著者らは、カナダ社会科学人文科学研究評議会(SSHERC)の財政的支援を認めています。

<ol>
	<li>Monsell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task+switching.">Task switching.</a> Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (3), 134-140 (2003).</li><li>Haga, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+using+a+Smart+Phone+on+Pedestrians'+Attention+and+Walking.">Effects of using a Smart Phone on Pedestrians' Attention and Walking.</a> Procedia Manufacturing. 3, 2574-2580 (2015).</li><li>Hatfield, J., Murphy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+mobile+phone+use+on+pedestrian+crossing+behaviour+at+signalised+and+unsignalised+intersections.">The effects of mobile phone use on pedestrian crossing behaviour at signalised and unsignalised intersections.</a> Accident Analysis, Prevention. 39 (1), (2007).</li><li>Stavrinos, D., Byington, K. W., Schwebel, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distracted+walking:+Cell+phones+increase+injury+risk+for+college+pedestrians.">Distracted walking: Cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians.</a> Journal of Safety Research. 42 (2), 101-107 (2011).</li><li>Nasar, J., Hecht, P., Wener, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobile+telephones,+distracted+attention,+and+pedestrian+safety.">Mobile telephones, distracted attention, and pedestrian safety.</a> Accident Analysis, Prevention. 40 (1), 69-75 (2008).</li><li>Hyman, I. E., Boss, S. M., Wise, B. M., McKenzie, K. E., Caggiano, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Did+you+see+the+unicycling+clown?+Inattentional+blindness+while+walking+and+talking+on+a+cell+phone.">Did you see the unicycling clown? Inattentional blindness while walking and talking on a cell phone.</a> Applied Cognitive Psychology. 24 (5), 597-607 (2010).</li><li>Pourchon, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+augmented+reality+leading+to+more+risky+behaviors?+An+experiment+with+pok&#233;mon+go.">Is augmented reality leading to more risky behaviors? An experiment with pok&#233;mon go.</a> Proceedings of the International Conference on HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations. , 354-361 (2017).</li><li>Thornton, I. M., Rensink, R. A., Shiffrar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+versus+Passive+Processing+of+Biological+Motion.">Active versus Passive Processing of Biological Motion.</a> Perception. 31 (7), 837-853 (2002).</li><li>Neider, M. B., McCarley, J. S., Crowell, J. A., Kaczmarski, H., Kramer, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pedestrians,+vehicles,+and+cell+phones.">Pedestrians, vehicles, and cell phones.</a> Accident Analysis, Prevention. 42, 589-594 (2010).</li><li>Wylie, G., Allport, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task+switching+and+the+measurement+of+"switch+costs".">Task switching and the measurement of "switch costs".</a> Psychological Research. 63 (3-4), 212-233 (2000).</li><li>Johansson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+perception+of+biological+motion+and+a+model+for+its+analysis.">Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis.</a> Perception, Psychophysics. 14 (2), 201-211 (1973).</li><li>Cavanagh, P., Labianca, A. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrieving+Information+from+Human+Movement+Patterns.">Retrieving Information from Human Movement Patterns.</a> Understanding Events. , 308-334 (2008).</li><li>Klimesch, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+alpha+and+theta+oscillations+reflect+cognitive+and+memory+performance:+A+review+and+analysis.">EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis.</a> Brain Research Reviews. 29 (2-3), 169-195 (1999).</li><li>Jensen, O., Gelfand, J., Kounios, J., Lisman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillations+in+the+Alpha+Band+(9-12+Hz)+Increase+with+Memory+Load+during+Retention+in+a+Short-term+Memory+Task.">Oscillations in the Alpha Band (9-12 Hz) Increase with Memory Load during Retention in a Short-term Memory Task.</a> Cerebral Cortex. 12 (8), 877-882 (2002).</li><li>Busch, N. A., Herrmann, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Object-load+and+feature-load+modulate+EEG+in+a+short-term+memory+task.">Object-load and feature-load modulate EEG in a short-term memory task.</a> NeuroReport. 14 (13), 1721-1724 (2003).</li><li>Herrmann, C. S., Senkowski, D., R&#246;ttger, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase-Locking+and+Amplitude+Modulations+of+EEG+Alpha.">Phase-Locking and Amplitude Modulations of EEG Alpha.</a> Experimental Psychology. 51 (4), 311-318 (2004).</li><li>Pfurtscheller, G., Aranibar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+cortical+desynchronization+detected+by+power+measurements+of+scalp+EEG.">Event-related cortical desynchronization detected by power measurements of scalp EEG.</a> Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 42 (6), 817-826 (1977).</li><li>Sauseng, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+alpha+synchronization+and+functional+coupling+during+top-down+processing+in+a+working+memory+task.">EEG alpha synchronization and functional coupling during top-down processing in a working memory task.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 26 (2), 148-155 (2005).</li><li>Pope, A. T., Bogart, E. H., Bartolome, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biocybernetic+system+evaluates+indices+of+operator+engagement+in+automated+task.">Biocybernetic system evaluates indices of operator engagement in automated task.</a> Biological Psychology. 40 (1-2), 187-195 (1995).</li><li>Scerbo, M. W., Freeman, F. G., Mikulka, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+brain-based+system+for+adaptive+automation.">A brain-based system for adaptive automation.</a> Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. 4 (1-2), 200-219 (2003).</li><li>Charland, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+Multiple+Dimensions+of+Engagement+to+Characterize+Learning:+A+Neurophysiological+Perspective.">Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (101), e52627 (2015).</li><li>Courtemanche, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Texting+while+walking:+An+expensive+switch+cost.">Texting while walking: An expensive switch cost.</a> Accident Analysis, Prevention. 127, 1-8 (2019).</li><li>Townsend, J. T., Ashby, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. , (1983).</li><li>Jung, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+eye+activity+artifacts+from+visual+event-related+potentials+in+normal+and+clinical+subjects.">Removal of eye activity artifacts from visual event-related potentials in normal and clinical subjects.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 111, 1745-1758 (2000).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Introduction to the Event-related Potential Technique (Cognitive Neuroscience). , (2005).</li><li>Steiger, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+for+comparing+elements+of+a+correlation+matrix.">Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix.</a> Psychological Bulletin. 87 (2), 245-251 (1980).</li><li>L&#233;ger, P. -. M., Davis, F., Riedl, R., vom Brocke, J., L&#233;ger, P. -. M., Randolph, A., Fischer, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task+Switching+and+Visual+Discrimination+in+Pedestrian+Mobile+Multitasking:+Influence+of+IT+Mobile+Task+Type.">Task Switching and Visual Discrimination in Pedestrian Mobile Multitasking: Influence of IT Mobile Task Type.</a> Information Systems and Neuroscience: Vienna Retreat on NeuroIs 2019. , 245-251 (2020).</li><li>Mourra, G. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Addicted to my smartphone: what factors influence the task-switching cost that occurs when using a smartphone while walking. , (2019).</li><li>Schabrun, S. M., van den Hoorn, W., Moorcroft, A., Greenland, C., Hodges, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Texting+and+walking:+strategies+for+postural+control+and+implications+for+safety.">Texting and walking: strategies for postural control and implications for safety.</a> PloS One. 9 (1), 84312 (2014).</li></ol>

著者は開示するものは何もありません。

プロトコルを使用する際の重要な選択は、神経生理学的データの品質を保証することです。過度の動きはデータに多くのノイズを生成する可能性があるため、移動中にEEGのようなツールを使用することには固有の複雑さがあります。したがって、データ収集の前に、実際の信号を変更せずにできるだけ多くのアーティファクトを削除するためにデータをどのように準備するかを検討すること?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.
The name was corrected from:
Gabrielle-Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra
to:
Gabrielle Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.

Erratum: Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

スマートフォンの普及率とマルチタスクの傾向の両方が高まっているため、歩行中のスマートフォンの使用が注意に与える影響を理解することが重要です。文献は、タスクの切り替えには、歩行中のスマートフォンの使用を含め、コスト1が伴うことを繰り返し示しています。研究によると、歩きながらスマートフォンを使用すると、気が散り、危険な場合があります2,3,4。これらの危険は、そのようなタスクを実行することの注意障害に関連しています3,4,5,6,7。歩行者環境の複雑な性質のために、生態学的に有効な実験的文脈でそれを研究することは問題になる可能性があります。それにもかかわらず、実際の歩行者環境でそのような研究を実施することは、多くの無関係な変数が作用する可能性があり、注意散漫のために参加者に害を及ぼすリスクがあるため、それ自体が複雑になる可能性があります。可能な限り現実的な比較的安全な環境でこのような現象を研究できることが重要です。この記事では、歩行中のテキストメッセージのタスク切り替えコストを調査しながら、タスクの有効性を高め、関連する潜在的なリスクを軽減する調査方法について説明します。
歩行中にスマートフォンを使用する場合、個人はスマートフォンのタスクから歩行および環境関連のタスクに切り替えることを余儀なくされます。したがって、このような現象を研究するためには、マルチタスクに関する文献の中でこの方法を組み立てることが適切であり、特にタスク切り替えパラダイムに焦点を当てていることがわかりました。これを行うために、タスク切り替えパラダイムが使用されました 1、参加者に刺激前のタスクと刺激後のタスクを切り替えるようにしました。2つの刺激前タスクのうちの1つはマルチタスクを含み、もう1つはそうではありませんでした。刺激後の課題では、参加者は、知覚が分割注意の影響を受ける刺激に反応しなければなりませんでした8。さらに、可能な限り生態学的に有効であろうとする実験実験室の研究では、歩行中のスマートフォン使用の注意の影響を理解するために、仮想歩行者環境を使用することがよくあります4,9。それにもかかわらず、根底にある神経生理学的メカニズムを捉えるために、参加者が反応しなければならない刺激の数を最小限に抑えるために、1つの刺激に対する特定のタスク切り替え反応に焦点を当てることを選択しました。このようにして、スマートフォンから刺激に注意を向けることから生じるタスク切り替えコストをより正確に特定できます。私たちの研究デザインでは、行動測定(つまり、タスク切り替えコスト)と神経生理学的データを使用して、歩行者のスマートフォン使用中に見られる注意障害をよりよく理解します。
タスク切り替え実験中、参加者は通常、一連の刺激に関連する少なくとも2つの単純なタスクを実行し、各タスクには「タスクセット」と呼ばれる異なる認知リソースのセットが必要です1。個人がタスク間の切り替えを余儀なくされた場合、彼らの精神的資源は適応する必要があります(すなわち、前のタスクセットの抑制と現在のタスクセットの活性化)。この「タスクセット再構成」処理が、タスク切替コスト1の原因であると考えられる。タスク切り替えコストは通常、参加者がタスクを切り替える試行と切り替えない試行間の応答時間および/またはエラー率のいずれかの違いを観察することによって決定されます10。私たちの実験では、3つのタスクセットがありました:1)ポイントライトウォーカー刺激に反応します。2)歩きながらスマートフォンでテキストメッセージを送る。3)単に歩く。1)刺激に反応する前に単に歩く、2)応答する前にテキストメッセージを送りながら歩くという2つの異なる条件の間で切り替えコストを比較した。このようにして、タスクを切り替える前にスマートフォンでマルチタスクのコストをキャプチャし、視覚刺激が現れる前に単に歩くという非マルチタスクのスイッチコストと直接比較することができました。この研究で使用されたスマートフォンは特定のブランドのものであったため、すべての参加者は実験前にスクリーニングされ、デバイスの適切な使用方法を知っていることを確認しました。
歩行者のコンテキストを代表するリアルな体験をシミュレートするために、参加者の左または右に向かって3.5°の偏差角度で歩く人間の形を表す視覚刺激としてポイントライトウォーカーフィギュアを使用することにしました。この図は、白い背景に15個の黒い点で構成されており、ドットは人間の頭、肩、腰、肘、手首、膝、足首を表しています(図1)。この刺激は生物学的運動に基づいており、これは人間および動物に典型的な運動のパターンに従うことを意味する11。さらに、この刺激は生態学的に有効以上のものです。正常に分析されるためには、複雑な視覚処理と注意が必要です12,13。興味深いことに、Thorntonら8は、点状の歩行者の方向の適切な識別は、分割注意によって大きく影響され、マルチタスク時のタスク切り替えコストを研究する際のパフォーマンス尺度として適していることを発見しました。参加者は、人物が歩いている方向を口頭で述べるように求められました。歩行者の出現の前には、常に画面上のその外観を知らせる聴覚的な合図がありました。
ポイントライトウォーカータスクと神経生理学的データのパフォーマンスにより、両方の状態の注意への影響を判断し、それらを引き起こした原因を特定するのに役立ちました。パフォーマンスは、ポイントライトウォーカーフィギュアの方向を決定する際のエラー率と応答時間を調べることによって測定されました。パフォーマンス測定で見つかった注意障害に関与する根本的な認知および注意メカニズムを理解するために、32個の電極を備えたEEG actiCAPを使用して参加者の神経生理学的データを評価しました。EEGは一時的な精度の観点から適切なツールであり、特定の瞬間(ポイントライトウォーカーフィギュアの外観など)でパフォーマンスが低下する原因を確認しようとするときに重要ですが、動きのためにアーティファクトがデータに存在する場合があります。EEGデータを分析する場合、2つの指標が特に重要です:1)アルファ振動;2)認知的関与。研究によると、アルファ振動は、ワーキングメモリ制御と、タスクに無関係な脳回路の能動的な阻害を表す可能性があります14,15,16,17。ベースラインレベルでのアルファ振動を刺激提示18,19で発生する振動と比較することにより、アルファ比を取得しました。この比率で、歩行中にテキストメッセージを送るときに観察される注意障害の根底にある可能性のあるイベント関連の変化を特定しました。認知的関与に関して、Pope et al.20は、ベータ活性が覚醒と注意の増加を表し、アルファとシータの活動が覚醒と注意の減少を反映する指標を開発しました21,22。この分析は、刺激の出現前のエンゲージメントの増加が、歩行者の姿に応答するために必要なタスクセットの再構成を複雑にするかどうかを判断するために行われました。
本稿で説明した方法論を用いて、マルチタスクエピソードに従事する参加者のタスク切り替えパフォーマンスに影響を与える根本的なメカニズムを把握しようとしています。歩行条件は、マルチタスクタスクスイッチ性能(すなわち、歩行中のテキストメッセージ)と比較される非マルチタスクタスクスイッチ性能を表す。タスクセットの抑制とタスクセットの活性化の役割を測定することにより、歩行中にテキストメッセージを送信するときに発生するスイッチコストをよりよく理解しようとしました。元の研究は没入型仮想環境で行われたが23 、後に実験室( 図2を参照)で複製され、参加者の前のスクリーンに歩行者の姿を表示するプロジェクターで再現されたことに注意することは重要です。この仮想環境は利用できなくなったため、プロトコルは現在の実験室の設計に適合しました。

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">The Observer XT</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:477px;">Integration and synchronization software: The Noldus Observer XT (Noldus Information Technology) is used to synchronize all behavioral, emotional and cognitive engagement data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MediaRecorder</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Audio and video recording software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FaceReader</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software for automatic analysis of the 6 basic facial expressions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">E-Prime</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software for computerized experiment design, data collection, and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BrainVision Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Brain Vision</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software used for recording neuro-/electrophysiological signals (EEG in this case)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>EEG signal processing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Online survey environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tapis Roulant</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">ThermoTread GT Office Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syncbox</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Syncbox start the co-registration of EEG and gaze data by sending a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) signal to the EGI amplifier and a keystroke signal to the Tobii Studio v 3.2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Move2actiCAP</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Brain Vision</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Add-on for a digital wireless system for EEG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iPhone 6s</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iMessage</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iPad</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the switch cost of smartphone use while walking

本稿では,歩行中にスマートフォンを使用する場合のタスク切り替えコストを測定するための研究プロトコルを提示する.この方法では、対照条件(すなわち、単に歩く)とマルチタスク条件(すなわち、歩行中のテキストメッセージ)の2つの実験条件下で参加者にトレッドミル上を歩かせる。これらの条件の間、参加者は実験条件に関連するタスクと方向決定タスクを切り替える必要があります。この方向タスクは、参加者の左または右に向かって歩いているように見えるポイントライトウォーカーフィギュアで行われます。方向タスクのパフォーマンスは、参加者のタスク切り替えコストを表します。2つのパフォーマンス指標がありました:1)方向の正しい識別と2)応答時間。EEGデータは、タスク切り替え中に発生するアルファ振動および認知的関与を測定するために記録される。この方法は生態学的妥当性において制限されている:歩行者環境は多くの刺激が同時に発生し、注意を奪い合う。それでも、この方法はタスク切り替えのコストを特定するのに適しています。EEGデータにより、さまざまなタスク切り替えコストに関連する脳の根底にあるメカニズムの研究が可能になります。この設計により、刺激呈示の前に、マルチタスク時のタスク切り替えと比較して、一度に1つのタスクを実行するときのタスク切り替えの比較が可能になります。これにより、これら2つの異なるタスク切り替え条件の行動的影響と神経生理学的影響の両方を理解し、特定することができます。さらに、タスク切り替えのコストを脳活動と相関させることで、これらの行動効果の原因についてさらに学ぶことができます。このプロトコルは、さまざまなスマートフォン使用のスイッチングコストを調査するための適切な基盤です。歩行中のスマートフォン使用のタスク切り替えコストに関連するさまざまな要因を理解するために、さまざまなタスク、アンケート、およびその他の対策を追加できます。

この研究プロトコルは当初、54人の参加者で実施され、それぞれが88の方向試験に応答しました。これらの試験の半分は、参加者が刺激呈示の前に単に歩いていたときに発生しました。残りの半分は、参加者が刺激の提示の前に歩きながらテキストメッセージを送っていたときに発生しました。
行動結果 ポイントライトウォーカーの方向でのパフォーマン?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking at JoVE.com

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

この研究デザインは、歩行中にスマートフォンを使用する場合のタスク切り替えコストを測定します。参加者は、対照条件(歩行)とマルチタスク条件(歩行中のテキストメッセージ)の2つの実験条件を経験します。参加者は、これらのタスクと方向決定タスクを切り替えます。脳波データと行動測定が記録されます。

歩行中のスマートフォン使用のスイッチコストの測定

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...

measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

1.7K ビュー.  HEC Montréal. この研究デザインは、歩行中にスマートフォンを使用する場合のタスク切り替えコストを測定します。参加者は、対照条件(歩行)とマルチタスク条件(歩行中のテキストメッセージ)の2つの実験条件を経験します。参加者は、これらのタスクと方向決定タスクを切り替えます。脳波データと行動測定が記録されます。

ビデオ: Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

環境エンリッチメントの有効性を評価する手段として秘密箱の使用

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

行動学

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

日常生活環境におけるスマートフォンベースの人間活動の認識システムの評価

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques have been employed, each with positives and negatives. The aim was to determine the effect of NW on older adult gait and posture and to determine optimal use of different data collection systems in both short and long duration analysis. Gait and posture during NW and normal walking were assessed in 17 healthy older adults (age: 69 &#177; 7.3). Participants performed two trials of 6 Minute Walk Tests (6MWT) (1 with poles (WP) and 1 without poles (NP)) and 6 trials of a 5m walk (3 WP and 3 NP). Motion was recorded using two systems, a 6-sensor accelerometry system and an 8-camera 3-dimensional motion capture system, in order to quantify spatial-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters.
With both systems, participants demonstrated increased stride length and double support and decreased gait speed and cadence WP compared to NP (p &#60;0.05). Also, with motion capture, larger single support time was found WP (p &#60;0.05). With 3-D capture, smaller hip power generation and moments of force were found at heel contact and pre-swing as well as smaller knee power absorption at heel contact, pre-swing, and terminal swing WP compared to NP, when assessed over one cycle (p &#60;0.05). Also, WP yielded smaller moments of force at heel contact and terminal swing along with larger moments at mid-stance of a gait cycle (p &#60;0.05). No changes were found for posture.
NW seems appropriate for promoting a normal gait pattern in older adults. Three-dimensional motion capture should primarily be used during short duration gait analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry systems should be primarily employed in instances requiring longer duration analysis such as during the 6MWT.

The aim was to substantiate optimal use of data collection techniques for Nordic walking gait and posture analysis. Three-dimensional motion capture should be used during short duration analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry should be employed for longer duration analysis (i.e. repeated cycles) like a 6 Minute Walk Test.

高齢者でノルディックウォーキング歩行や姿勢の評価のための適切なモーションキャプチャ技術を実証

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For example, in the cat, visual information about an impending obstacle can modulate stepping for avoidance. Locomotor adaptation can also occur independent of vision, as sudden tactile inputs to the leg by an expected obstacle can modify the stepping of all four legs for avoidance. Such complex locomotor coordination involves supraspinal structures, such as the parietal cortex. This protocol describes the use of reversible, cooling-induced cortical deactivation to assess parietal cortex contributions to memory-guided obstacle locomotion in the cat. Small cooling loops, known as cryoloops, are specially shaped to deactivate discrete regions of interest to assess their contributions to an overt behavior. Such methods have been used to elucidate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the cat.

Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.

リバーシブルの冷却誘起 Deactivations 歩行猫障害メモリへの皮質の貢献を研究するには

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal&#39;s free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

筋ジストロフィーのマウス ・ モデルで歩行を測定するためのシンプルで低コスト分析

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which people walk on a treadmill to intercept gaps between two moving vehicles in an immersive virtual environment. Virtual reality allows for a safe and ecologically varied investigation of gap crossing behavior. Manipulating the initial starting distance can further the understanding of a participant&#8217;s speed regulation while approaching a gap. The speed profile may be assessed for various gap crossing variables, such as initial distance, vehicle size, and gap size. Each walking simulation results in a position/time series that can inform how velocity is adjusted differently depending on the gap characteristics. This methodology can be used by researchers investigating pedestrian behavior and behavioral dynamics while employing human participants in a safe and realistic setting.

This protocol describes use of a walking simulator that serves as a safe and ecologically valid method to study pedestrian behavior in the presence of moving traffic.

バーチャルリアリティウォーキングシミュレータを使用した歩行者行動の調査

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which ...

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb biomechanical changes that occur during unplanned gait termination (UGT) under different walking speeds. Fifteen male participants were asked to perform UGT on a walkway at normal walking speed (NWS) and fast walking speed (FWS), respectively. A motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform were applied to collect lower-limb kinematic and plantar pressure data. Paired-sampled T-test was used to examine the differences in lower-limb kinematics and plantar pressure data between two walking speeds. The results showed larger range of motion in the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane as well as plantar pressure in forefoot and heel regions during UGT at FWS when compared with NWS. With the increase in walking speed, subjects exhibited different lower-limb biomechanical characteristics that show FWS associated with greater potential injury risks.

This study compared the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity during unplanned gait termination under different walking speeds. The lower-limb kinematic and kinetic data from fifteen subjects with normal and fast walking speeds were collected using a motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform.

異なる歩行速度の下で計画外の歩行終端に関連する下肢バイオメカニカル特性

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb ...

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila larvae, customized metal nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) filaments. These mechanical probes are similar to the von Frey filaments used in vertebrates to measure mechanical nociception. Here, we demonstrate how to make and calibrate these mechanical probes and how to generate a full behavioral dose-response from subthreshold (innocuous or non-noxious range) to suprathreshold (low to high noxious range) stimuli. To demonstrate the utility of the probes, we investigated tissue damage-induced hypersensitivity in Drosophila larvae. Mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous mechanical stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated responsiveness to a noxious mechanical stimulus) have not yet been established in Drosophila larvae. Using mechanical probes that are normally innocuous or probes that typically elicit an aversive behavior, we found that Drosophila larvae develop mechanical hypersensitization (both allodynia and hyperalgesia) after tissue damage. Thus, the mechanical probes and assay that we illustrate here will likely be important tools to dissect the fundamental molecular/genetic mechanisms of mechanical hypersensitivity.

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

The goal of this protocol is to show how to perform an improved assay for mechanical nociception in Drosophila larvae. We use the assay here to demonstrate that mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) exists in Drosophila larvae.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫における機械的な結知を測定するための改善されたアッセイとツール

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...

Iterative Development of an Innovative Smartphone-Based Dietary Assessment Tool: Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed (iOS/Android). This app can be used as a food record and&#160;24-h recall (or shorter recall periods). Different sampling schemes can be created on either prespecified or random days/times within a predetermined period for both methods, with&#160;push notifications to urge the participants to register their food intake. In case of non-response, notifications are automatically rescheduled to ensure complete data collection. For use as a food record, respondents can access the app and log their food intake throughout the day. Food records close automatically at the end of the day; recalls close after submission of the consumed items. The recall as well as the food record module provide access to an extensive food list based on the Dutch food composition database (FCDB), which can be accustomed to fit different research purposes. When selecting a food item, respondents are simultaneously prompted to insert portion size, i.e., in household measures (e.g., cups, spoons, glasses), standard portion sizes (e.g., small, medium, large), or weight in grams, and eating occasion/time of consumption. Portion size options can be adjusted, e.g., only entry in grams in case of a weighed food record or time of consumption instead of eating occasion). The app also includes a My Dishes function, which allows the respondent to create their own recipes or product combinations (e.g., a daily breakfast) and only report the total quantity consumed. Subsequently, the app accounts for yield and retention factors. The data are stored on a secure server. If desired, additional questions, i.e., in general or those related to specific food items or eating occasions can be incorporated. This paper describes the development of the system (app and backend), including expert evaluations and usability testing.

This article describes the protocol for the development of an innovative smartphone-based dietary assessment application Traqq, including expert evaluations and usability testing.

革新的なスマートフォンベースの食事評価ツールの反復開発:Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed ...

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and overt ocular disease (e.g., diseases of the cornea and lens). Nearly all current methods of measuring the behavioral consequences of light scatter, however, suffer from various limitations mostly reflecting a lack of construct and content validity: to wit, the measures do not adequately reflect real world conditions (e.g., artificial light vs. sunlight) or everyday tasks (e.g., recognition under visually demanding conditions).
This protocol describes two novel, ecologically valid methods of measuring the behavioral effects of intraocular scatter by quantifying scatter geometry and visual recognition under glare conditions. The former was measured by assessing the diameter of halos and spokes that resulted from a bright point source. Light spread (essentially, the point spread function determined using Rayleigh criteria) was quantified by determining the minimum perceivable distance between two small points of broad-band light. The latter was done based on the identification of letters formed using apertures through which bright light was shone.

In this protocol, we outline the conceptual design elements and structural development of a glare acuity apparatus. Additionally, the design of a device for measuring positive dysphotopsia (halos, spokes) and two-point light thresholds is described.

眼内散乱の行動効果の測定

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and ...