This study was supported by the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Research Fund (14- 2014 - 035) and Korea and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korean Government (A100249).&#160;We would like to thank&#160; Seo Hyun Park and Hae-in Kim for helping to prepare and proceed with shooting video.

1. Experimental set-up
<ol>
	<li>Patient recruitment 
	NOTE: All procedures were reviewed and approved by the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Institutional Review Board. These subjects were inpatients or outpatients with stroke diagnoses from four rehabilitation hospitals in the region.
	<ol>
		<li>Perform the screening process using the following inclusion criteria: (1) upper extremity hemiparesis due to stroke; (2) over the age of 20 years; (3) mild elbow joint spasticity of MAS 1-2; ...

<ol>
	<li>Sommerfeld, D. K., Gripenstedt, U., Welmer, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spasticity+after+stroke:+An+overview+of+prevalence,+test+instruments,+and+treatments.">Spasticity after stroke: An overview of prevalence, test instruments, and treatments.</a> American Journal of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation. 91 (9), 814-820 (2012).</li><li>Sommerfeld, D. K., Eek, E. U. B., Svensson, A. K., Holmqvist, L. W., von Arbin, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spasticity+after+Stroke:+Its+Occurrence+and+Association+with+Motor+Impairments+and+Activity+Limitations.">Spasticity after Stroke: Its Occurrence and Association with Motor Impairments and Activity Limitations.</a> Stroke. 35 (1), 134-139 (2004).</li><li>Lundstr&#246;m, E., Ter&#233;nt, A., Borg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+disabling+spasticity+1+year+after+first-ever+stroke.">Prevalence of disabling spasticity 1 year after first-ever stroke.</a> European Journal of Neurology. 15 (6), 533-539 (2008).</li><li>Ashford, S., Turner-Stokes, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+Review+of+Upper-limb+Function+Measurement+Methods+in+Botulinum+Toxin+Intervention+for+Focal+Spasticity.">Systematic Review of Upper-limb Function Measurement Methods in Botulinum Toxin Intervention for Focal Spasticity.</a> Physiotherapy Research International. 18 (3), 178-189 (2013).</li><li>Patrick, E., Ada, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Tardieu+Scale+differentiates+contracture+from+spasticity+whereas+the+Ashworth+Scale+is+confounded+by+it.">The Tardieu Scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it.</a> Clinical Rehabilitation. 20 (2), 173-189 (2006).</li><li>Li, F., Wu, Y., Li, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test-retest+reliability+and+inter-rater+reliability+of+the+Modified+Tardieu+Scale+and+the+Modified+Ashworth+Scale+in+hemiplegic+patients+with+stroke.">Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale in hemiplegic patients with stroke.</a> European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 50 (1), 9-15 (2014).</li><li>Mehrholz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+the+Modified+Tardieu+Scale+and+the+Modified+Ashworth+Scale+in+adult+patients+with+severe+brain+injury:+a+comparison+study.">Reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: a comparison study.</a> Clinical Rehabilitation. 19 (7), 751-759 (2005).</li><li>Ansari, N. N., Naghdi, S., Hasson, S., Azarsa, M. H., Azarnia, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Modified+Tardieu+Scale+for+the+measurement+of+elbow+flexor+spasticity+in+adult+patients+with+hemiplegia.">The Modified Tardieu Scale for the measurement of elbow flexor spasticity in adult patients with hemiplegia.</a> Brain Injury. 22 (13-14), 1007-1012 (2008).</li><li>van den Noort, J. C., Scholtes, V. A., Harlaar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+clinical+spasticity+assessment+in+Cerebral+palsy+using+inertial+sensors.">Evaluation of clinical spasticity assessment in Cerebral palsy using inertial sensors.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 30 (2), 138-143 (2009).</li><li>Sin, M., Kim, W. S., Cho, K., Cho, S., Paik, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+test-retest+and+inter-rater+reliability+for+stretch+reflex+measurements+using+an+isokinetic+device+in+stroke+patients+with+mild+to+moderate+elbow+spasticity.">Improving the test-retest and inter-rater reliability for stretch reflex measurements using an isokinetic device in stroke patients with mild to moderate elbow spasticity.</a> Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 39 (1), 120-127 (2018).</li><li>Grippo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+and+electromyographic+assessment+of+spastic+hypertonus+in+motor+complete+traumatic+spinal+cord-injured+individuals.">Biomechanical and electromyographic assessment of spastic hypertonus in motor complete traumatic spinal cord-injured individuals.</a> Spinal Cord. 49 (1), 142-148 (2011).</li><li>Rabita, G., Dupont, L., Thevenon, A., Lensel-Corbeil, G., P&#233;rot, C., Vanvelcenaher, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+kinematic+parameters+and+plantarflexor+reflex+responses+between+manual+(Ashworth)+and+isokinetic+mobilisations+in+spasticity+assessment.">Differences in kinematic parameters and plantarflexor reflex responses between manual (Ashworth) and isokinetic mobilisations in spasticity assessment.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 116 (1), 93-100 (2005).</li><li>Lynn, B. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+quantification+of+the+spastic+catch+in+children+with+cerebral+palsy.">Comprehensive quantification of the spastic catch in children with cerebral palsy.</a> Research in Developmental Disabilities. 34 (1), 386-396 (2013).</li><li>Boyd, R. N., Graham, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Objective+measurement+of+clinical+findings+in+the+use+of+botulinum+toxin+type+A+for+the+management+of+children+with+cerebral+palsy.">Objective measurement of clinical findings in the use of botulinum toxin type A for the management of children with cerebral palsy.</a> European Journal of Neurology. 6 (1), 23-35 (1999).</li></ol>

This study attempted to standardize the MTS measurement using a robotic isokinetic device. It was investigated how the consistency of assessment motion affects the results of MTS measurement.
The NAMI value was proposed to represent the degree of variability in assessment motion. As expected, unlike the isokinetic motion method with no variability, the manual method showed variability between tests and between raters, resulting in poor reliability, which is consistent with results from previou...

Spasticity after stroke is common and has been shown to induce complications, including pain and contractures, resulting in reduced quality of life1,2,3. Measurement of spasticity is important to properly plan the course of treatment and determine the efficacy of treatment. Commonly used tools in the clinical setting are the Modified Ashworth scale (MAS)4, which is a nominal measurement system for resistance to passive movement, and the modified Tardieu scale (MTS), which measures the angle of catch (AoC), representing the velocity-dependent characteristic of spasticity5. However, these measurement tools have been shown to have limited inter-rater reliability6,7, requiring the same rater to perform these tests to maintain satisfactory reliability8.
Three factors have been shown induce variability in AoC during MTS measurement, including (1) errors from angle measurements by a goniometry; (2) variability of manually moved joint motion profile between raters; and (3) variability in sensing the catch between raters9. A novel isokinetic robotic device with torque sensors is presented in this protocol. This device is applied to stroke patients with mild elbow flexor spasticity using surface electromyography (EMG) measurements10. It was hypothesized that the standardization of elbow joint motion will improve inter-rater reliability for AoC measurements elicited by the elbow flexor stretch reflex. To prove this, the reliability for AoC as measured by surface EMG was calculated and compared between the isokinetic passive and manual fast elbow extension, using this developed robotic device and EMG. Figure 1 shows an overview of the entire experimental procedure. In detail, the MTS measurement stage was conducted by two raters, and the order of experiments (manual vs. isokinetic motion) and order of raters were randomly determined, which required about 50 min for each subject (Figure 1).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer</td>
			<td>Lokit</td>
			<td>3Dison+</td>
			<td>FDA type 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ball sprine shaft</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>LBF15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bridge Analog Input module</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI 9237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAN communication module</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI 9853</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caster</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>AC-50F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electromyography (EMG) device</td>
			<td>Laxtha</td>
			<td>WEMG-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG electrode</td>
			<td>Bioprotech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.8x1.2 mm Ag&#8211;AgCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Encoder</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>HEDL 9140</td>
			<td>500 CPT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gearbox</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>GP 81</td>
			<td>51:1 ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab jack</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>99-1620-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear slider</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>KSRLC16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motor</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>EC-60</td>
			<td>brushless EC motor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motor driver</td>
			<td>Elmo</td>
			<td>DC Whistle</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA</td>
			<td>Lokit</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printer material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real-time processor</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>sbRIO-9632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Torque sensor</td>
			<td>Transducer Techniques</td>
			<td>TRS-1K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isokinetic robotic device to improve test-retest and inter-rater reliability for stretch reflex measurements in stroke patients with spasticity

Measuring spasticity is important in treatment planning and determining efficacy after treatment. However, the current tool used in clinical settings has been shown to be limited in inter-rater reliability. One factor in this poor inter-rater reliability is the variability of passive motion while measuring the angle of catch (AoC) measurements. Therefore, an isokinetic device has been proposed to standardize the manual joint motion; however, the benefits of isokinetic motion for AoC measurements has not been tested in a standardized manner. This protocol investigates whether isokinetic motion itself can improve inter-rater reliability for AoC measurements. For this purpose, a robotic isokinetic device was developed that is combined with surface electromyography (EMG). Two conditions, manual and isokinetic motions, are compared with the standardized method to measure the angle and subjective feeling of catch. It is shown that in 17 stroke patients with mild elbow flexor spasticity, isokinetic motion improved the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-rater reliability of AoC measurements to 0.890 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.685&#8211;0.961] by the EMG criteria, and 0.931 (95% CI: 0.791&#8211;0.978) by the torque criteria, from 0.788 (95% CI: 0.493&#8211;0.920) by manual motion. In conclusion, isokinetic motion itself can improve inter-rater reliability of AoC measurements in stroke patients with mild spasticity. Given that this system may provide greater standardized angle measurements and catch of feeling, it may be a good option for the evaluation of spasticity in a clinical setting.

The reliability is divided into four grades according to the ICC value: extremely excellent (&#62;0.90), excellent (0.75 &#60; ICC &#8804; 0.90), fair to good (0.40 &#60; ICC &#8804; 0.75), and poor (&#60;0.40). The standard error of measurements (SEM) was calculated to determine the error component of the variance. The smallest detectable difference (SDD) was calculated from the SEM of test-retest data.
Normalized assessment motion index (NAMI): the NAMI score during an isokinetic motion was ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity at JoVE.com

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity

Using a robotic isokinetic device with electromyography (EMG) measurements, this protocol illustrates that isokinetic motion itself can improve inter-rater reliability for the angle of catch measurements in stroke patients with mild elbow flexor spasticity.

Measuring spasticity is important in treatment planning and determining efficacy after treatment. However, the current tool used in clinical settings has ...

This protocol improves the reliability of spasticity measurement compared to the conventional method. The stretch reflex is measured while considering the effect of standardized isokinetic motion on the reliability of angle of catch. Using this technique angle of catch illustrated by the stretcher press can be measured using the standardized manner, both in the isokinetic and the manual motions by measuring the surface and the activity from the biceps brachii.Demonstrating the procedure will be Seo Hyun Park, a occupational therapist from my laboratory. Begin by asking the patient to sit in a chair with a straight back. Also inform them that they should keep their shoulder position stable throughout the experiment.Next, unfasten the fixation block on the linear slider so that the cuff can be moved freely. Then place the subject's hemiparetic arm lightly on the robot manipulandum without fastening the strap. Adjust the height of the robot using the lab jack until the patient's shoulder is abducted 90 degrees and confirm this using a goniometer.Fasten the straps of the forearm cuff. Next, instruct the subject to hold the handle and fasten their hand to the handle with straps. Align the rotation axis of the robot with the anatomical axis of the patient's elbow joint.Now flex and extend the subject's elbow joint so that the position of the cuff can be readjusted naturally in an optimal position without generating resistance during movement. Then fasten the fixation block to fix the position of the cuff. Finally, attach the surface EMG electrodes on the biceps brachii muscle in the hemiparetic arm.To begin measurements first input the patient's hemiparetic side information into the program. Then confirm that the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees using a goniometer and press the 90 degree set button on the graphic interface panel. Press the Finish set button to switch the robot to the actuating state.Then, click the buttons on the motor run panel on the left side of the graphic interface in order from top to bottom. Now set the speed to one degree per second, then click the Run button. The robot will extend the elbow slowly at one degree per second from a 90-degree flexed posture until the reaction torque reaches a certain threshold level, or extends by 170 degrees.Next, change the speed to negative one degree per second and again select Run. The robot will flex the elbow slowly until the reaction torque reaches the threshold level. Before beginning measurements, perform inertia effect compensation.First, click the Back button on the control panel and the robot will flex the elbow to the minimum angle posture. Now set the speed to 150 degrees per second, select Inertia Test and then click the Run button. The robot will apply a short perturbation of five degrees to the patient at this rate.The peak torque and period value of each trial are automatically stacked and displayed on the GUI panel. Repeat this inertia test two more times, then determine a proper peak torque value and period value from the measured data and enter the value on the program GUI. Here we see an example of inertia effect compensation.The green line indicates the raw torque. The dotted line indicates the inertial force model, and the red line indicates the inertial torque compensation result. Next run the familiarization step.Click the Back button to flex the elbow to the minimum angle posture. Then inform the subject that the robot will move before clicking the Run button. The robot will extend the patient's elbow at a rate of 150 degrees per second until a maximum angle is reached or the reaction torque reaches threshold.Repeat the familiarization procedure two more times. Then take a five-minute rest before starting the test. To begin isokinetic MTS measurement again press the Back button to return to minimum angle posture.This time however, click the Run button without informing the subject. The robot will again extend the patient's elbow at the same rate. Time, angle, reaction torque and trigger signal data will be stored by the system during the test.Repeat the isokinetic MTS measurement two more times with two minutes breaks between sets. Then take a five-minute rest after performing all three measurements. For the manual MTS experiment, try to extend the subject's arm at the maximum constant speed according to the ideal MTS performance condition.Next, perform manual MTS measurement. After returning to the minimum angle, press the Free Run button and the robot will change to manual operation mode. Now hold the handle of the manipulandum and stretch the subject's arm.During operation the rater should generate a constant speed of 150 degrees per second. At this point, turn off the Free Run mode and have the subject take a two-minute break. Then repeat the manual MTS measurement two more times.After finishing the entire experiment with the first rater have the subject rest for 10 minutes. Then repeat all MTS measurements with a different rater. To perform isokinetic MTS experiment data analysis, first synchronize the EMG data and robot angle data using the trigger signals of each data set.Then determine the angle of catch manually as the starting point of the root mean square EMG upsurge as seen here. For angle of catch evaluation using the torque data draw one regression line beginning with the point where the trigger signal goes up and draw another regression line from the point where the trigger signal goes down. Now compare the slopes of these two regression lines.If they show a significant difference, angle of catch can be determined at the intersection of the two regression lines. This figure shows an example of angle of catch evaluation using EMG data for a manual MTS case. As done in the isokinetic case, the angle of catch is determined as the angle when a clear upsurge of the EMG occurs.Here we see variables for the normalized assessment motion index. Intuitively, index value is the ratio of the area under the velocity graph to the area of the gray box. Most basic kinetic movements show values closer to one.The most critical step in this technique is the angle of catch selection. Also experiment conditions should remain constant to reduce noise since these experiments are performed quickly. Following this procedure, more comprehensive state evaluation are possible using the measured reaction torque and the EMG data, such as evaluating patient rigidity using the slope of the regression line.Standardization and the quantification of the assessment tool in this protocol can provide a basis for more efficient treatment, and may enable the development of a new method, such as evoked variation. Be aware that the rapid movement of the robotic device may make the patient nervous, and this can affect the muscle tone. Therefore, familiarization is necessary before beginning the experiment.

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Bioengineering

7.3K ビュー.  Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials. このプロトコルは従来の方法と比較して痙性測定の信頼性を向上させる。ストレッチ反射は、捕捉角度の信頼性に対する標準化されたイソキネティック運動の効果を考慮しながら測定される。このストレッチャープレスにより例示したキャッチの角度を用いて、二頭筋の配端からの表面と活性を測定することによりイソキネティックと手動運動の両方で標準化された方?...