本研究で用いた線虫株は健康の国民の協会 - 研究基盤プログラムのオフィス (P40 OD010440) によってサポートされている線虫の遺伝学センターから得られました。この作品は、NIH によって支えられた: 1R03AG048578-01 6 月亮、淳亮と PSC に CUNY CCRG 1501-CUNY 66184 00 44、6 月梁に 67248 00 45。キャシーの野蛮人-ダンにありがとう親切に彼女の研究室スペースを共有します。クイーンズ大学中核施設ですべての蛍光画像を集めました。ウィリアム ・ j ・ ライスに原稿の彼のコメントありがちましょう。

1. ソリューション
<ol><li>
NGM プレート
	<ol>
<li>2 L の三角フラスコで塩化ナトリウム 3 g、寒天の 17 g、2.5 g ペプトン、dH2O. カバー アルミ箔でフラスコの口の 975 mL を追加します。オートクレーブ 50 分のフラスコは、20-30 分間それを冷やします。</li>
		<li>滅菌ソリューションを追加: 1 M CaCl2の 1 mL、1 mL のエタノールで 5 mg/mL コレステロール、1 M MgSO4の 1 mL、25 mL の 1 M KPO4 (pH 6.0) バッファー。それらを混ぜるための解決策を旋回します。</li>
		<li>液体ディスペンサーを使用して、60 mm ペトリ プレートに NGM ソリューションを調剤します。寒天プレート 2/3 完全な塗りつぶし。将来の使用のための 4 ° C で気密容器に保存します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
1 M KPO4バッファー (pH 6.0)
	<ol>
<li>KH2PO4 10.83 g と dH2O、K2HPO4 3.56 g を溶解し、100 mL に容量を調整します。オートクレーブ 15 分のためのソリューション。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
M9
	<ol>
<li>KH2PO4、 6 g の Na2HPO の 3 g を溶解4、および dH2O、塩化ナトリウム 5 g 1 M MgSO4、1 mL を加えるし、1 l 容量を調整</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
10 μ G/ml DAPI
	<ol>
<li>DH2O. 999 μ L に DAPI を 10 mg/mL の 1 μ L を追加します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
アルコール 95% (v/v)
	<ol>
<li>100% アルコールの 95 mL を測定し、蒸留水 100 mL にボリュームを調整するを追加します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
アセトン 30% (v/v)
	<ol>
<li>DH2O にアセトン 30 mL を追加し、100 mL に容量を調整します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 熱応力
<ol><li>ターゲット遺伝子9,10の並進コンストラクト染色体外配列ラインを生成します。また、線虫研究の公共のリソースは、線虫の遺伝学センター (CGC) からまたは以前に発行された研究室からこのような行を取得します。</li>
	<li>染色ラインを 3,800 γ 放射線9にワームを公開することによってゲノムに統合します。各動物は、GFP やローラーなどのマーカー蛋白質を表現できるように安定的表現の行を選択します。</li>
	<li>放射線中に生成された突然変異を削除するには、少なくとも 2 行 outcross x。トランスジェニック行を使用して、ストレスの下で蛋白質発現パターンの変化を検出します。</li>
	<li>手順 1.1 NGM ワーム プレートを準備します。OP50 クローンを連勝し、一晩流体培養基 LB 液体中の細菌を培養します。みみずのための食糧源として細菌の芝生の成長に一晩で種子液体 OP50 NGM 板文化し、37 ° C の定温器の版を孵化させなさい。使用する前に、少なくとも 30 分間室温でプレートを冷やします。</li>
	<li>熱応力測定の前に、少なくとも 2 世代のための飢えのない 20 の ° C で形質転換線を成長します。</li>
	<li>新しいワーム プレートし約 3-5 時間のため卵を産む彼ら let 8-10 の若い大人妊娠 (子宮の卵でいっぱい) を選択し、板からすべての大人を削除します。</li>
	<li>ワームを同期させると、卵が孵化して 4 令幼虫 (L4) に約 48 時間の幼虫を成長をさせます。その外陰部の構造 (半月形の構造) L4 段階 (図 1の矢印)11を識別するを調べます。</li>
	<li>熱ストレスを達成するために 2-5 h の 35 ° C の定温器で L4 幼虫ワーム プレートを配置します。温度を正確に測定するインキュベーターで温度計を配置します。</li>
</ol>3. DAPI 染色
<ol><li>
エタノールの固定
	<ol>
<li>スライド ガラスの中央に M9 バッファーの 10 μ L を追加します。</li>
		<li>ステップ 2.8 から熱ショックによるワームを選ぶし、スライド ガラスに M9 バッファーに入れます。<ol>
<li>また、M9 とプレートを洗浄、1,000 × g室温で 1 分間の遠心分離機、上澄みを廃棄します。ワームをガラス スライドに追加します。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>軟部組織を使用して、余分な液体を排出します。足元に解剖顕微鏡の下で。</li>
		<li>ワームに 95% アルコールの 10 μ L を追加し、乾燥する空気。解剖顕微鏡の下でプロセスを見るし、あまりにもドライを得る動物を聞かせていません。動物からエタノールが蒸発した直後には、次の手順に進みます。 注: エタノールは非常に迅速に蒸発します。</li>
		<li>手順 3.1.4 二度、そのワームを修正します。 メモ: それは暗くなり、歪んで見える動物の正常です。</li>
		<li>DAPI の 10 μ L を追加 (10 μ G/ml) ワーム。すぐに、coverslip でそれらをカバーし、透明なマニキュアのゲルを使用してスライドをシールします。</li>
		<li>蛍光顕微鏡で約 10 分後に、動物を表示します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
アセトン固定 (別の方法)
	<ol>
<li>M9 とステップ 2.8 から熱ショックによるプレートを洗浄、1,000 × g室温で 1 分間の遠心分離機、上澄みを廃棄します。DH2O の ml の 1 ペレット、ペレットを収集し、上澄みを廃棄します。</li>
		<li>部屋の温度で 1 分間 1,000 x gで 15 分遠心分離機の 30% アセトンの 400 μ L を追加し、上澄みを廃棄します。2 動物を洗う 500 μ L の dH2O を使用して x。上清を捨てます。</li>
		<li>DAPI を 200 μ l 添加 (10 μ G/ml) または 4 x 15 分間管内全体ヴォルムスのボリュームの量。</li>
		<li>1 分の 1,000 × gで遠心分離し、上澄みを廃棄します。ペレット 2 dH2O を 500 μ L の x スライド ガラスにワームを配置、coverslips とそれらをカバー、透明なマニキュアのゲルを使用してスライドをシール、蛍光顕微鏡下で動物を観察します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 顕微鏡イメージング
<ol><li>UV 光源と蛍光顕微鏡を入れます。顕微鏡に接続するコンピューターをオンに。</li>
	<li>蛍光顕微鏡のスライドをロードします。低消費電力対物レンズ (10 X) を使用してワームを見つけ、400 X、倍率を増やす、供試体に焦点を当てます。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡に付属するソフトウェアを開きます。メニューの「取得」をクリック「カメラ」をクリックし、顕微鏡に接続されているカメラを選択これにより、ソフトウェアと通信する選択したカメラです。 注: 別の顕微鏡の操作で異なる場合があります。</li>
	<li>同じ「取得」の下で「多次元取得」をクリックしてします。新しい「多次元買収」ナビゲーション ウィンドウをが開きます。「マルチ チャンネル」ボタンをクリックして、すべての使用可能なチャンネルが表示されます。</li>
	<li>青、緑、および試料を観察する DIC (微分干渉コントラスト) を選択します。「多次元獲得」ナビゲーション ウィンドウ"青 DAPI"、「グリーン GFP」、と「グレー DIC」、;「ノマルスキー」チャンネルに残しておく「赤ローダミン"や"白い明るいフィールド"、などの他のチャネルを右クリックして終了います。</li>
	<li>
まず、各チャンネル用の露光時間を測定します。
	<ol>
<li>それを選択し、「測定」の自動露光時間と DAPI チャネルの下でライブ画像を撮影するためにクリックする"青 DAPI"チャネルを左クリックします。ライブ イメージで新しいウィンドウが表示されます。</li>
		<li>ライブ イメージ ウィンドウの左側にある、必要に応じてイメージを作るために必要な場合手動で露光時間を調整します。</li>
		<li>最後に、 "[ok] をクリックして"ライブ画像ウィンドウで。これは DAPI チャネルの下で露出時間を設定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>他のチャンネル、「緑色 GFP」、「グレー-DIC」、「ノマルスキー"、これらのチャネルのための露光時間を設定するのステップ 4.6 を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>「多次元取得」のナビゲーション ウィンドウで自動的セットとして特定の露光時間の順序 (上記参照) で 3 つの異なるチャネルの下で 3 つ画像を収集する「スタート」をクリックします。</li>
	<li>ファイルを保存すると、メイン メニューに移動、「として保存」し、「ファイル」をクリックします。ファイル名とフォルダー名を入力します。今後の参考のため詳細な画像情報を保存する既定のファイル形式としてファイルを保存します。</li>
	<li>
他の形式でファイルをエクスポート: する
	<ol>
<li>「ファイル」に移動し、「エクスポート」をクリックします。これは、エクスポートの設定ウィンドウを開くでしょう。</li>
		<li>ファイル名とフォルダーを設定します。データを整理するより「プロジェクト フォルダーを作成する」をチェックします。ソフトウェアはまた 4 の他のオプションを指定できます:「マージの生成画像」、「チャンネルの画像に色を使用」「使用チャネル名」と「結合イメージのみ」.</li>
		<li>"TIF"、"BMP"、「PSD」、または「JPG」、他の種類など、ドロップ ダウン メニューから、目的のファイルの種類を選択します。エクスポートする「スタート」をクリックします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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E., Heestand, B. N., Seong, S., Shtessel, L., Ahmed, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+pairing+during+meiosis+triggers+multigenerational+transgene+silencing+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Lack of pairing during meiosis triggers multigenerational transgene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (20), E2667-E2676 (2015).</li><li>Schultz, R. D., Bennett, E. E., Ellis, E. A., Gumienny, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+extracellular+matrix+organization+by+BMP+signaling+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Regulation of extracellular matrix organization by BMP signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> PLoS One. 9 (7), e101929 (2014).</li><li>Matus, D. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+cell+fate+requires+G1+cell-cycle+arrest+and+histone+deacetylase-mediated+changes+in+gene+expression.">Invasive cell fate requires G1 cell-cycle arrest and histone deacetylase-mediated changes in gene expression.</a> Developmental Cell. 35 (2), 162-174 (2015).</li><li>Reddy, K. C., Villeneuve, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+elegans+HIM-17+links+chromatin+modification+and+competence+for+initiation+of+meiotic+recombination.">C. elegans HIM-17 links chromatin modification and competence for initiation of meiotic recombination.</a> Cell. 118 (4), 439-452 (2004).</li><li>Ames, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-cell-autonomous+role+of+BEC-1/BECN1/Beclin1+in+coordinating+cell-cycle+progression+and+stem+cell+proliferation+during+germline+development.">A non-cell-autonomous role of BEC-1/BECN1/Beclin1 in coordinating cell-cycle progression and stem cell proliferation during germline development.</a> Current Biology. 27 (6), 905-913 (2017).</li><li>Pekar, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+the+environment,+DAF-7/TGFbeta+signaling+and+LAG-2/DSL+ligand+expression+in+the+germline+stem+cell+niche.">Linking the environment, DAF-7/TGFbeta signaling and LAG-2/DSL ligand expression in the germline stem cell niche.</a> Development. 144 (16), 2896-2906 (2017).</li><li>Schvarzstein, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+helicase+HIM-6/BLM+both+promotes+MutSgamma-dependent+crossovers+and+antagonizes+MutSgamma-independent+interhomolog+associations+during+caenorhabditis+elegans+meiosis.">DNA helicase HIM-6/BLM both promotes MutSgamma-dependent crossovers and antagonizes MutSgamma-independent interhomolog associations during caenorhabditis elegans meiosis.</a> Genetics. 198 (1), 193-207 (2014).</li><li>Flemming, A. J., Shen, Z. Z., Cunha, A., Emmons, S. W., Leroi, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+polyploidization+and+cellular+proliferation+drive+body+size+evolution+in+nematodes.">Somatic polyploidization and cellular proliferation drive body size evolution in nematodes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (10), 5285-5290 (2000).</li><li>Nagamatsu, Y., Ohshima, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+for+the+control+of+body+size+by+a+G-kinase+and+a+downstream+TGFbeta+signal+pathway+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mechanisms for the control of body size by a G-kinase and a downstream TGFbeta signal pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genes to Cells. 9 (1), 39-47 (2004).</li></ol>

著者申告するものがあります。

この記事は核に細胞質からタンパク質細胞内の変更を検証する高速かつ効率的な方法を提示しました。蛋白質の表現は、(図 3) を汚す DAPI によって核構造を検証した中、GFP 融合によって示されました。ほとんど線虫タンパク質細胞内局在化は GFP、ラズ、mCherry などのマーカー蛋白質とそれらをタグ付けによって特徴付けられる染色線虫蛋白質は挑戦的な<sup...

蛋白質の細胞レベル下のローカリゼーションの変更は、熱ストレス、飢餓、酸化ストレス、アポトーシス、タンパク質リン酸化、その他などの内部または外部のシグナルに応答の一般的なメカニズムです。たとえば、熱応力は、FOXO メンバー DAF 16 核移行1,2, と入札が3,4の信号受信の死亡時にミトコンドリアに移行 pro アポトーシス bcl-2 蛋白を誘導します。これらの変更を検出する様々 なテクニックがあります。西部にしみが付くことおよび生化学的細胞レベル下の構造 (例えばミトコンドリアや核) を分離することの組み合わせは、目標3を達成できるも。ただし、興味の蛋白質に対して抗体が必要です。したがって、確立された抗体の成功の鍵となります。代替的アプローチは、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP)、赤の蛍光タンパク質 (RFP)、黄色い蛍光蛋白質 (YFP) を mCherry など様々 なマーカーとさまざまな細胞内構造や細胞内小器官をラベルし、一方のタンパク質をラベル他のマーカーに興味。その後、ターゲット5,6をローカライズする共焦点顕微鏡で観察します。放射性同位元素は、標的タンパク質をラベル付けおよび、その内局7を検出するための代替選択肢です。ただし、このメソッドには、適切な訓練と放射性廃棄物の処理が必要です。特定の抗体の欠如は、適切なマーカーの不在や共焦点顕微鏡などの機器の scarceness などの状況下で代替的アプローチを考慮する必要があります。タンパク質の核移行を識別するためにだけマーカーを持つ標的タンパク質をラベルし、化学試薬 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) のみ通常蛍光顕微鏡が必要ですので核を染色する魅力的です。
反応線虫抗体とは卵の殻や動物を取り巻く膠原線維のキューティクルの低透磁率のために挑戦。一方、線虫のタンパク質は、脊椎動物の嗅覚から著しく発散なので、いくつかの民間企業は特定の製品で線虫を提供します。自分自身の線虫抗体を生成する小さな研究室は困難です。コミュニティの研究者は、頻繁ローカリゼーションまたは遺伝子発現を示すマーカーとして付けられた蛋白質を使用します。この資料では、例として EXL 1::GFP を使用して熱応力8の下で蛋白質の核移行を追跡します。動物のゲノムに統合された並進exl 1::gfp安定、 gfp融合遺伝子を表現する使用されます。研究を示したexl 1腸、体壁筋および他の細胞内構造8で表されます。このプロトコルは、(L4) 4 幼虫にワームを同期すると、熱応力実験、および行為 DAPI 染色、エタノール固定、アセトンの固定、および通常蛍光顕微鏡イメージングを実行する方法を示します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>40043</td>
			<td>both Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 also works well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kim Wipe</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>soft tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss&#160; AX10</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fluorescence microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axiovision Rel 4.8</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>microscope software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AxioCam MR Rev3</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>digital camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transparent nail polish gel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-20 &#181;L pipettor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20-200 &#181;L pipettor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200-1000 &#181;L pipettor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-200 &#181;L pipet tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200-1000 &#181;L pipet tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire worm pick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting protein subcellular localization by green fluorescence protein tagging and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining in caenorhabditis elegans

このプロトコル、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) 融合タンパク質と 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) タンパク質細胞内局在変化の追跡に使用される汚損特に、熱下核転座応力状態です。タンパク質には、それに対応する外部および内部信号が反応します。共通のメカニズムは、その内局を変更することです。この記事では、抗体や放射化ラベリング、共焦点顕微鏡を必要としない蛋白質のローカリゼーションを追跡するプロトコルについて説明します。この記事で、GFP タグの哺乳類の CLIC4 を含む塩化物の細胞内チャネル蛋白質 (クリックス) 家族の線虫メンバーのターゲット蛋白質 EXL 1 されます。(プロモーターによる遺伝子の塩基配列と) 統合された並進exl 1::gfpトランスジェニック ラインによって作成された変換と γ 放射線と遺伝子とgfpを安定して表現。最近の研究では、熱応力、ない酸化ストレス、EXL 1::GFP が核で蓄積を示した。核構造と、DAPI GFP 信号を重複信号は、ストレスの下で EXL 1 細胞内局在変化を確認します。このプロトコルは、DAPI 染色 2 つの異なる固定方法を提示: エタノールの固定とアセトンの固定。この記事で紹介した DAPI 染色プロトコル、高速かつ効率的であり、GFP シグナルと蛋白質の細胞内局在変化の両方を保持します。このメソッドはのみ、ノマルスキー、FITC フィルター DAPI フィルターと蛍光顕微鏡を必要があります。小さな実験室設定、学部学生の研究、高校生研究およびバイオ テクノロジー教室に適しています。

塩化物チャネルの細胞内蛋白質 (CLIC) は、種12間で高度に保存されている多機能タンパク質です。多くの研究は示します、クリックス細胞ストレス、オートファジー、アポトーシス、発癌、血管新生、および哺乳類系13,14,15,16 マクロファージ生得の免疫反応を...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

このプロトコルは、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) の融合タンパク質マーカーとして、4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) による熱ストレス蛋白質の核移行を追跡する方法を示しますを汚します。プロトコルを汚す DAPI は速く、GFP とタンパク質の細胞内局在化信号を保持されます。

緑色蛍光タンパク質タグと 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole線虫の染色によるタンパク質細胞内局在を検出

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein ...

detecting-protein-subcellular-localization-green-fluorescence-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

9.5K ビュー.  Borough of Manhattan Community College/CUNY. このプロトコルは、緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) の融合タンパク質マーカーとして、4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) による熱ストレス蛋白質の核移行を追跡する方法を示しますを汚します。プロトコルを汚す DAPI は速く、GFP とタンパク質の細胞内局在化信号を保持されます。

ビデオ: Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

クーマシー有機溶媒および酢酸のないG - 250でゲル中のタンパク質の染色

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

生物学

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

液相の回復と分子量ベース画用GELFREE 8100分別システムの使用

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

基本的な<em&gt;線虫Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt;方法：同期との観測

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

The MGM101 gene was identified 20 years ago for its role in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Studies from several groups have suggested that the Mgm101 protein is involved in the recombinational repair of mitochondrial DNA. Recent investigations have indicated that Mgm101 is related to the Rad52-type recombination protein family. These proteins form large oligomeric rings and promote the annealing of homologous single stranded DNA molecules. However, the characterization of Mgm101 has been hindered by the difficulty in producing the recombinant protein. Here, a reliable procedure for the preparation of recombinant Mgm101 is described. Maltose Binding Protein (MBP)-tagged Mgm101 is first expressed in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein is initially purified by amylose affinity chromatography. After being released by proteolytic cleavage, Mgm101 is separated from MBP by cationic exchange chromatography. Monodispersed Mgm101 is then obtained by size exclusion chromatography. A yield of ~0.87 mg of Mgm101 per liter of bacterial culture can be routinely obtained. The recombinant Mgm101 has minimal contamination of DNA. The prepared samples are successfully used for biochemical, structural and single particle image analyses of Mgm101. This protocol may also be used for the preparation of other large oligomeric DNA-binding proteins that may be misfolded and toxic to bacterial cells.

The yeast mitochondrial nucleoid protein, Mgm101, is a Rad52-type recombination protein that forms large oligomeric rings. A protocol is described to prepare soluble recombinant Mgm101 using the Maltose Binding Protein (MBP)-tagging strategy coupled with cation exchange and size exclusion chromatography.

MBPベースタギング戦略によってMgm101組換えタンパク質の調製

The MGM101 gene was identified 20 years ago for its role in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Studies from several groups have suggested that the ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments.

Formation of protein complexes in vivo can be visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interaction partners are fused to complementary parts of fluorescent tags and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, resulting in a reconstituted fluorescent signal upon close proximity of the two proteins.

タバコプロトプラストと葉で二分子蛍光相補性によって可視化し、タンパク質間相互作用

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

膜タンパク質の緑色蛍光タンパク質ベースの発現スクリーニングで<em&gt;エシェリヒア·コリ</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

Quantitation of Protein Expression and Co-localization Using Multiplexed Immuno-histochemical Staining and Multispectral Imaging

Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within tissues. Many semi-quantitative systems have been developed for scoring expression using immunohistochemistry, but inherent subjectivity limits reproducibility and accuracy of results. Furthermore, the investigation of spatially overlapping biomarkers such as nuclear transcription factors is difficult with current immunohistochemistry techniques. We have developed and optimized a system for simultaneous investigation of multiple proteins using high throughput methods of multiplexed immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry is performed by sequential application of primary antibodies with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Different chromogens are used to detect each protein of interest. Stained slides are loaded into an automated slide scanner and a protocol is created for automated image acquisition. A spectral library is created by staining a set of slides with a single chromogen on each. A subset of representative stained images are imported into multispectral imaging software and an algorithm for distinguishing tissue type is created by defining tissue compartments on images. Subcellular compartments are segmented by using hematoxylin counterstain and adjusting the intrinsic algorithm. Thresholding is applied to determine positivity and protein co-localization. The final algorithm is then applied to the entire set of tissues. Resulting data allows the user to evaluate protein expression based on tissue type (ex. epithelia vs. stroma) and subcellular compartment (nucleus vs. cytoplasm vs. plasma membrane). Co-localization analysis allows for investigation of double-positive, double-negative, and single-positive cell types. Combining multispectral imaging with multiplexed immunohistochemistry and automated image acquisition is an objective, high-throughput method for investigation of biomarkers within tissues.

Immunohistochemistry is a powerful lab technique for evaluating protein localization and expression within tissues. Current semi-automated methods for quantitation introduce subjectivity and often create irreproducible results. Herein, we describe methods for multiplexed immunohistochemistry and objective quantitation of protein expression and co-localization using multispectral imaging.

多重化された免疫組織化学染色およびマルチスペクトルイメージングを用いたタンパク質発現と共局在の定量

Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within ...

Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass

The Golgi complex consists of serially stacked membrane cisternae which can be further categorized into sub-Golgi regions, including the cis-Golgi, medial-Golgi, trans-Golgi and trans-Golgi network. Cellular functions of the Golgi are determined by the characteristic distribution of its resident proteins. The spatial resolution of conventional light microscopy is too low to resolve sub-Golgi structure or cisternae. Thus, the immuno-gold electron microscopy is a method of choice to localize a protein at the sub-Golgi level. However, the technique and instrument are beyond the capability of most cell biology labs. We describe here our recently developed super-resolution method called Golgi protein localization by imaging centers of mass (GLIM) to systematically and quantitatively localize a Golgi protein. GLIM is based on standard fluorescence labeling protocols and conventional wide-field or confocal microscopes. It involves the calibration of chromatic-shift aberration of the microscopic system, the image acquisition and the post-acquisition analysis. The sub-Golgi localization of a test protein is quantitatively expressed as the localization quotient. There are four main advantages of GLIM; it is rapid, based on conventional methods and tools, the localization result is quantitative, and it affords ~ 30 nm practical resolution along the Golgi axis. Here we describe the detailed protocol of GLIM to localize a test Golgi protein.

The precise localization of Golgi residents is essential for understanding the cellular functions of the Golgi. However, conventional optical microscopy is unable to resolve the sub-Golgi structure. Here we describe the protocol for a conventional microscopy based super-resolution method to quantitatively determine the sub-Golgi localization of a protein.

そのセンターの蛍光質量イメージングによるゴルジ体タンパク質の量的なローカリゼーション

The Golgi complex consists of serially stacked membrane cisternae which can be further categorized into sub-Golgi regions, including the cis-Golgi, ...

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

In the last decades, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), has grown. These age-associated disorders are characterized by the appearance of protein aggregates with fibrillary structure in the brains of these patients. Exactly why normally soluble proteins undergo an aggregation process remains poorly understood. The discovery that protein aggregation is not limited to disease processes and instead part of the normal aging process enables the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate protein aggregation, without using ectopically expressed human disease-associated proteins. Here we describe methodologies to examine inherent protein aggregation in Caenorhabditis elegans through complementary approaches. First, we examine how to grow large numbers of age-synchronized C. elegans to obtain aged animals and we present the biochemical procedures to isolate highly-insoluble-large aggregates. In combination with a targeted genetic knockdown, it is possible to dissect the role of a gene of interest in promoting or preventing age-dependent protein aggregation by using either a comprehensive analysis with quantitative mass spectrometry or a candidate-based analysis with antibodies. These findings are then confirmed by in vivo analysis with transgenic animals expressing fluorescent-tagged aggregation-prone proteins. These methods should help clarify why certain proteins are prone to aggregate with age and ultimately how to keep these proteins fully functional.

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

The goal of the method presented here is to explore protein aggregation during normal aging in the model organism C. elegans. The protocol represents a powerful tool to study the highly insoluble large aggregates that form with age and to determine how changes in proteostasis impact protein aggregation.

線虫の加齢とともに固有の蛋白質の集合の変化を研究するためのメソッド

In the last decades, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), has grown. These ...