저자는 캐나다 사회 과학 및 인문학 연구위원회 (SSHERC)의 재정 지원을 인정합니다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

프로토콜을 사용할 때 중요한 선택은 신경 생리 학적 데이터의 품질을 보장하는 것입니다. 과도한 움직임은 데이터에 많은 노이즈를 생성할 수 있기 때문에 이동 중에 EEG와 같은 도구를 사용하는 것은 본질적으로 복잡합니다. 따라서 데이터를 수집하기 전에 실제 신호를 수정하지 않고 가능한 한 많은 인공물을 제거하기 위해 데이터를 준비하는 방법을 고려하는 것이 중요합니다. 그럼에도 불구?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.
The name was corrected from:
Gabrielle-Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra
to:
Gabrielle Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.

Erratum: Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

스마트폰 보급률과 멀티태스킹 경향이 모두 증가하고 있기 때문에 걷는 동안 스마트폰 사용이 주의력에 미치는 영향을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 문헌은 작업 전환에는 걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용을 포함하여 비용1이 따른다는 것을 반복적으로 보여주었습니다. 연구에 따르면 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하면 산만하고 위험 할 수 있습니다 2,3,4. 이러한 위험은 그러한 작업을 수행하는 주의력 장애와 관련이 있습니다 3,4,5,6,7. 보행자 환경의 복잡한 특성으로 인해 생태 학적으로 유효한 실험적 맥락에서 연구하는 것은 문제가 될 수 있습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 실제 보행자 환경에서 이러한 연구를 수행하는 것은 많은 외부 변수가 작용할 수 있고 산만 함으로 인해 참가자에게 해를 끼칠 위험이 있기 때문에 자체적으로 합병증을 겪을 수 있습니다. 가능한 한 현실적으로 유지되는 비교적 안전한 환경에서 이러한 현상을 연구 할 수 있어야합니다. 이 기사에서는 걷는 동안 문자 메시지의 작업 전환 비용을 연구하는 동시에 작업의 유효성을 높이고 관련된 잠재적 위험을 완화하는 연구 방법론을 설명합니다.
걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용할 때 개인은 스마트 폰 작업에서 걷기 및 환경 관련 작업으로 전환해야합니다. 따라서 이러한 현상을 연구하기 위해 우리는 특히 작업 전환 패러다임에 초점을 맞춘 멀티태스킹에 관한 문헌 내에서 이 방법을 구성하는 것이 적절하다는 것을 발견했습니다. 이를 위해 작업 전환 패러다임1을 사용하여 참가자가 사전 자극 작업과 사후 자극 작업 사이를 전환하도록 했습니다. 두 가지 사전 자극 작업 중 하나는 멀티 태스킹과 관련이 있지만 다른 하나는 그렇지 않았습니다. 자극 후 작업에서 참가자는 인식이 분할 주의의 영향을받는 자극에 반응해야했습니다8. 또한 가능한 한 생태 학적으로 유효하려고 노력하는 실험적 실험실 연구는 종종 가상 보행자 환경을 사용하여 걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의주의 영향을 이해했습니다 4,9. 그럼에도 불구하고 근본적인 신경 생리 학적 메커니즘을 포착하기 위해 우리는 참가자가 반응해야하는 자극의 수를 최소화하기 위해 하나의 자극에 대한 특정 작업 전환 반응에 초점을 맞추기로 결정했습니다. 이런 식으로 우리는 순전히 스마트폰에서 자극으로 주의를 전환하는 데서 오는 작업 전환 비용을 보다 정확하게 찾아낼 수 있습니다. 우리의 연구 설계에서는 행동 측정 (즉, 작업 전환 비용)과 신경 생리 학적 데이터를 사용하여 보행자 스마트 폰 사용 중에 발견 된 주의력 장애를 더 잘 이해합니다.
작업 전환 실험 중에 참가자는 일반적으로 일련의 자극과 관련된 최소 두 가지 간단한 작업을 수행했으며, 각 작업에는 "작업 세트"라고하는 다른인지 리소스 세트가 필요합니다 1. 개인이 작업 사이를 전환해야 할 때 정신 자원이 적응해야합니다 (즉, 이전 작업 세트의 억제 및 현재 작업 세트의 활성화). 이 "작업 세트 재구성" 프로세스는 작업전환 비용1의 원인으로 여겨집니다. 작업 전환 비용은 일반적으로 참가자가 작업 간에 전환하는 시행과 그렇지 않은 시도 간의 응답 시간 및/또는 오류율의 차이를 관찰하여 결정됩니다10. 우리의 실험에서, 우리는 세 가지 작업 세트를 가졌습니다 : 1) 포인트 라이트 워커 자극에 반응; 2) 걷는 동안 스마트 폰으로 문자 메시지; 3) 단순히 걷기. 우리는 두 가지 다른 조건 사이의 전환 비용을 비교했습니다 : 1) 자극에 반응하기 전에 단순히 걷기, 2) 응답하기 전에 문자 메시지를하면서 걷기. 이러한 방식으로 작업을 전환하기 전에 스마트 폰에서 멀티 태스킹 비용을 캡처하여 시각적 자극이 나타나기 전에 단순히 걷는 비 멀티 태스킹 스위치 비용과 직접 비교할 수있었습니다. 이 연구에 사용 된 스마트 폰은 특정 브랜드 였기 때문에 모든 참가자는 실험 전에 장치를 올바르게 사용하는 방법을 알고 있는지 확인하기 위해 선별되었습니다.
보행자 상황을 대표하는 사실적인 경험을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 포인트 라이트 워커 피규어를 시각적 자극으로 사용하여 참가자의 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽으로 3.5° 편차 각도로 걷는 인간의 형태를 나타내기로 결정했습니다. 이 그림은 흰색 배경에 15개의 검은색 점으로 구성되어 있으며 점은 사람의 머리, 어깨, 엉덩이, 팔꿈치, 손목, 무릎 및 발목을 나타냅니다(그림 1). 이 자극은 생물학적 운동을 기반으로하며, 이는 인간과 동물의 전형적인 움직임 패턴을 따른다는 것을 의미합니다11. 또한이 자극은 생태 학적으로 유효한 것 이상입니다. 성공적으로 분석되기 위해서는 복잡한 시각적 처리와주의가 필요합니다12,13. 흥미롭게도 Thornton et al.8은 점과 같은 보행기의 방향을 적절하게 식별하는 것이 분할 주의에 의해 크게 영향을 받아 멀티태스킹시 작업 전환 비용을 연구할 때 성능 측정으로 적합하다는 것을 발견했습니다. 참가자들은 그림이 걷고있는 방향을 구두로 진술하도록 요청 받았다. 보행기의 출현은 항상 화면에 나타나는 청각 신호에 선행되었습니다.
포인트 라이트 워커 작업과 신경 생리 학적 데이터에 대한 성능을 통해 우리는 두 조건의 주의력 영향을 결정하고 원인을 파악하는 데 도움을주었습니다. 성능은 포인트 라이트 워커 그림의 방향을 결정할 때 오류율과 응답 시간을 확인하여 측정되었습니다. 성능 측정에서 발견 한 주의력 장애와 관련된 기본적인인지 및 주의력 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해 32 개의 전극이있는 EEG actiCAP을 사용하여 참가자의 신경 생리 학적 데이터를 평가했습니다. EEG는 일시적인 정밀도 측면에서 적절한 도구이며, 움직임으로 인해 인공물이 데이터에 존재할 수 있지만 특정 순간(예: 포인트 라이트 워커 그림의 모양)에서 성능 저하의 원인을 확인하려고 할 때 중요합니다. EEG 데이터를 분석 할 때 두 가지 지수가 특히 관련이 있습니다 : 1) 알파 진동; 2)인지 적 참여. 연구에 따르면 알파 진동은 작업 기억 제어뿐만 아니라 작업과 관련이없는 뇌 회로14,15,16,17의 능동적 억제를 나타낼 수 있습니다. 기준선 수준의 알파 진동을 자극 발표18,19에서 발생하는 진동과 비교하여 알파 비율을 얻었습니다. 이 비율로 우리는 걷는 동안 문자 메시지를 보낼 때 관찰되는 주의력 장애의 근저가 될 수있는 이벤트 관련 변화를 결정했습니다. 인지 참여와 관련하여 Pope et al.20은 베타 활동이 각성과 주의력 증가를 나타내고 알파 및 세타 활동이 각성과 주의력 감소를 반영하는 지수를 개발했습니다21,22. 이 분석은 자극이 나타나기 전에 증가된 참여가 보행자 수치에 응답하기 위해 필요한 작업 세트 재구성을 복잡하게 하는지 여부를 결정하기 위해 수행되었습니다.
이 백서에 설명된 방법론을 통해 우리는 멀티태스킹 에피소드에 참여하는 참가자의 작업 전환 성능에 영향을 미치는 기본 메커니즘을 파악하려고 합니다. 보행 조건은 멀티태스킹 작업 전환 성능(즉, 걷는 동안 문자 메시지)과 비교되는 비멀티태스킹 작업 전환 성능을 나타냅니다. 작업 세트 억제 및 작업 세트 활성화의 역할을 측정함으로써 우리는 걷는 동안 문자 메시지를 보낼 때 발생하는 스위치 비용을 더 잘 이해하고자했습니다. 원래의 연구는 몰입형 가상 환경(23 )에서 수행되었지만 나중에 참가자 앞의 스크린에 보행기 그림을 표시하는 프로젝터를 사용하여 실험실( 그림 2 참조)에서 복제되었다는 점에 유의하는 것이 적절합니다. 이 가상 환경은 더 이상 사용할 수 없기 때문에 프로토콜은 현재 실험실 설계에 맞게 조정되었습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1068px;" width="1068">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">The Observer XT</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:477px;">Integration and synchronization software: The Noldus Observer XT (Noldus Information Technology) is used to synchronize all behavioral, emotional and cognitive engagement data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MediaRecorder</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Audio and video recording software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FaceReader</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software for automatic analysis of the 6 basic facial expressions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">E-Prime</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software for computerized experiment design, data collection, and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BrainVision Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Brain Vision</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software used for recording neuro-/electrophysiological signals (EEG in this case)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>EEG signal processing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Online survey environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tapis Roulant</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">ThermoTread GT Office Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syncbox</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Syncbox start the co-registration of EEG and gaze data by sending a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) signal to the EGI amplifier and a keystroke signal to the Tobii Studio v 3.2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Move2actiCAP</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Brain Vision</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Add-on for a digital wireless system for EEG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iPhone 6s</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iMessage</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iPad</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the switch cost of smartphone use while walking

이 논문은 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하는 작업 전환 비용을 측정하는 연구 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 이 방법은 참가자가 제어 조건 (즉, 단순히 걷기)과 멀티 태스킹 조건 (즉, 걷는 동안 문자 메시지)의 두 가지 실험 조건에서 러닝 머신을 걷게하는 것을 포함합니다. 이러한 조건에서 참가자는 실험 조건과 관련된 작업과 방향 결정 작업 사이를 전환해야합니다. 이 방향 작업은 참가자의 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽으로 걷는 것처럼 보이는 포인트 라이트 워커 그림으로 수행됩니다. 방향 작업의 성능은 참가자의 작업 전환 비용을 나타냅니다. 1) 방향의 정확한 식별과 2) 응답 시간의 두 가지 성능 측정이있었습니다. EEG 데이터는 작업 전환 중에 발생하는 알파 진동 및인지 참여를 측정하기 위해 기록됩니다. 이 방법은 생태 학적 타당성이 제한적입니다 : 보행자 환경에는 동시에 발생하고주의를 끌기 위해 경쟁하는 많은 자극이 있습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이 방법은 작업 전환 비용을 정확히 찾아내는 데 적합합니다. EEG 데이터를 통해 다양한 작업 전환 비용과 관련된 뇌의 기본 메커니즘을 연구 할 수 있습니다. 이 디자인을 사용하면 자극 프레젠테이션 전에 멀티태스킹할 때 작업 전환과 비교하여 한 번에 하나의 작업을 수행할 때 작업 전환을 비교할 수 있습니다. 이를 통해 이 두 가지 다른 작업 전환 조건의 행동 및 신경생리학적 영향을 이해하고 정확히 지적할 수 있습니다. 또한 작업 전환 비용을 뇌 활동과 연관시킴으로써 이러한 행동 효과의 원인에 대해 더 많이 알 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 다양한 스마트폰 사용의 전환 비용을 연구하기 위한 적절한 기반입니다. 걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의 작업 전환 비용과 관련된 다양한 요소를 이해하기 위해 다양한 작업, 설문지 및 기타 조치를 추가 할 수 있습니다.

이 연구 프로토콜은 원래 54 명의 참가자로 수행되었으며 각 참가자는 88 개의 방향 시험에 응답했습니다. 이러한 시험의 절반은 참가자가 자극 발표 전에 단순히 걷고있을 때 발생했습니다. 나머지 절반은 참가자들이 자극 발표 전에 걷는 동안 문자 메시지를 보낼 때 발생했습니다.
행동 결과 포인트 라이트 워커 방향의 성능은 작업 전환 비용을 나타내며 성능?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking at JoVE.com

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

이 연구 설계는 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하는 작업 전환 비용을 측정합니다. 참가자는 제어 조건 (걷기)과 멀티 태스킹 조건 (걷는 동안 문자 메시지)의 두 가지 실험 조건을 거칩니다. 참가자는 이러한 작업과 방향 결정 작업 사이를 전환합니다. EEG 데이터와 행동 측정이 기록됩니다.

걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의 스위치 비용 측정

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...

measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

1.7K 조회수.  HEC Montréal. 이 연구 설계는 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하는 작업 전환 비용을 측정합니다. 참가자는 제어 조건 (걷기)과 멀티 태스킹 조건 (걷는 동안 문자 메시지)의 두 가지 실험 조건을 거칩니다. 참가자는 이러한 작업과 방향 결정 작업 사이를 전환합니다. EEG 데이터와 행동 측정이 기록됩니다.

비디오: Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

일상 생활 환경에서 스마트 폰 기반의 인간 활동 인식 시스템의 평가

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

연구

행동분석학

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques have been employed, each with positives and negatives. The aim was to determine the effect of NW on older adult gait and posture and to determine optimal use of different data collection systems in both short and long duration analysis. Gait and posture during NW and normal walking were assessed in 17 healthy older adults (age: 69 &#177; 7.3). Participants performed two trials of 6 Minute Walk Tests (6MWT) (1 with poles (WP) and 1 without poles (NP)) and 6 trials of a 5m walk (3 WP and 3 NP). Motion was recorded using two systems, a 6-sensor accelerometry system and an 8-camera 3-dimensional motion capture system, in order to quantify spatial-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters.
With both systems, participants demonstrated increased stride length and double support and decreased gait speed and cadence WP compared to NP (p &#60;0.05). Also, with motion capture, larger single support time was found WP (p &#60;0.05). With 3-D capture, smaller hip power generation and moments of force were found at heel contact and pre-swing as well as smaller knee power absorption at heel contact, pre-swing, and terminal swing WP compared to NP, when assessed over one cycle (p &#60;0.05). Also, WP yielded smaller moments of force at heel contact and terminal swing along with larger moments at mid-stance of a gait cycle (p &#60;0.05). No changes were found for posture.
NW seems appropriate for promoting a normal gait pattern in older adults. Three-dimensional motion capture should primarily be used during short duration gait analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry systems should be primarily employed in instances requiring longer duration analysis such as during the 6MWT.

The aim was to substantiate optimal use of data collection techniques for Nordic walking gait and posture analysis. Three-dimensional motion capture should be used during short duration analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry should be employed for longer duration analysis (i.e. repeated cycles) like a 6 Minute Walk Test.

이전 성인의 노르딕 워킹 보행의 평가와 자세에 대한 적절한 모션 캡처 기술을 실증

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For example, in the cat, visual information about an impending obstacle can modulate stepping for avoidance. Locomotor adaptation can also occur independent of vision, as sudden tactile inputs to the leg by an expected obstacle can modify the stepping of all four legs for avoidance. Such complex locomotor coordination involves supraspinal structures, such as the parietal cortex. This protocol describes the use of reversible, cooling-induced cortical deactivation to assess parietal cortex contributions to memory-guided obstacle locomotion in the cat. Small cooling loops, known as cryoloops, are specially shaped to deactivate discrete regions of interest to assess their contributions to an overt behavior. Such methods have been used to elucidate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the cat.

Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.

가역 냉각 유도 Deactivations 공부 장애물 메모리 걷는 고양이에 대뇌 피 질의 기여를

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal&#39;s free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

근이 영양 증의 마우스 모델에서 Ambulation를 측정 하기 위한 간단 하 고 저렴 한 비용 분석 결과

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

세트 전용 캡처 측정 하 빠른 직렬 비주얼 프리 젠 테이 션을 사용 하 여, 주의 산만의 결과 동안 멀티태스킹

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which people walk on a treadmill to intercept gaps between two moving vehicles in an immersive virtual environment. Virtual reality allows for a safe and ecologically varied investigation of gap crossing behavior. Manipulating the initial starting distance can further the understanding of a participant&#8217;s speed regulation while approaching a gap. The speed profile may be assessed for various gap crossing variables, such as initial distance, vehicle size, and gap size. Each walking simulation results in a position/time series that can inform how velocity is adjusted differently depending on the gap characteristics. This methodology can be used by researchers investigating pedestrian behavior and behavioral dynamics while employing human participants in a safe and realistic setting.

This protocol describes use of a walking simulator that serves as a safe and ecologically valid method to study pedestrian behavior in the presence of moving traffic.

가상 현실 걷기 시뮬레이터를 사용하여 보행자 행동을 조사합니다.

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which ...

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb biomechanical changes that occur during unplanned gait termination (UGT) under different walking speeds. Fifteen male participants were asked to perform UGT on a walkway at normal walking speed (NWS) and fast walking speed (FWS), respectively. A motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform were applied to collect lower-limb kinematic and plantar pressure data. Paired-sampled T-test was used to examine the differences in lower-limb kinematics and plantar pressure data between two walking speeds. The results showed larger range of motion in the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane as well as plantar pressure in forefoot and heel regions during UGT at FWS when compared with NWS. With the increase in walking speed, subjects exhibited different lower-limb biomechanical characteristics that show FWS associated with greater potential injury risks.

This study compared the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity during unplanned gait termination under different walking speeds. The lower-limb kinematic and kinetic data from fifteen subjects with normal and fast walking speeds were collected using a motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform.

다른 보행 속도하에서 계획되지 않은 걸음걸이 종단과 관련된 낮은 사지 생체 역학적 특성

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb ...

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila larvae, customized metal nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) filaments. These mechanical probes are similar to the von Frey filaments used in vertebrates to measure mechanical nociception. Here, we demonstrate how to make and calibrate these mechanical probes and how to generate a full behavioral dose-response from subthreshold (innocuous or non-noxious range) to suprathreshold (low to high noxious range) stimuli. To demonstrate the utility of the probes, we investigated tissue damage-induced hypersensitivity in Drosophila larvae. Mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous mechanical stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated responsiveness to a noxious mechanical stimulus) have not yet been established in Drosophila larvae. Using mechanical probes that are normally innocuous or probes that typically elicit an aversive behavior, we found that Drosophila larvae develop mechanical hypersensitization (both allodynia and hyperalgesia) after tissue damage. Thus, the mechanical probes and assay that we illustrate here will likely be important tools to dissect the fundamental molecular/genetic mechanisms of mechanical hypersensitivity.

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

The goal of this protocol is to show how to perform an improved assay for mechanical nociception in Drosophila larvae. We use the assay here to demonstrate that mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) exists in Drosophila larvae.

드로소필라 애벌레의 기계적 고치절 측정을 위한 향상된 분석 및 도구

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...

Iterative Development of an Innovative Smartphone-Based Dietary Assessment Tool: Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed (iOS/Android). This app can be used as a food record and&#160;24-h recall (or shorter recall periods). Different sampling schemes can be created on either prespecified or random days/times within a predetermined period for both methods, with&#160;push notifications to urge the participants to register their food intake. In case of non-response, notifications are automatically rescheduled to ensure complete data collection. For use as a food record, respondents can access the app and log their food intake throughout the day. Food records close automatically at the end of the day; recalls close after submission of the consumed items. The recall as well as the food record module provide access to an extensive food list based on the Dutch food composition database (FCDB), which can be accustomed to fit different research purposes. When selecting a food item, respondents are simultaneously prompted to insert portion size, i.e., in household measures (e.g., cups, spoons, glasses), standard portion sizes (e.g., small, medium, large), or weight in grams, and eating occasion/time of consumption. Portion size options can be adjusted, e.g., only entry in grams in case of a weighed food record or time of consumption instead of eating occasion). The app also includes a My Dishes function, which allows the respondent to create their own recipes or product combinations (e.g., a daily breakfast) and only report the total quantity consumed. Subsequently, the app accounts for yield and retention factors. The data are stored on a secure server. If desired, additional questions, i.e., in general or those related to specific food items or eating occasions can be incorporated. This paper describes the development of the system (app and backend), including expert evaluations and usability testing.

This article describes the protocol for the development of an innovative smartphone-based dietary assessment application Traqq, including expert evaluations and usability testing.

혁신적인 스마트폰 기반 식이 평가 도구의 반복적 개발: Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed ...

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and overt ocular disease (e.g., diseases of the cornea and lens). Nearly all current methods of measuring the behavioral consequences of light scatter, however, suffer from various limitations mostly reflecting a lack of construct and content validity: to wit, the measures do not adequately reflect real world conditions (e.g., artificial light vs. sunlight) or everyday tasks (e.g., recognition under visually demanding conditions).
This protocol describes two novel, ecologically valid methods of measuring the behavioral effects of intraocular scatter by quantifying scatter geometry and visual recognition under glare conditions. The former was measured by assessing the diameter of halos and spokes that resulted from a bright point source. Light spread (essentially, the point spread function determined using Rayleigh criteria) was quantified by determining the minimum perceivable distance between two small points of broad-band light. The latter was done based on the identification of letters formed using apertures through which bright light was shone.

In this protocol, we outline the conceptual design elements and structural development of a glare acuity apparatus. Additionally, the design of a device for measuring positive dysphotopsia (halos, spokes) and two-point light thresholds is described.

안구 산란의 행동 효과 측정

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and ...