この論文に記載されている研究は、カナダイノベーション自然科学工学研究評議会、サスカチュワン大学、サスカチュワン州政府、カナダ西部経済多様化カナダ、カナダ国立研究評議会、カナダ保健研究所の支援を受けたカナダ光源のBMIT施設で行われました。著者らは、カナダ光源、特にアダム・ウェッブ、デニス・ミラー、セルゲイ・ガシロフ、寧ズーのビームライン科学者に、SkyScan SRμCTと白いビーム顕微鏡システムのセットアップとトラブルシューティングに協力してくれたことに感謝したいと考えています。また、トレド医科生命科学大学のベス・ダルツェルと、オハイオ州北東部医科大学のジェフリー・ウェンストルップ博士に感謝したいと考えています。JMアンドロノフスキは、アクロン大学と国立司法科学法医学研究所が提供するスタートアップ研究資金(2018-DU-BX-0188)を通じて支援されています。RAデイビスは、アクロン大学が提供する大学院助手によってサポートされています。採点および鋸で使用される装置および供給は、アクロン大学とNSFが、CW HolyokeにEAR-1624242を交付するスタートアップ資金によって購入された。

<ol>
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The use of formaldehyde imbedded human remains in experimental procedures Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://capa-acap.net/sites/default/files/basic-page/capa_2017_program_final_no_cover.pdf">https://capa-acap.net/sites/default/files/basic-page/capa_2017_program_final_no_cover.pdf</a> (2017)</li><li>Currey, J. D., Brear, K., Zioupos, P., Reilly, G. 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著者らは開示するものは何もない。

限られたFOVセットアップで高解像度のSRμCTイメージング用の均一および円筒形皮質骨コアサンプルを調達するための包括的で標準化されたプロトコルはありませんでした。ここで詳述するプロトコルは、SRμCTイメージングのための一貫したサイズの皮質骨コアサンプルを調達する方法と、その後のマイクロアーキテクチャデータの正確な可視化と抽出に関する包括的なチュートリアルを提供?...

近年のイメージング技術の進歩により、非常に高い解像度でX線イメージングデータを取得することが可能になりました。デスクトップマイクロCT(μCT)システムは、非破壊性の性質に起因する、消光骨を撮像するための現在の標準である1.しかし、皮質骨の微細構造特徴をイメージングする場合、μCTの使用はより限定的であった。解像度の制約により、デスクトップシステムは、骨細胞ラクナエのような皮質毛穴よりも小さい微細構造特徴を画像化するために必要な解像度を達成できません。このアプリケーションでは、SRμCTは、これらのシステムの解像度が高いため理想的です1.例えば、バイオメディカルイメージングおよび治療(BMIT)ビームライン2のカナダ光源(CLS)での実験では、ボクセルが0.9μmの小さな画像を生成しています。これまでの研究1、3、4、5は、この解像度を使用して、人間の長い骨(図1)からの皮質骨標本から投影とその後の3次元(3D)レンダリングを取得し、骨細胞ラクナー密度4、6、7、8、9およびヒトの寿命と男女間のラクナ形状とサイズ3の変動を定量化した。 さらなる研究は、ヒト10における骨バンディングの存在を実証しており、法医学人類学的文献において非ヒト哺乳類のみに関連付けられていると以前に認識されていた現象である。
例外的な解像度を達成するためには、X線ビームは、多くの場合、直径数ミリメートルに最大標本サイズを制限する視野(FOV)内に細かく焦点を合わせる必要があります。現在、これらの制限を満たす骨サンプル調達を概説する文献に記載されている包括的で標準化された手順はありません。FOV内のセンタリング標本は、1)イメージング中に180°回転する際にサンプルの中心を維持し、2)スキャンアーティファクトが画像切り捨てがないため制限されていることを確認するために重要です。つまり、FOVの外側のサンプルの部分は、FOV内の焦点に入るビームを妨げない。この場合、再構築アルゴリズムは完全に正しい再構築に必要な減衰データの一部を奪われます。360°(フル回転)スキャンはビーム硬化の影響を最小限に抑えますが、イメージング中の不整列やサンプルの動きによって引き起こされるアーティファクトを増加させることは注目に値します。したがって、360°スキャンは通常よりクリーンなデータを生成しますが、イメージング時間は2倍になり、実験コストとデータ品質の妥協に対処する必要があります。
骨イメージング実験の重要で見過ごされがちな側面は、スキャン前に行われる正確で複製可能な検体調製技術です。SRμCT法を実験に組み込んだ研究では、サンプリングプロトコルについて簡単に言及しているが、著者らは標本を収集するために使用される特定の方法論についてほとんどまたは全く詳細を提供していない。このような研究の多くは、任意の次元の直線的な骨ブロックを切断することを言及しているが、一般的に使用されるツールや埋め込み材料に関するそれ以上の情報を提供しない3,4,10, 11,12,13,14.一部の研究者は、一般的に、関心領域から骨の直線ブロックを除去するためにハンドヘルドロータリーツール(例えば、Dremel)を使用しています (ROI)3,4,10,11,12,13,14.この方法では、FOV より大きいサイズの不均等なサンプルが得られ、スキャンアーティファクトや画像切り捨ての可能性が高くなります。このような標本は、多くの場合、精密ダイヤモンドウェハソー(例えば、ビューラー異性体)を使用して、さらなる精製を必要とする。(200/mmまで)一貫した次元でサンプルを調達することは、取得したデータセットが最高品質で、その後の結果が複製可能であることを保証するために重要です。
サンプル調達方法論の限定的な報告は、以前の調査で実行された方法を採用および検証しようとする際に、困難の余分な層を追加します。現在、研究者は、サンプリング手順の詳細については、著者に直接連絡する必要があります。ここで詳述するプロトコルは、生物医学研究者に、徹底的に文書化され、複製可能で、コスト効率の高いサンプリング技術を提供します。この記事の主な目的は、マイクロアーキテクチャデータの正確な可視化と抽出のためにミルドリルプレスとダイヤモンドのスコアリングビットを使用して、一貫したサイズの皮質骨コアサンプルを調達する方法に関する包括的なチュートリアルを提供することです。この方法は、高圧岩力学15、16、17、18、19の硬質材料のブロックから均一な、小径(1-5ミリメートル)のシリンダーを日常的に収集するために使用される手順から変更されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1367px;" width="1367">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">1-1/8&#34; plunge cutting carbide for composites</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Warrior</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">61812</td>
			<td style="width:899px;">28.6mm plunge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">BP8201500</td>
			<td>3.8 Liters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Blunt-tipped forceps</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">10-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">55398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Crystalbond 509-3 Epoxy</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">821-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">CTAnalyser</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Bruker microCT</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">v.1.15.4.0</td>
			<td>Download and install at https://www.bruker.com/products/microtomography/micro-ct-software/3dsuite.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Dental Tool Kit</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">787269885110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Diamond wafering saw blade for composite material</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#11-4247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Drill Press</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Jet Mill/Drill</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">350017</td>
			<td>Model: JMD-15, benchtop drill presses are suitable substites, but typically lack a translatable machine table for positioning samples beneath the drill stem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Fine-tipped forceps</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">22-327379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Fixturing clamps for XY machine table for mill/drill</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">MSC Industrial Supply</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#04804571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">26005</td>
			<td>75x50mm slides, 1mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass slide chuck</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#112488</td>
			<td>Large enough to hold 75x50mm glass slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Hot plate capable of reaching 140 &#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">HP88850105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">NAPCO</td>
			<td>Model 4200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Isocut Fluid</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">111193032</td>
			<td>Lubricant; 30mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Jeweler&#39;s diamond coring drill bit</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Otto Frei</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#119.050</td>
			<td>2mm inner diameter hollow stem coring bit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">NRecon</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Bruker microCT</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">v.1.6.10.2</td>
			<td>Download and install at https://www.bruker.com/products/microtomography.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Oscillating saw</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Harbor Freight</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">62866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Oven-safe glass dishes</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1117715</td>
			<td>Glass food storage container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Precision slow-speed saw (Isomet 1000)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">111280160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">25181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Shallow aluminum tins</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">B01MRWLD0R</td>
			<td>~8cm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Specimen cups</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">616784425436 885334344729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Tergazyme detergent</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Alconox</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1304-1</td>
			<td>1.8kg box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">KJ201508006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a sectioning, coring, and image processing guide for high-throughput cortical bone sample procurement and analysis for synchrotron micro-ct

骨は、人間の寿命にわたって構造を変化させる動的で機械的に活性な組織です。骨のリモデリングプロセスの産物は、従来の二次元技術を用いて実質的に研究されてきた。デスクトップマイクロコンピュータ断層撮影(μCT)およびシンクロトロン放射微小断層撮影(SRμCT)によるX線イメージング技術の最近の進歩により、他の3Dイメージング技術(例えば、SEM)よりも大きな視野(FOV)の高解像度3次元(3D)スキャンを取得することができました。ただし、データ分析に影響を与えるストリークアーティファクトの外観を制限するために、標本はFOV内で正確に中心に配置する必要があります。これまでの研究では、不規則な形状の直線的な骨ブロックの調達が報告され、エッジの不均一や画像切り捨てによるイメージングアーティファクトが発生しています。ヒトの女性の前側面からSRμCT実験用に一貫して大きさの皮質骨コア標本を調達するために、地質サンプリングプロトコル(スコア)を適用しました。このスコアリング方法は、効率的で、組織に対して最小限の破壊です。回転中に等角体であること、および走査中のX線ビームに均一なパス長を提供する性質によって、イメージングアーティファクトを減少させる均一な円筒形サンプルを作成します。X線の断層データの成形および不規則な形状のサンプルの画像処理は、皮質骨マイクロアーキテクチャの可視化と分析を改善する技術の可能性を確認する。このプロトコルの目標は、さまざまなタイプの高解像度骨イメージング実験に適応可能な皮質骨コアの抽出のための信頼性と再現性のある方法を提供することです。この作業の包括的な目標は、手頃な価格で一貫性があり、簡単なSRμCTの標準化された皮質骨調達を作成することです。この手順は、生物人類学、地球科学、材料科学などの硬質複合材料を一般的に評価する関連分野の研究者によってさらに適応され得る。

コアサンプリングの記載された方法は、非常に効果的かつ効率的であることが判明しました。このプロトコルを使用した試料の採点は、1.49 μmボクセルサイズで約2mmのFOVを有するCLS BMIT-BMビームライン2での実験用に、一貫してサイズのサンプルを>300の調達に可能にした。コア直径の一貫性を検証するために、人間の前大腿心のサブセットの長さ(上、中央、下)に沿って3つの?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT at JoVE.com

A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

ヒトの女性の前部からSRμCT実験用に均一な大きさの皮質骨標本を調達するために、地質学的(スコア)サンプリングプロトコルを用いた。この方法は、最小限の破壊的で効率的な結果、不規則なサンプル形状からのイメージングアーティファクトを最小限に抑え、マイクロアーキテクチャの可視化と分析を改善する円筒形の標本を生み出します。

高スループットコルティカル骨サンプルの採取と分析のための断面化、スコアリング、画像処理ガイド

Bone is a dynamic and mechanically active tissue that changes in structure over the human lifespan. The products of the bone remodeling process have been ...

a-sectioning-coring-image-processing-guide-for-high-throughput

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.0K ビュー.  The University of Akron. ヒトの女性の前部からSRμCT実験用に均一な大きさの皮質骨標本を調達するために、地質学的(スコア)サンプリングプロトコルを用いた。この方法は、最小限の破壊的で効率的な結果、不規則なサンプル形状からのイメージングアーティファクトを最小限に抑え、マイクロアーキテクチャの可視化と分析を改善する円筒形の標本を生み出します。

ビデオ: A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

A High Throughput Screen for Biomining Cellulase Activity from Metagenomic Libraries

Cellulose, the most abundant source of organic carbon on the planet, has wide-ranging industrial applications with increasing emphasis on biofuel production 1. Chemical methods to modify or degrade cellulose typically require strong acids and high temperatures. As such, enzymatic methods have become prominent in the bioconversion process. While the identification of active cellulases from bacterial and fungal isolates has been somewhat effective, the vast majority of microbes in nature resist laboratory cultivation. Environmental genomic, also known as metagenomic, screening approaches have great promise in bridging the cultivation gap in the search for novel bioconversion enzymes. Metagenomic screening approaches have successfully recovered novel cellulases from environments as varied as soils 2, buffalo rumen 3 and the termite hind-gut 4 using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar plates stained with congo red dye (based on the method of Teather and Wood 5). However, the CMC method is limited in throughput, is not quantitative and manifests a low signal to noise ratio 6. Other methods have been reported 7,8 but each use an agar plate-based assay, which is undesirable for high-throughput screening of large insert genomic libraries. Here we present a solution-based screen for cellulase activity using a chromogenic dinitrophenol (DNP)-cellobioside substrate 9. Our library was cloned into the pCC1 copy control fosmid to increase assay sensitivity through copy number induction 10. The method uses one-pot chemistry in 384-well microplates with the final readout provided as an absorbance measurement. This readout is quantitative, sensitive and automated with a throughput of up to 100X 384-well plates per day using a liquid handler and plate reader with attached stacking system.

This protocol describes a high throughput screen for cellulolytic activity from a metagenomic library expressed in Escherichia coli. The screen is solution based and highly automated, and uses one-pot chemistry in 384 well microplates with the final readout as an absorbance measurement.

メタゲノムライブラリからセルラーゼ活性をBiominingためのハイスループットスクリーニング

Cellulose, the most abundant source of organic carbon on the planet, has wide-ranging industrial applications with increasing emphasis on biofuel ...

生物学

Preparation of Adult Drosophila Eyes for Thin Sectioning and Microscopic Analysis

Drosophila has long been used as model system to study development, mainly due to the ease with which it is genetically tractable. Over the years, a plethora of mutant strains and technical tricks have been developed to allow sophisticated questions to be asked and answered in a reasonable amount of time. Fundamental insight into the interplay of components of all known major signaling pathways has been obtained in forward and reverse genetic Drosophila studies. The fly eye has proven to be exceptionally well suited for mutational analysis, since, under laboratory conditions, flies can survive without functional eyes. Furthermore, the surface of the insect eye is composed of some 800 individual unit eyes (facets or ommatidia) that form a regular, smooth surface when looked at under a dissecting microscope. Thus, it is easy to see whether a mutation might affect eye development or growth by externally looking for the loss of the smooth surface ('rough eye' phenotype; Fig. 1) or overall eye size, respectively (for examples of screens based on external eye morphology see e.g.1). Subsequent detailed analyses of eye phenotypes require fixation, plastic embedding and thin-sectioning of adult eyes.
The Drosophila eye develops from the so-called eye imaginal disc, a bag of epithelial cells that proliferate and differentiate during larval and pupal stages (for review see e.g. 2). Each ommatidium consists of 20 cells, including eight photoreceptors (PR or R-cells; Fig. 2), four lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells ('hexagon' around R-cell cluster) and a bristle. The photoreceptors of each ommatidium, most easily identified by their light sensitive organelles, the rhabdomeres, are organized in a trapezoid made up of the six "outer" (R1-6) and two "inner" photoreceptors (R7/8; R8 [Fig. 2] is underneath R7 and thus only seen in sections from deeper areas of the eye). The trapezoid of each facet is precisely aligned with those of its neighbors and the overall anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the eye (Fig. 3A). In particular, the ommatidia of the dorsal and ventral (black and red arrows, respectively) halves of the eye are mirror images of each other and correspond to two chiral forms established during planar cell polarity signaling (for review see e.g. 3).
The method to generate semi-thin eye sections (such as those presented in Fig. 3) described here is slightly modified from the one originally described by Tomlinson and Ready4. It allows the morphological analysis of all cells except for the transparent cone cells. In addition, the pigment of R-cells (blue arrowheads in Fig. 2 and 3) can be used as a cell-autonomous marker for the genotype of a R-cell, thus genetic requirements of genes in a subset of R-cells can readily be determined5,6.

Preparation of Adult Drosophila Eyes for Thin Sectioning and Microscopic Analysis

A standard approach to prepare adult Drosophila eyes for semi-thin sectioning and light microscopic analysis is presented here. The protocol can be used for gross morphological analysis of eye defects, or with the indicated adjustments can be used to determine genetic requirements of genes in specific cell types of the eye (e.g. clonal analysis of photoreceptors) or for electron microscopic analysis.

大人の準備ショウジョウバエ</emシンセクショニングおよび顕微鏡分析のための>アイズ

Drosophila has long been used as model system to study development, mainly due to the ease with which it is genetically tractable. Over the years, a ...

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this topic and so it presents inherent problems. Here we compile a practical introduction to phylogenetics for nonexperts.&#160;We outline in a step-by-step manner, a pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from gene sequence datasets. We begin with a user-guide for similarity search tools via online interfaces as well as local executables. Next, we explore programs for generating multiple sequence alignments followed by protocols for using software to determine best-fit models of evolution. We then outline protocols for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships via maximum likelihood and Bayesian criteria&#160;and finally describe tools for visualizing phylogenetic trees. While this is not by any means an exhaustive description of phylogenetic approaches, it does provide the reader with practical starting information on key software applications commonly utilized by phylogeneticists. The vision for this article would be that it could serve as a practical training tool for researchers embarking on phylogenetic studies&#160;and also serve as an educational resource that could be incorporated into a classroom or teaching-lab.

Here we describe a step-by-step pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from nucleotide or amino acid sequence datasets. This guide aims to serve researchers or students new to phylogenetic analysis.&#160;

Nonexpertsための系統学の実用ガイド

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this ...

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design1,2. Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay is scaled to 384-well format. The scaled down protocol reduces reagent costs by 75% and is higher throughput than previously described 96-well protocols1,3-5. Specifically, the experimental design permits robust and reproducible analysis of up to 15 peptides against one MHC II allele per 384-well ELISA plate. Using a single liquid handling robot, this method allows one researcher to analyze approximately ninety test peptides in triplicate over a range of eight concentrations and four MHC II allele types in less than 48 hr. Others working in the fields of protein deimmunization or vaccine design and development may find the protocol to be useful in facilitating their own work. In particular, the step-by-step instructions and the visual format of JoVE should allow other users to quickly and easily establish this methodology in their own labs.

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design. &#160;Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay scaled to 384-well plates is described. This cost effective format should prove useful in the fields of protein deimmunization and vaccine design and development.

ペプチドエピトープの定量分析のための高スループット、MHC II結合アッセイ

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application &#8211; SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min&#160;on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min&#160;on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary &#8220;Manual Initialize&#8221; and &#8220;Hand Draw&#8221; tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

We present a high-throughput image analysis software application to measure the size of three-dimensional tumor spheroids imaged with bright-field microscopy. This application provides a fast and effective way to examine the effects of therapeutic drugs on spheroids, which is beneficial for researchers who wish to use spheroids in drug screens.

腫瘍球の高スループット画像解析：自動的かつ正確にスフェロイドのサイズを測定するための使いやすいソフトウェアアプリケーション

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...

Recovery of Adult Zebrafish Hearts for High-throughput Applications

Use of the zebrafish model system for studying development, regeneration, and disease is expanding toward use of adult hearts for cell dissociation and purification of RNA, DNA, and proteins. All of these applications demand the rapid recovery of significant numbers of zebrafish hearts to avoid gene regulatory, metabolic, and other changes that begin after death. Adult zebrafish hearts are also required for studying heart structure for a variety of mutants and for studying heart regeneration. However, the traditional zebrafish heart dissection is slow and difficult and requires specialized tools, making large-scale dissection of adult zebrafish hearts tedious. Traditional methods also harbor the risk of damaging the heart during the dissection. Here, we describe a method for dissection of adult zebrafish hearts that is fast, reproducible, and preserves heart architecture. Furthermore, this method does not require specialized tools, is painless for the zebrafish, can be performed on fresh or fixed specimens, and can be performed on zebrafish as young as one month old. The approach described expands the use of adult zebrafish for cardiovascular research.

Use of zebrafish for cardiovascular research is expanding towards research on adult hearts. For these applications, quick and simple isolation of cardiac tissues is key to avoid post-mortem changes and to obtain an adequate number of samples. Here, we describe a fast and reproducible method for dissecting adult zebrafish hearts.

ハイスループットのアプリケーションのための大人のゼブラフィッシュハーツの回復

Use of the zebrafish model system for studying development, regeneration, and disease is expanding toward use of adult hearts for cell dissociation and ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

転写後調節される遺伝子の化学モジュレーターのためのハイスループットスクリーニング

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

qPCRTag Analysis - A High Throughput, Real Time PCR Assay for Sc2.0 Genotyping

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic chromosome, synIII1, and one synthetic chromosome arm, synIXR2, have been constructed and their in vivo function validated in the absence of the corresponding wild type chromosomes. An important design feature of Sc2.0 chromosomes is the introduction of PCRTags, which are short, re-coded sequences within open reading frames (ORFs) that enable differentiation of synthetic chromosomes from their wild type counterparts. PCRTag primers anneal selectively to either synthetic or wild type chromosomes and the presence/absence of each type of DNA can be tested using a simple PCR assay. The standard readout of the PCRTag assay is to assess presence/absence of amplicons by agarose gel electrophoresis. However, with an average PCRTag amplicon density of one per 1.5 kb and a genome size of ~12 Mb, the completed Sc2.0 genome will encode roughly 8,000 PCRTags. To improve throughput, we have developed a real time PCR-based detection assay for PCRTag genotyping that we call qPCRTag analysis. The workflow specifies 500 nl reactions in a 1,536 multiwell plate, allowing us to test up to 768 PCRTags with both synthetic and wild type primer pairs in a single experiment.

Designer chromosomes of the Synthetic Yeast Genome project, Sc2.0, can be distinguished from their native counterparts using a PCR-based genotyping assay called PCRTagging, which has a presence/absence endpoint. Here we describe a high-throughput real time PCR detection method for PCRTag genotyping.

qPCRTag分析 - 高スループット、Sc2.0ジェノタイピングのためのリアルタイムPCRアッセイ

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic ...

Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities for deep analysis well beyond what is possible with conventional fluorescence-based flow cytometry. As with any new technology, there are critical steps that help ensure the reliable generation of high-quality data. Presented here is an optimized protocol that incorporates multiple techniques for the processing of cell samples for mass cytometry analysis. The methods described here will help the user avoid common pitfalls and achieve consistent results by minimizing variability, which can lead to inaccurate data. To inform experimental design, the rationale behind optional or alternative steps in the protocol and their efficacy in uncovering new findings in the biology of the system being investigated is covered. Lastly, representative data is presented to illustrate expected results from the techniques presented here.

This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

質量サイトメトリー分析のための試料調製

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities ...

High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.

In this manuscript, we present a high-throughput, semi-automated cryohistology platform to produce aligned composite images of multiple response measures from several rounds of fluorescent imaging on frozen sections of mineralized tissues.

高スループット、石灰化組織のマルチイメージCryohistology

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious ...