-2/DSL ligand expression in the germline stem cell niche.</a> Development. 144 (16), 2896-2906 (2017).</li><li>Schvarzstein, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+helicase+HIM-6/BLM+both+promotes+MutSgamma-dependent+crossovers+and+antagonizes+MutSgamma-independent+interhomolog+associations+during+caenorhabditis+elegans+meiosis.">DNA helicase HIM-6/BLM both promotes MutSgamma-dependent crossovers and antagonizes MutSgamma-independent interhomolog associations during caenorhabditis elegans meiosis.</a> Genetics. 198 (1), 193-207 (2014).</li><li>Flemming, A. J., Shen, Z. Z., Cunha, A., Emmons, S. W., Leroi, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+polyploidization+and+cellular+proliferation+drive+body+size+evolution+in+nematodes.">Somatic polyploidization and cellular proliferation drive body size evolution in nematodes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (10), 5285-5290 (2000).</li><li>Nagamatsu, Y., Ohshima, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+for+the+control+of+body+size+by+a+G-kinase+and+a+downstream+TGFbeta+signal+pathway+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mechanisms for the control of body size by a G-kinase and a downstream TGFbeta signal pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genes to Cells. 9 (1), 39-47 (2004).</li></ol>

著者申告するものがあります。

この記事は核に細胞質からタンパク質細胞内の変更を検証する高速かつ効率的な方法を提示しました。蛋白質の表現は、(図 3) を汚す DAPI によって核構造を検証した中、GFP 融合によって示されました。ほとんど線虫タンパク質細胞内局在化は GFP、ラズ、mCherry などのマーカー蛋白質とそれらをタグ付けによって特徴付けられる染色線虫蛋白質は挑戦的な<sup...

蛋白質の細胞レベル下のローカリゼーションの変更は、熱ストレス、飢餓、酸化ストレス、アポトーシス、タンパク質リン酸化、その他などの内部または外部のシグナルに応答の一般的なメカニズムです。たとえば、熱応力は、FOXO メンバー DAF 16 核移行1,2, と入札が3,4の信号受信の死亡時にミトコンドリアに移行 pro アポトーシス bcl-2 蛋白を誘導します。これらの変更を検出する様々 なテクニックがあります。西部にしみが付くことおよび生化学的細胞レベル下の構造 (例えばミトコンドリアや核) を分離することの組み合わせは、目標3を達成できるも。ただし、興味の蛋白質に対して抗体が必要です。したがって、確立された抗体の成功の鍵となります。代替的アプローチは、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP)、赤の蛍光タンパク質 (RFP)、黄色い蛍光蛋白質 (YFP) を mCherry など様々 なマーカーとさまざまな細胞内構造や細胞内小器官をラベルし、一方のタンパク質をラベル他のマーカーに興味。その後、ターゲット5,6をローカライズする共焦点顕微鏡で観察します。放射性同位元素は、標的タンパク質をラベル付けおよび、その内局7を検出するための代替選択肢です。ただし、このメソッドには、適切な訓練と放射性廃棄物の処理が必要です。特定の抗体の欠如は、適切なマーカーの不在や共焦点顕微鏡などの機器の scarceness などの状況下で代替的アプローチを考慮する必要があります。タンパク質の核移行を識別するためにだけマーカーを持つ標的タンパク質をラベルし、化学試薬 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) のみ通常蛍光顕微鏡が必要ですので核を染色する魅力的です。
反応線虫抗体とは卵の殻や動物を取り巻く膠原線維のキューティクルの低透磁率のために挑戦。一方、線虫のタンパク質は、脊椎動物の嗅覚から著しく発散なので、いくつかの民間企業は特定の製品で線虫を提供します。自分自身の線虫抗体を生成する小さな研究室は困難です。コミュニティの研究者は、頻繁ローカリゼーションまたは遺伝子発現を示すマーカーとして付けられた蛋白質を使用します。この資料では、例として EXL 1::GFP を使用して熱応力8の下で蛋白質の核移行を追跡します。動物のゲノムに統合された並進exl 1::gfp安定、 gfp融合遺伝子を表現する使用されます。研究を示したexl 1腸、体壁筋および他の細胞内構造8で表されます。このプロトコルは、(L4) 4 幼虫にワームを同期すると、熱応力実験、および行為 DAPI 染色、エタノール固定、アセトンの固定、および通常蛍光顕微鏡イメージングを実行する方法を示します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Biotium</td><td>40043</td><td>both Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 also works well</td></tr><tr><td>OP50</td><td>CGC</td><td>OP50</td><td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td></tr><tr><td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td></tr><tr><td>Kim Wipe</td><td>Kimberly-Clark Corporation</td><td></td><td>soft tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss&amp;nbsp; AX10</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>fluorescence microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Axiovision Rel 4.8</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>microscope software</td></tr><tr><td>AxioCam MR Rev3</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>digital camera</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro centrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transparent nail polish gel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm petri dishes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slides</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-20 &amp;micro;L pipettor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20-200 &amp;micro;L pipettor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200-1000 &amp;micro;L pipettor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-200 &amp;micro;L pipet tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200-1000 &amp;micro;L pipet tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum wire worm pick</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detecting protein subcellular localization by green fluorescence protein tagging and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining in caenorhabditis elegans

このプロトコル、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) 融合タンパク質と 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) タンパク質細胞内局在変化の追跡に使用される汚損特に、熱下核転座応力状態です。タンパク質には、それに対応する外部および内部信号が反応します。共通のメカニズムは、その内局を変更することです。この記事では、抗体や放射化ラベリング、共焦点顕微鏡を必要としない蛋白質のローカリゼーションを追跡するプロトコルについて説明します。この記事で、GFP タグの哺乳類の CLIC4 を含む塩化物の細胞内チャネル蛋白質 (クリックス) 家族の線虫メンバーのターゲット蛋白質 EXL 1 されます。(プロモーターによる遺伝子の塩基配列と) 統合された並進exl 1::gfpトランスジェニック ラインによって作成された変換と γ 放射線と遺伝子とgfpを安定して表現。最近の研究では、熱応力、ない酸化ストレス、EXL 1::GFP が核で蓄積を示した。核構造と、DAPI GFP 信号を重複信号は、ストレスの下で EXL 1 細胞内局在変化を確認します。このプロトコルは、DAPI 染色 2 つの異なる固定方法を提示: エタノールの固定とアセトンの固定。この記事で紹介した DAPI 染色プロトコル、高速かつ効率的であり、GFP シグナルと蛋白質の細胞内局在変化の両方を保持します。このメソッドはのみ、ノマルスキー、FITC フィルター DAPI フィルターと蛍光顕微鏡を必要があります。小さな実験室設定、学部学生の研究、高校生研究およびバイオ テクノロジー教室に適しています。

塩化物チャネルの細胞内蛋白質 (CLIC) は、種12間で高度に保存されている多機能タンパク質です。多くの研究は示します、クリックス細胞ストレス、オートファジー、アポトーシス、発癌、血管新生、および哺乳類系13,14,15,16 マクロファージ生得の免疫反応を...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

このプロトコルは、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) の融合タンパク質マーカーとして、4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) による熱ストレス蛋白質の核移行を追跡する方法を示しますを汚します。プロトコルを汚す DAPI は速く、GFP とタンパク質の細胞内局在化信号を保持されます。

緑色蛍光タンパク質タグと 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole線虫の染色によるタンパク質細胞内局在を検出

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein ...

detecting-protein-subcellular-localization-green-fluorescence-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

9.5K ビュー.  Borough of Manhattan Community College/CUNY. このプロトコルは、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) の融合タンパク質マーカーとして、4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) による熱ストレス蛋白質の核移行を追跡する方法を示しますを汚します。プロトコルを汚す DAPI は速く、GFP とタンパク質の細胞内局在化信号を保持されます。

ビデオ: Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging

The four C. elegans excretory canals are narrow tubes extended through the length of the animal from a single cell, with almost equally far extended intracellular endotubes that build and stabilize the lumen with a membrane and submembraneous cytoskeleton of apical character. The excretory cell expands its length approximately 2,000 times to generate these canals, making this model unique for the in vivo assessment of de novo polarized membrane biogenesis, intracellular lumen morphogenesis and unicellular tubulogenesis. The protocol presented here shows how to combine standard labeling, gain- and loss-of-function genetic or RNA interference (RNAi)-, and microscopic approaches to use this model to visually dissect and functionally analyze these processes on a molecular level. As an example of a labeling approach, the protocol outlines the generation of transgenic animals with fluorescent fusion proteins for live analysis of tubulogenesis. As an example of a genetic approach, it highlights key points of a visual RNAi-based interaction screen designed to modify a gain-of-function cystic canal phenotype. The specific methods described are how to: label and visualize the canals by expressing fluorescent proteins; construct a targeted RNAi library and strategize RNAi screening for the molecular analysis of canal morphogenesis; visually assess modifications of canal phenotypes; score them by dissecting fluorescence microscopy; characterize subcellular canal components at higher resolution by confocal microscopy; and quantify visual parameters. The approach is useful for the investigator who is interested in taking advantage of the C. elegans excretory canal for identifying and characterizing genes involved in the phylogenetically conserved processes of intracellular lumen and unicellular tube morphogenesis.

The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging

The C. elegans excretory canal is a unique single-cell model for the visual in vivo analysis of de novo polarized membrane biogenesis. This protocol describes a combination of standard genetic/RNAi and imaging approaches, adaptable for the identification and characterization of molecules directing unicellular tubulogenesis, and apical membrane and lumen biogenesis.

細胞内の内腔の形態形成と単一細胞におけるIn Vivo偏光膜生合成のためのモデルとして線虫排泄管: GFP 融合、RNAi 操作画面やイメージングによるラベリング

The four C. elegans excretory canals are narrow tubes extended through the length of the animal from a single cell, with almost equally far extended ...

発生生物学

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein are molecular motors that regulate anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively. These motors use microtubule networks as rails. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful model organism to study axonal transport and IFT in vivo. Here, I describe a protocol to observe axonal transport and IFT in living C. elegans. Transported cargo can be visualized by tagging cargo proteins using fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). C. elegans is transparent and GFP-tagged cargo proteins can be expressed in specific cells under cell-specific promoters. Living worms can be fixed by microbeads on 10% agarose gel without killing or anesthetizing the worms. Under these conditions, cargo movement can be directly observed in the axons and cilia of living C. elegans without dissection. This method can be applied to the observation of any cargo molecule in any cells by modifying the target proteins and/or the cells they are expressed in. Most basic proteins such as molecular motors and adaptor proteins that are involved in axonal transport and IFT are conserved in C. elegans. Compared to other model organisms, mutants can be obtained and maintained more easily in C. elegans. Combining this method with various C. elegans mutants can clarify the molecular mechanisms of axonal transport and IFT.

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a good model to study axonal and intracellular transport. Here, I describe a protocol for in vivo recording and analysis of axonal and intraflagellar transport in C. elegans.

線虫ニューロンの細胞内輸送を分析するための固定化

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein ...

C. elegans Gonad Dissection and Freeze Crack for Immunofluorescence and DAPI Staining

The C. elegans germline makes an excellent model for studying meiosis, in part due to the ease of conducting cytological analyses on dissected animals. Whole mount preparations preserve the structure of meiotic nuclei, and importantly, each gonad arm contains all stages of meiosis, organized in a temporal-spatial progression that makes it easy to identify nuclei at different stages. Adult hermaphrodites have two gonad arms, each organized as a closed tube with proliferating germline stem cells at the distal closed end and cellularized oocytes at the proximal open end, which join in the center at the uterus. Dissection releases one or both gonad arms from the body cavity, allowing the entirety of meiosis to be visualized. Here, a common protocol for immunofluorescence against a protein of interest is presented, followed by DAPI staining to mark all chromosomes. Young adults are immobilized in levamisole and quickly dissected using two syringe needles. After germline extrusion, the sample is fixed before undergoing a freeze crack in liquid nitrogen, which helps permeabilize the cuticle and other tissues. The sample can then be dehydrated in ethanol, rehydrated, and incubated with primary and secondary antibodies. DAPI is added to the sample in the mounting medium, which allows reliable visualization of DNA and makes it easy to find animals to image under a fluorescent microscope. This technique is readily adopted by those familiar with handling C. elegans after a few hours spent practicing the dissection method itself. This protocol has been taught to high-schoolers and undergraduates working in a research lab and incorporated into a course-based undergraduate research experience at a liberal arts college.

C. elegans Gonad Dissection and Freeze Crack for Immunofluorescence and DAPI Staining

This is a commonly used method for C. elegans gonad dissection followed by freeze crack, which produces germline samples for immunofluorescence via antibody staining, or for simple DAPI staining to visualize DNA. This protocol has been successful for undergraduates in a research lab and in a course-based undergraduate research experience.

C.エレガンス 免疫蛍光およびDAPI染色のための生殖腺解離および凍結亀裂

The C. elegans germline makes an excellent model for studying meiosis, in part due to the ease of conducting cytological analyses on dissected animals. ...

遺伝学

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

神経科学

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure the activity of neurons during various behaviors. To correlate neural activity with behavior, the animal should not be immobilized but should be able to move. Many behavioral changes occur during long time scales and require recording over many hours of behavior. This also makes it necessary to culture the worms in the presence of food. How can worms be cultured and their neural activity imaged over long time scales? Agarose Microchamber Imaging (AMI) was previously developed to culture and observe small larvae and has now been adapted to study all life stages from early L1 until the adult stage of C. elegans. AMI can be performed on various life stages of C. elegans. Long-term calcium imaging is achieved without immobilizing the animals by using short externally triggered exposures combined with an electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera recording. Zooming out or scanning can scale up this method to image up to 40 worms in parallel. Thus, a method is described to image behavior and neural activity over long time scales in all life stages of C. elegans.

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Imaging behavior and neural activity over long time scales without immobilization of the animal is a prerequisite to understand behavior. Agarose microfluidic chambers imaging (AMI) can be used to image neural activity and behavior for all life stages of Caenorhabditis elegans.

の長期カルシウムイメージングのためのアガロースマイクロチャンバー<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

生物学

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age are significant public health burdens. We currently understand little about the genetic regulation of muscle health with disease or age. The nematode C. elegans is an established model for understanding the genomic regulation of biological processes of interest. This worm&#8217;s body wall muscles display a large degree of homology with the muscles of higher metazoan species. Since C. elegans is a transparent organism, the localization of GFP to mitochondria and sarcomeres allows visualization of these structures in vivo. Similarly, feeding animals cationic dyes, which accumulate based on the existence of a mitochondrial membrane potential, allows the assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo. These methods, as well as assessment of muscle protein homeostasis, are combined with assessment of whole animal muscle function, in the form of movement assays, to allow correlation of sub-cellular defects with functional measures of muscle performance. Thus, C. elegans provides a powerful platform with which to assess the impact of mutations, gene knockdown, and/or chemical compounds upon muscle structure and function. Lastly, as GFP, cationic dyes, and movement assays are assessed non-invasively, prospective studies of muscle structure and function can be conducted across the whole life course and this at present cannot be easily investigated in vivo in any other organism.

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Skeletal muscle is essential for locomotion and is the bodies&#8217; main protein store. Muscle health measurements within C. elegans are described. Prospective changes to muscle structure and function are assessed using localized GFP and cationic dyes.

筋肉の細胞内コンパートメントを評価するための方法<em&gt; C。エレガンス</em

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age ...

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a crucial component of intracellular signaling. The visualization of subcellular Ca2+ dynamics in vivo,&#160;where neurons can be studied in their native, intact circuitry, has proven technically challenging in complex nervous systems. The transparency and relatively simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enable the cell-specific expression and in vivo visualization of fluorescent tags and indicators. Among these are fluorescent indicators that have been modified for use in the cytoplasm as well as various subcellular compartments, such as the mitochondria. This protocol enables non-ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in vivo with a subcellular resolution that permits the analysis of Ca2+ dynamics down to the level of individual dendritic spines and mitochondria. Here, two available genetically encoded indicators with different Ca2+ affinities are used to demonstrate the use of this protocol for measuring relative Ca2+ levels within the cytoplasm or mitochondrial matrix in a single pair of excitatory interneurons (AVA). Together with the genetic manipulations and longitudinal observations possible in C. elegans, this imaging protocol may be useful for answering questions regarding how Ca2+ handling regulates neuronal function and plasticity.

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

The current methods describe a non-ratiometric approach for high-resolution, sub-compartmental calcium imaging in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans using readily available genetically encoded calcium indicators.

in vivoでの神経細胞カルシウムハンドリングの細胞内イメージング

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a ...

Automating Aggregate Quantification in Caenorhabditis elegans

A rise in the prevalence of neurodegenerative protein conformational diseases (PCDs) has fostered a great interest in this subject over the years. This increased attention has called for the diversification and improvement of animal models capable of reproducing disease phenotypes observed in humans with PCDs. Though murine models have proven invaluable, they are expensive and are associated with laborious, low-throughput methods. Use of the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model to study PCDs has been justified by its relative ease of maintenance, low cost, and rapid generation time, which allow for high-throughput applications. Additionally, high conservation between the C. elegans and human genomes makes this model an invaluable discovery tool. Nematodes that express fluorescently tagged tissue-specific polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts exhibit age- and polyQ length-dependent aggregation characterized by fluorescent foci. Such reporters are often employed as proxies to monitor changes in proteostasis across tissues. Manual aggregate quantification is time-consuming, limiting experimental throughput. Furthermore, manual foci quantification can introduce bias, as aggregate identification can be highly subjective. Herein, a protocol consisting of worm culturing, image acquisition, and data processing was standardized to support high-throughput aggregate quantification using C. elegans that express intestine-specific polyQ. By implementing a C. elegans-based image processing pipeline using CellProfiler, an image analysis software, this method has been optimized to separate and identify individual worms and enumerate their respective aggregates. Though the concept of automation is not entirely unique, the need to standardize such procedures for reproducibility, elimination of bias from manual counting, and increase throughput is high. It is anticipated that these methods can drastically simplify the screening process of large bacterial, genomic, or drug libraries using the C. elegans model.

Automating Aggregate Quantification in Caenorhabditis elegans

The following protocol describes the development and optimization of a high-throughput workflow for worm culturing, fluorescence imaging, and automated image processing to quantify polyglutamine aggregates as an assessment of changes in proteostasis.

Caenorhabditis elegansにおける凝集定量の自動化

A rise in the prevalence of neurodegenerative protein conformational diseases (PCDs) has fostered a great interest in this subject over the years. This ...

C. elegansおよび肝臓がん細胞株におけるマイトファジーの定量化

Detection of Mitophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Cells Using Organelle-Specific Dyes

Mitochondria are essential for various biological functions, including energy production, lipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, heme biosynthesis, regulated cell death, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are vital for key biological processes. However, when uncontrolled, they can lead to oxidative injury, including mitochondrial damage. Damaged mitochondria release more ROS, thereby intensifying cellular injury and the disease state. A homeostatic process named mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) selectively removes damaged mitochondria, which are then replaced by new ones. There are multiple mitophagy pathways, with the common endpoint being the breakdown of the damaged mitochondria in lysosomes. 
Several methodologies, including genetic sensors, antibody immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy, use this endpoint to quantify mitophagy. Each method for examining mitophagy has its advantages, such as specific tissue/cell targeting (with genetic sensors) and great detail (with electron microscopy). However, these methods often require expensive resources, trained personnel, and a lengthy preparation time before the actual experiment, such as for creating transgenic animals. Here, we present a cost-effective alternative for measuring mitophagy using commercially available fluorescent dyes targeting mitochondria and lysosomes. This method effectively measures mitophagy in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and human liver cells, which indicates its potential efficiency in other model systems.

著者スポットライト:オルガネラ特異的色素を用いた線虫および哺乳類細胞におけるマイトファジーの検出  

Exploring mitophagy through electron microscopy, genetic sensors, and immunofluorescence requires costly equipment, skilled personnel, and a significant time investment. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of a commercial fluorescence dye kit in quantifying the mitophagy process in both Caenorhabditis elegans and a liver cancer cell line.

オルガネラ特異的色素を用いた カエノラブディティス・エレガンス および哺乳類細胞におけるマイトファジーの検出

Mitochondria are essential for various biological functions, including energy production, lipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, heme biosynthesis, ...

緑色蛍光タンパク質タグと 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole線虫の染色によるタンパク質細胞内局在を検出

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

細胞内の内腔の形態形成と単一細胞におけるIn Vivo偏光膜生合成のためのモデルとして線虫排泄管: GFP 融合、RNAi 操作画面やイメージングによるラベリング

線虫ニューロンの細胞内輸送を分析するための固定化

C.エレガンス免疫蛍光およびDAPI染色のための生殖腺解離および凍結亀裂

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

の長期カルシウムイメージングのためのアガロースマイクロチャンバー

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

筋肉の細胞内コンパートメントを評価するための方法

in vivoでの神経細胞カルシウムハンドリングの細胞内イメージング

Caenorhabditis elegansにおける凝集定量の自動化

オルガネラ特異的色素を用いたカエノラブディティス・エレガンスおよび哺乳類細胞におけるマイトファジーの検出

緑色蛍光タンパク質タグと 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole線虫の染色によるタンパク質細胞内局在を検出

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

細胞内の内腔の形態形成と単一細胞におけるIn Vivo偏光膜生合成のためのモデルとして線虫排泄管: GFP 融合、RNAi 操作画面やイメージングによるラベリング

線虫ニューロンの細胞内輸送を分析するための固定化

C.エレガンス 免疫蛍光およびDAPI染色のための生殖腺解離および凍結亀裂

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

の長期カルシウムイメージングのためのアガロースマイクロチャンバー

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

筋肉の細胞内コンパートメントを評価するための方法

in vivoでの神経細胞カルシウムハンドリングの細胞内イメージング

Caenorhabditis elegansにおける凝集定量の自動化

オルガネラ特異的色素を用いた カエノラブディティス・エレガンス および哺乳類細胞におけるマイトファジーの検出

C.エレガンス免疫蛍光およびDAPI染色のための生殖腺解離および凍結亀裂

オルガネラ特異的色素を用いたカエノラブディティス・エレガンスおよび哺乳類細胞におけるマイトファジーの検出