La ricerca descritta in questo documento è stata eseguita presso la struttura BMIT presso la Canadian Light Source, che è supportata dal Canada Foundation for Innovation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, dall'Università del Saskatchewan, dal Governo del Saskatchewan, dalla Western Economic Diversification Canada, dal National Research Council Canada e dal Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Gli autori ringraziano gli scienziati beamline presso la Canadian Light Source, in particolare Adam Webb, Denise Miller, Sergey Gasilov e Ning Zu per l'assistenza nella configurazione e risoluzione dei problemi dei sistemi di microscopio SkyScan SRμCT e white beam. Desideriamo anche ringraziare Beth Dalzell dell'University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences e il Dr. Jeffrey Wenstrup della Northeast Ohio Medical University per l'accesso a campioni cadaverici per questo studio. JM Andronowski è supportato attraverso fondi di ricerca di start-up forniti dall'Università di Akron e da una sovvenzione del National Institute of Justice Research and Development in Forensic Science for Criminal Justice Purposes (2018-DU-BX-0188). RA Davis è supportato da un assistente di laurea fornito dall'Università di Akron. Le attrezzature e le forniture utilizzate per il coring e la segatura sono state acquistate con fondi di start-up forniti dall'Università di Akron e la sovvenzione NSF EAR-1624242 a CW Holyoke.

<ol>
	<li>Andronowski, J. M., Crowder, C., Soto Martinez, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advancements+in+the+analysis+of+bone+microstructure:+New+dimensions+in+forensic+anthropology.">Recent advancements in the analysis of bone microstructure: New dimensions in forensic anthropology.</a> Forensic Sciences Research. 3 (4), 278-293 (2018).</li><li>Wysokinski, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beamlines+of+the+biomedical+imaging+and+therapy+facility+at+the+Canadian+light+source+-+part+3.">Beamlines of the biomedical imaging and therapy facility at the Canadian light source - part 3.</a> Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 775, 1-4 (2015).</li><li>Carter, Y., Suchorab, J. L., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+variation+in+cortical+osteocyte+lacunar+parameters+in+healthy+young+males.">Normal variation in cortical osteocyte lacunar parameters in healthy young males.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 225 (3), 328-336 (2014).</li><li>Carter, Y., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femoral+osteocyte+lacunar+density,+volume+and+morphology+in+women+across+the+lifespan.">Femoral osteocyte lacunar density, volume and morphology in women across the lifespan.</a> Journal of Structural Biology. 183 (3), 519-526 (2013).</li><li>Langer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=X-Ray+Phase+Nanotomography+Resolves+the+3D+Human+Bone+Ultrastructure.">X-Ray Phase Nanotomography Resolves the 3D Human Bone Ultrastructure.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (8), 35691 (2012).</li><li>Peyrin, F., Dong, P., Pacureanu, A., Langer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-+and+Nano-CT+for+the+Study+of+Bone+Ultrastructure.">Micro- and Nano-CT for the Study of Bone Ultrastructure.</a> Current Osteoporosis Reports. 12 (4), 465-474 (2014).</li><li>Dong, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+osteocyte+lacunar+morphometric+properties+and+distributions+in+human+femoral+cortical+bone+using+synchrotron+radiation+micro-CT+images.">3D osteocyte lacunar morphometric properties and distributions in human femoral cortical bone using synchrotron radiation micro-CT images.</a> Bone. 60, 172-185 (2014).</li><li>Gauthier, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+micro+structural+analysis+of+human+cortical+bone+in+paired+femoral+diaphysis,+femoral+neck+and+radial+diaphysis.">3D micro structural analysis of human cortical bone in paired femoral diaphysis, femoral neck and radial diaphysis.</a> Journal of Structural Biology. 204 (2), 182-190 (2018).</li><li>Giuliani, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bisphosphonate-related+osteonecrosis+of+the+human+jaw:+A+combined+3D+assessment+of+bone+descriptors+by+histology+and+synchrotron+radiation-based+microtomography.">Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the human jaw: A combined 3D assessment of bone descriptors by histology and synchrotron radiation-based microtomography.</a> Oral Oncology. 82, 200-202 (2018).</li><li>Andronowski, J. M., Pratt, I. V., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+osteon+banding+in+adult+human+cortical+bone.">Occurrence of osteon banding in adult human cortical bone.</a> American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (3), 635-642 (2017).</li><li>Andronowski, J. M., Mundorff, A. Z., Pratt, I. V., Davoren, J. M., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+differential+nuclear+DNA+yield+rates+and+osteocyte+numbers+among+human+bone+tissue+types:+A+synchrotron+radiation+micro-CT+approach.">Evaluating differential nuclear DNA yield rates and osteocyte numbers among human bone tissue types: A synchrotron radiation micro-CT approach.</a> Forensic Science International: Genetics. 28, 211-218 (2017).</li><li>Britz, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+unloading+in+growing+rats+reduces+cortical+osteocyte+lacunar+density+and+volume+in+the+distal+tibia.">Prolonged unloading in growing rats reduces cortical osteocyte lacunar density and volume in the distal tibia.</a> Bone. 51 (5), 913-919 (2012).</li><li>Maggiano, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+Haversian+systems+in+human+cortical+bone+using+synchrotron+radiation-based+micro-CT:+morphology+and+quantification+of+branching+and+transverse+connections+across+age.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of Haversian systems in human cortical bone using synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT: morphology and quantification of branching and transverse connections across age.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 228 (5), 719-732 (2016).</li><li>Cooper, D. M. L., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Hallgr&#237;msson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+microcomputed+tomography+imaging+of+basic+multicellular+unit-related+resorption+spaces+in+human+cortical+bone.">Three-dimensional microcomputed tomography imaging of basic multicellular unit-related resorption spaces in human cortical bone.</a> The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 228 (7), 806-816 (2006).</li><li>Holyoke, C. W., Kronenberg, A. K., Newman, J., Ulrich, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rheology+of+magnesite:+Rheology+of+Magnesite.">Rheology of magnesite: Rheology of Magnesite.</a> Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (8), 6534-6557 (2014).</li><li>Holyoke, C. W., Kronenberg, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+water+weakening+of+quartz.">Reversible water weakening of quartz.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 374, 185-190 (2013).</li><li>Holyoke, C. W., Kronenberg, A. K., Newman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislocation+creep+of+polycrystalline+dolomite.">Dislocation creep of polycrystalline dolomite.</a> Tectonophysics. 590, 72-82 (2013).</li><li>Raterron, P., Fraysse, G., Girard, J., Holyoke, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strength+of+orthoenstatite+single+crystals+at+mantle+pressure+and+temperature+and+comparison+with+olivine.">Strength of orthoenstatite single crystals at mantle pressure and temperature and comparison with olivine.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 450, 326-336 (2016).</li><li>Millard, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure+Dependence+of+Magnesite+Creep.">Pressure Dependence of Magnesite Creep.</a> Geosciences. 9 (10), 420 (2019).</li><li>Thomas, C. D. L., Feik, S. A., Clement, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+variation+of+intracortical+porosity+in+the+midshaft+of+the+human+femur:+age+and+sex+differences.">Regional variation of intracortical porosity in the midshaft of the human femur: age and sex differences.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 206 (2), 115-125 (2005).</li><li>Jowsey, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+Changes+in+Human+Bone.">Age Changes in Human Bone.</a> Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 17, 210 (1960).</li><li>Martin, R. B., Pickett, J. C., Zinaich, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+skeletal+remodeling+in+aging+men.">Studies of skeletal remodeling in aging men.</a> Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. (149), 268-282 (1980).</li><li>Martin, R. B., Burr, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+implications+of+porosity+distribution+in+bone+of+the+appendicular+skeleton.">Mechanical implications of porosity distribution in bone of the appendicular skeleton.</a> Orthopedic Transactions. 8, 342-343 (1984).</li><li>Bousson, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+Intracortical+Porosity+in+Human+Midfemoral+Cortex+by+Age+and+Gender.">Distribution of Intracortical Porosity in Human Midfemoral Cortex by Age and Gender.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 16 (7), 1308-1317 (2001).</li><li>Goldman, H. M., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Bromage, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+among+microstructural+properties+of+bone+at+the+human+midshaft+femur.">Relationships among microstructural properties of bone at the human midshaft femur.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 206 (2), 127-139 (2005).</li><li>De Micheli, P. O., Witzel, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstructural+mechanical+study+of+a+transverse+osteon+under+compressive+loading:+The+role+of+fiber+reinforcement+and+explanation+of+some+geometrical+and+mechanical+microscopic+properties.">Microstructural mechanical study of a transverse osteon under compressive loading: The role of fiber reinforcement and explanation of some geometrical and mechanical microscopic properties.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 44 (8), 1588-1592 (2011).</li><li>Martin, R. B., Boardman, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+collagen+fiber+orientation,+porosity,+density,+and+mineralization+on+bovine+cortical+bone+bending+properties.">The effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bovine cortical bone bending properties.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 26 (9), 1047-1054 (1993).</li><li>Cooper, D. M. L., Turinsky, A. L., Sensen, C. W., Hallgr&#237;msson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+3D+analysis+of+the+canal+network+in+cortical+bone+by+micro-computed+tomography.">Quantitative 3D analysis of the canal network in cortical bone by micro-computed tomography.</a> The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist. 274 (1), 169-179 (2003).</li><li>Crowder, C., Heinrich, J., Stout, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rib+histomorphometry+for+adult+age+estimation.">Rib histomorphometry for adult age estimation.</a> Forensic Microscopy for Skeletal Tissues: Methods and Protocols. , 109-127 (2012).</li><li>Pfeiffer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paleohistology:+Health+and+disease.">Paleohistology: Health and disease.</a> Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. , 287-302 (2000).</li><li>Bone Hedges, R. E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=diagenesis:+an+overview+of+processes.">diagenesis: an overview of processes.</a> Archaeometry. 44 (3), 319-328 (2002).</li><li>. The use of formaldehyde imbedded human remains in experimental procedures Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://capa-acap.net/sites/default/files/basic-page/capa_2017_program_final_no_cover.pdf">https://capa-acap.net/sites/default/files/basic-page/capa_2017_program_final_no_cover.pdf</a> (2017)</li><li>Currey, J. D., Brear, K., Zioupos, P., Reilly, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+formaldehyde+fixation+on+some+mechanical+properties+of+bovine+bone.">Effect of formaldehyde fixation on some mechanical properties of bovine bone.</a> Biomaterials. 16 (16), 1267-1271 (1995).</li><li>Asaka, T., Kikugawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+formaldehyde+solution+on+fracture+characteristics+of+bovine+femoral+compact+bone.">Effect of formaldehyde solution on fracture characteristics of bovine femoral compact bone.</a> Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals. 69 (8), 711-714 (2005).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Non esiste un protocollo completo e standardizzato per l'acquisto di campioni di nucleo osseo corticale uniforme e cilindrico per l'imaging SRμCT ad alta risoluzione con configurazioni FOV limitate. Il protocollo qui dettagliato riempie quel vuoto fornendo un tutorial completo su come procurarsi campioni di nucleo osseo corticale di dimensioni costanti per l'imaging SRμCT e la successiva visualizzazione accurata e l'estrazione di dati microarchitettotechi. Abbiamo dimostrato che il nostro protocollo fornisce un metodo ...

Con i recenti progressi nella tecnologia di imaging, è ora possibile acquisire dati di imaging a raggi X con una risoluzione molto elevata. I sistemi micro-CT desktop (μCT) sono lo standard attuale per l'imaging dell'osso cancello a causa della loro natura non distruttiva1. Quando si imagingno caratteristiche microstrutturali dell'osso corticale, tuttavia, l'uso di μCT è stato più limitato. A causa di vincoli di risoluzione, i sistemi desktop non possono raggiungere la risoluzione richiesta per l'immagine di caratteristiche microstrutturali più piccole dei pori corticali, come le lacune osteocite. Per questa applicazione, SRμCT è ideale grazie alla maggiore risoluzione di questi sistemi1. Ad esempio, esperimenti presso la Canadian Light Source (CLS) sulle linee di fascio BMIT (BioMedical Imaging and Therapy)2 hanno prodotto immagini con voxel di dimensioni fino a 0,9 μm. Studi precedenti1,3,4,5 hanno utilizzato questa risoluzione per acquisire proiezioni e successivi rendering tridimensionali (3D) da campioni ossei corticali da ossa lunghe umane ( Figura1) per quantificare la densità lacunare degli osteociti4,6,7,8,9 e la variazione della forma lacunare e della dimensione3 nella durata della vita umana e tra i sessi. Ulteriori studi hanno dimostrato la presenza di bande osteoniche nell'uomo10, un fenomeno precedentemente riconosciuto come associato solo a mammiferi non umani nella letteratura antropologica forense.
Per ottenere una risoluzione eccezionale, il fascio di raggi X deve essere finemente focalizzato all'interno del campo visivo (FOV), che spesso limita la dimensione massima del campione a pochi millimetri di diametro. Attualmente, non ci sono state procedure complete e standardizzate descritte nella letteratura che delineano l'approvvigionamento di campioni ossei che soddisfano queste restrizioni. Centrare i campioni all'interno del FOV è fondamentale per garantire che 1) il campione rimanga centrato mentre ruota di 180 ° durante l'imaging e 2) gli artefatti di scansione siano limitati poiché non vi è troncamento dell'immagine. In altre parole, nessuna porzione del campione al di fuori del FOV interferisce con il fascio che entra nel suo punto focale all'interno del FOV. In questo caso, l'algoritmo di ricostruzione viene privato di alcuni dei dati di attenuazione necessari per una ricostruzione completamente corretta. Vale inoltre la pena notare che le scansioni a 360° (rotazione completa) riducono al minimo gli effetti dell'indurimento del fascio ma aumentano gli artefatti causati dal disallineamento e dal movimento del campione durante l'imaging. Pertanto, mentre una scansione a 360 ° genererà in genere dati più puliti, il tempo di imaging viene raddoppiato e quindi è necessario affrontare un compromesso tra costi sperimentali e qualità dei dati.
Un aspetto importante e spesso trascurato degli esperimenti di imaging osseo è la tecnica accurata e replicabile di preparazione dei campioni eseguita prima della scansione. Gli studi che incorporano metodi SRμCT nei loro esperimenti menzionano brevemente il loro protocollo di campionamento, ma gli autori forniscono pochi o nessun dettaglio riguardo alla particolare metodologia utilizzata per raccogliere i loro campioni. Molti di questi studi menzionano il taglio di blocchi ossei rettilinei di dimensioni arbitrarie, ma generalmente non forniscono ulteriori informazioni sugli utensili o sui materiali di incorporamentoutilizzati 3,4,10,11,12,13,14. Alcuni ricercatori usano comunemente strumenti rotativi portatili (ad esempio, Dremel) per rimuovere blocchi rettilinei di osso da una regione di interesse (ROI)3,4,10,11,12,13,14. Questo metodo si traduce in campioni di dimensioni non uniforme che possono essere più grandi del FOV, aumentando la probabilità di artefatti di scansione e troncamento delle immagini. Tali campioni spesso richiedono un'ulteriore raffinazione utilizzando una sega a wafer di diamante di precisione (ad esempio, Buehler Isomet). L'approvvigionamento di campioni con dimensioni coerenti (fino ai due centesimi/mm) è fondamentale per garantire che i set di dati acquisiti siano della massima qualità e che i risultati successivi siano replicabili.
La segnalazione limitata della metodologia di approvvigionamento del campione aggiunge un ulteriore livello di difficoltà quando si tenta di utilizzare e/o convalidare metodi eseguiti in uno studio precedente. Attualmente, i ricercatori devono contattare direttamente gli autori per ulteriori dettagli sulle loro procedure di campionamento. Il protocollo qui dettagliato fornisce ai ricercatori biomedici una tecnica di campionamento accuratamente documentata, replicabile ed economica. L'obiettivo principale di questo articolo è quello di fornire un tutorial completo su come procurarsi campioni di nucleo osseo corticale di dimensioni costanti utilizzando una pressa per fresatura e una punta di coring a diamante per la visualizzazione accurata e l'estrazione di dati microarchitettotechi. Questo metodo viene modificato dalle procedure utilizzate per raccogliere regolarmente cilindri uniformi di piccolo diametro (1-5 mm) da blocchi di materiali duri in meccanica delle rocce adalta pressione 15,16,17,18,19.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1367px;" width="1367">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">1-1/8&#34; plunge cutting carbide for composites</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Warrior</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">61812</td>
			<td style="width:899px;">28.6mm plunge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">BP8201500</td>
			<td>3.8 Liters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Blunt-tipped forceps</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">10-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">55398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Crystalbond 509-3 Epoxy</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">821-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">CTAnalyser</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Bruker microCT</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">v.1.15.4.0</td>
			<td>Download and install at https://www.bruker.com/products/microtomography/micro-ct-software/3dsuite.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Dental Tool Kit</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">787269885110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Diamond wafering saw blade for composite material</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#11-4247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Drill Press</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Jet Mill/Drill</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">350017</td>
			<td>Model: JMD-15, benchtop drill presses are suitable substites, but typically lack a translatable machine table for positioning samples beneath the drill stem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Fine-tipped forceps</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">22-327379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Fixturing clamps for XY machine table for mill/drill</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">MSC Industrial Supply</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#04804571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">26005</td>
			<td>75x50mm slides, 1mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass slide chuck</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#112488</td>
			<td>Large enough to hold 75x50mm glass slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Hot plate capable of reaching 140 &#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">HP88850105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">NAPCO</td>
			<td>Model 4200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Isocut Fluid</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">111193032</td>
			<td>Lubricant; 30mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Jeweler&#39;s diamond coring drill bit</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Otto Frei</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#119.050</td>
			<td>2mm inner diameter hollow stem coring bit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">NRecon</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Bruker microCT</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">v.1.6.10.2</td>
			<td>Download and install at https://www.bruker.com/products/microtomography.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Oscillating saw</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Harbor Freight</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">62866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Oven-safe glass dishes</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1117715</td>
			<td>Glass food storage container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Precision slow-speed saw (Isomet 1000)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">111280160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">25181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Shallow aluminum tins</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">B01MRWLD0R</td>
			<td>~8cm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Specimen cups</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">616784425436 885334344729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Tergazyme detergent</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Alconox</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1304-1</td>
			<td>1.8kg box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">KJ201508006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a sectioning, coring, and image processing guide for high-throughput cortical bone sample procurement and analysis for synchrotron micro-ct

L'osso è un tessuto dinamico e meccanicamente attivo che cambia struttura nel corso della vita umana. I prodotti del processo di rimodellamento osseo sono stati studiati sostanzialmente utilizzando tecniche bidimensionali tradizionali. I recenti progressi nella tecnologia di imaging a raggi X attraverso la tomografia micro-computerizzata desktop (μCT) e la tomografia micro-computerizzata a radiazione di sincrotrone (SRμCT) hanno permesso l'acquisizione di scansioni tridimensionali (3D) ad alta risoluzione di un campo visivo più ampio (FOV) rispetto ad altre tecniche di imaging 3D (ad esempio, SEM) fornendo un quadro più completo delle strutture microscopiche all'interno dell'osso corticale umano. Il campione deve essere centrato accuratamente all'interno del FOV, tuttavia, per limitare la comparsa di artefatti striati noti per influire sull'analisi dei dati. Studi precedenti hanno riportato l'approvvigionamento di blocchi ossei rettilinei di forma irregolare che si traducono in artefatti di imaging dovuti a bordi irregolari o troncamento dell'immagine. Abbiamo applicato un protocollo di campionamento geologico (coring) per procurare campioni di nucleo osseo corticale di dimensioni costanti per esperimenti SRμCT dall'aspetto anteriore della femora umana. Questo metodo di coring è efficiente e minimamente distruttivo per i tessuti. Crea campioni cilindrici uniformi che riducono gli artefatti di imaging per natura di essere isometrici durante la rotazione e forniscono una lunghezza uniforme del percorso per i raggi X durante la scansione. L'elaborazione delle immagini dei dati tomografici a raggi X di campioni cored e di forma irregolare conferma il potenziale della tecnica per migliorare la visualizzazione e l'analisi della microarchitettura ossea corticale. Un obiettivo di questo protocollo è fornire un metodo affidabile e ripetibile per l'estrazione di nuclei ossei corticali adattabili per vari tipi di esperimenti di imaging osseo ad alta risoluzione. Un obiettivo generale del lavoro è quello di creare un approvvigionamento osseo corticale standardizzato per SRμCT che sia conveniente, coerente e diretto. Questa procedura può essere ulteriormente adattata dai ricercatori in campi correlati che comunemente valutano materiali compositi duri come in antropologia biologica, geoscienze o scienze dei materiali.

Il metodo descritto di campionamento di base si è rivelato altamente efficace ed efficiente. I campioni di coring che utilizzano questo protocollo hanno permesso l'approvvigionamento di campioni di dimensioni costanti >300 per esperimenti sulla beamline CLS BMIT-BM2, con un FOV di ~ 2 mm a 1,49 μm di dimensione voxel. Per convalidare la consistenza del diametro del nucleo, sono state effettuate tre misurazioni lungo la lunghezza (superiore, centrale, inferiore) di un sottoinsieme di nuclei femor...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT at JoVE.com

A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

Abbiamo utilizzato un protocollo di campionamento geologico (coring) per procurare campioni ossei corticali di dimensioni uniformi per esperimenti SRμCT dall'aspetto anteriore della femora umana. Questo metodo è minimamente distruttivo, efficiente, si traduce in campioni cilindrici che riducono al minimo gli artefatti di imaging da forme campione irregolari e migliorano la visualizzazione e l'analisi microarchitettonica.

Guida all'elaborazione di sezioni, coring e immagini per l'approvvigionamento e l'analisi di campioni ossei corticali ad alta produttività per synchrotron Micro-CT

Bone is a dynamic and mechanically active tissue that changes in structure over the human lifespan. The products of the bone remodeling process have been ...

a-sectioning-coring-image-processing-guide-for-high-throughput

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.0K Views.  The University of Akron. Abbiamo utilizzato un protocollo di campionamento geologico (coring) per procurare campioni ossei corticali di dimensioni uniformi per esperimenti SRμCT dall'aspetto anteriore della femora umana. Questo metodo è minimamente distruttivo, efficiente, si traduce in campioni cilindrici che riducono al minimo gli artefatti di imaging da forme campione irregolari e migliorano la visualizzazione e l'analisi microarchitettonica.

Video: A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this topic and so it presents inherent problems. Here we compile a practical introduction to phylogenetics for nonexperts.&#160;We outline in a step-by-step manner, a pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from gene sequence datasets. We begin with a user-guide for similarity search tools via online interfaces as well as local executables. Next, we explore programs for generating multiple sequence alignments followed by protocols for using software to determine best-fit models of evolution. We then outline protocols for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships via maximum likelihood and Bayesian criteria&#160;and finally describe tools for visualizing phylogenetic trees. While this is not by any means an exhaustive description of phylogenetic approaches, it does provide the reader with practical starting information on key software applications commonly utilized by phylogeneticists. The vision for this article would be that it could serve as a practical training tool for researchers embarking on phylogenetic studies&#160;and also serve as an educational resource that could be incorporated into a classroom or teaching-lab.

Here we describe a step-by-step pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from nucleotide or amino acid sequence datasets. This guide aims to serve researchers or students new to phylogenetic analysis.&#160;

Una guida pratica per Phylogenetics per i non esperti

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this ...

Ricerca

Biologia

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design1,2. Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay is scaled to 384-well format. The scaled down protocol reduces reagent costs by 75% and is higher throughput than previously described 96-well protocols1,3-5. Specifically, the experimental design permits robust and reproducible analysis of up to 15 peptides against one MHC II allele per 384-well ELISA plate. Using a single liquid handling robot, this method allows one researcher to analyze approximately ninety test peptides in triplicate over a range of eight concentrations and four MHC II allele types in less than 48 hr. Others working in the fields of protein deimmunization or vaccine design and development may find the protocol to be useful in facilitating their own work. In particular, the step-by-step instructions and the visual format of JoVE should allow other users to quickly and easily establish this methodology in their own labs.

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design. &#160;Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay scaled to 384-well plates is described. This cost effective format should prove useful in the fields of protein deimmunization and vaccine design and development.

Un saggio di legame High Throughput MHC II per l&#39;analisi quantitativa dei peptidi epitopi

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application &#8211; SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min&#160;on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min&#160;on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary &#8220;Manual Initialize&#8221; and &#8220;Hand Draw&#8221; tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

We present a high-throughput image analysis software application to measure the size of three-dimensional tumor spheroids imaged with bright-field microscopy. This application provides a fast and effective way to examine the effects of therapeutic drugs on spheroids, which is beneficial for researchers who wish to use spheroids in drug screens.

High-throughput Immagine Analisi di sferoidi tumorali: Un software applicativo di facile utilizzo per misurare le dimensioni del Spheroids automaticamente e con precisione

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

Screening ad alto rendimento per i modulatori chimici di Genes post-trascrizionale regolamentati

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

qPCRTag Analysis - A High Throughput, Real Time PCR Assay for Sc2.0 Genotyping

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic chromosome, synIII1, and one synthetic chromosome arm, synIXR2, have been constructed and their in vivo function validated in the absence of the corresponding wild type chromosomes. An important design feature of Sc2.0 chromosomes is the introduction of PCRTags, which are short, re-coded sequences within open reading frames (ORFs) that enable differentiation of synthetic chromosomes from their wild type counterparts. PCRTag primers anneal selectively to either synthetic or wild type chromosomes and the presence/absence of each type of DNA can be tested using a simple PCR assay. The standard readout of the PCRTag assay is to assess presence/absence of amplicons by agarose gel electrophoresis. However, with an average PCRTag amplicon density of one per 1.5 kb and a genome size of ~12 Mb, the completed Sc2.0 genome will encode roughly 8,000 PCRTags. To improve throughput, we have developed a real time PCR-based detection assay for PCRTag genotyping that we call qPCRTag analysis. The workflow specifies 500 nl reactions in a 1,536 multiwell plate, allowing us to test up to 768 PCRTags with both synthetic and wild type primer pairs in a single experiment.

Designer chromosomes of the Synthetic Yeast Genome project, Sc2.0, can be distinguished from their native counterparts using a PCR-based genotyping assay called PCRTagging, which has a presence/absence endpoint. Here we describe a high-throughput real time PCR detection method for PCRTag genotyping.

Analisi qPCRTag - A High Throughput, Real Time PCR Assay per Sc2.0 genotipizzazione

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic ...

High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.

In this manuscript, we present a high-throughput, semi-automated cryohistology platform to produce aligned composite images of multiple response measures from several rounds of fluorescent imaging on frozen sections of mineralized tissues.

-High Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology di mineralizzati tessuti

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious ...

Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or macrophage precursors. Excessive bone resorption is one the most significant cellular mechanisms leading to osteolytic diseases, including osteoporosis, periodontitis, and periprosthetic osteolysis. The main physiological function of osteoclasts is to absorb both the hydroxyapatite mineral component and the organic matrix of bone, generating the characteristic resorption appearance on the surface of bones. There are relatively few osteoclasts compared to other cells in the body, especially in adult bones. Recent studies have focused on how to obtain more mature osteoclasts in less time, which has always been a problem. Several improvements in the isolation and culture techniques have developed in laboratories in order to obtain more mature osteoclasts. Here, we introduce a method that isolates bone marrow in less time and with less effort compared to the traditional procedure, using a special and simple device. With the use of density gradient centrifugation, we obtain large amounts of fully differentiated osteoclasts from rat bone marrow, which are identified by classical methods.

Osteoclasts are tissue-specific macrophage polykaryons derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage of hematopoietic stem cells. This protocol describes how to isolate bone marrow cells so that large quantities of osteoclasts are obtained while reducing the risk of accidents found in traditional methods.

Isolamento, purificazione e differenziazione dei precursori dell'osteoclast dal midollo osseo del ratto

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or ...

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Imaging Method

Reports show that prolonged exposure to a spaceflight environment produces morphologic and functional ophthalmic changes in astronauts during and after an International Space Station (ISS) mission. However, the underlying mechanisms of these spaceflight-induced changes are currently unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of the spaceflight environment on ocular structures by evaluating the thickness of the mouse retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the choroid and the sclera layer using micro-CT imaging. Ten-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were housed aboard the ISS for a 35-day mission and then returned to Earth alive for tissue analysis. For comparison, ground control (GC) mice on Earth were maintained in identical environmental conditions and hardware. Ocular tissue samples were collected for micro-CT analysis within 38(&#177;4) hours after splashdown. The images of the cross-section of the retina, the RPE, the choroid, and the sclera layer of the fixed eye was recorded in an axial and sagittal view using a micro-CT imaging acquisition method. The micro-CT analysis showed that the cross-section areas of the retina, RPE, and choroid layer thickness were changed in spaceflight samples compared to GC, with spaceflight samples showing significantly thinner cross-sections and layers compared to controls. The findings from this study indicate that micro-CT evaluation is a sensitive and reliable method to characterize ocular structure changes. These results are expected to improve the understanding of the impact of environmental stress on global ocular structures.

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

We present a protocol using high-resolution micro-computed tomography imaging to determine whether spaceflight induced damage on ocular structures. The protocol shows the micro-CT-derived measurement of ex vivo rodent ocular structures. We demonstrate the ability to assess ocular morphological changes following spaceflight using a non-destructive tridimensional technique to evaluate ocular damage.

Valutazione della struttura oculare globale dopo il volo spaziale utilizzando un metodo di imaging micro-calcolato (Micro-CT)

Reports show that prolonged exposure to a spaceflight environment produces morphologic and functional ophthalmic changes in astronauts during and after an ...

A High-Throughput Platform for Culture and 3D Imaging of Organoids

The characterization of a large number of three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures (organoids) at different resolution scales is currently limited by standard imaging approaches. This protocol describes a way to prepare microfabricated organoid culture chips, which enable multiscale, 3D live imaging on a user-friendly instrument requiring minimal manipulations and capable of up to 300 organoids/h imaging throughput. These culture chips are compatible with both air and immersion objectives (air, water, oil, and silicone) and a wide range of common microscopes (e.g., spinning disk, point scanner confocal, wide field, and brightfield). Moreover, they can be used with light-sheet modalities such as the single-objective, single-plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) technology (soSPIM). 
The protocol described here gives detailed steps for the preparation of the microfabricated culture chips and the culture and staining of organoids. Only a short length of time is required to become familiar with, and consumables and equipment can be easily found in normal biolabs. Here, the 3D imaging capabilities will be demonstrated only with commercial standard microscopes (e.g., spinning disk for 3D reconstruction and wide field microscopy for routine monitoring).

This paper presents a fabrication protocol for a new type of culture substrate with hundreds of microcontainers per mm2, in which organoids can be cultured and observed using high-resolution microscopy. The cell seeding and immunostaining protocols are also detailed.

Una piattaforma ad alto rendimento per la coltura e l'imaging 3D di organoidi

The characterization of a large number of three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures (organoids) at different resolution scales is currently limited by ...

Chiarire la struttura e la presenza dei glicani utilizzando la profilazione dei polimeri microarray

Microarray Polymer Profiling (MAPP) for High-Throughput Glycan Analysis

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a robust and reproducible approach to systematically determine the composition and relative abundance of glycans and glycoconjugates within a variety of biological samples, including plant and algal tissues, food materials, and human, animal, and microbial samples. Microarray technology underpins the efficacy of this method by providing a miniaturized, high-throughput screening platform, allowing thousands of interactions between glycans and highly specific glycan-directed molecular probes to be characterized concomitantly, using only small amounts of analytes. Constituent glycans are chemically and enzymatically fractionated, before being sequentially extracted from the sample and directly immobilized onto nitrocellulose membranes. The glycan composition is determined by the attachment of specific glycan-recognizing molecular probes to the extorted and printed molecules. MAPP is complementary to conventional glycan analysis techniques, such as monosaccharide and linkage analysis and mass spectrometry. However, glycan-recognizing molecular probes provide insight into the structural configurations of glycans, which can aid in elucidating biological interactions and functional roles.

Autore in primo piano: Protocollo MAPP – Avanzamento dell'analisi dei glicani 

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a high-throughput technique for compositional analysis of glycans in biological samples.

Microarray Polymer Profiling (MAPP) per l'analisi dei glicani ad alto rendimento

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a robust and reproducible approach to systematically determine the composition and relative abundance of glycans ...