著者らは、ダートマスの比較医学研究センター(CCMR)のスタッフに、これらの研究に使用されたマウスの専門家によるケアに感謝しています。ボルンシュタイン研究基金はこの研究に資金を提供しました。

著者は開示するものは何もありません。

ホメオスタシスおよび疾患中のCNSコンパートメント内の細胞組成を評価する方法は、CNSの生理学的および病理学的状態を理解するために不可欠である。しかし、CNSの重要なバリアとして機能し、多様な免疫細胞を収容しているにもかかわらず、脳および脊髄の多くの従来の組織抽出方法ではこれらの膜の収集が不可能であるため、髄膜は分析から除外されることがよくあります。この省略は?...

中枢神経系(CNS)は免疫学的に特殊な部位です。CSF腔、髄膜、および血管系を除くCNS実質は、古典的に免疫特権部位1,2,3,4,5と見なされており、恒常性状態の間は免疫細胞が比較的ありません2,6,7。対照的に、硬膜、くも膜、および軟膜層で構成される髄膜は、CNSコンパートメントの重要な構成要素であり、疾患の病因中の恒常性免疫監視および炎症プロセスに積極的に関与しています3,6,7,8。定常状態の間、髄膜は、自然リンパ系細胞(ILC)、マクロファージ、樹状細胞(DC)、肥満細胞、T細胞、および程度は低いがB細胞を含む多数の免疫センチネル細胞をサポートする9,10,11。
髄膜は高度に血管新生した構造であり、CNSとその末梢との間にリンパ管接続を提供するリンパ管を含む8,12,13,14。CNS損傷、感染症、自己免疫、さらには神経変性によって誘発される炎症状態では、末梢由来の免疫細胞が実質に浸潤し、髄膜内の免疫ランドスケープを変化させます。細胞浸潤に続いて、髄膜は末梢由来の免疫細胞の機能的ニッチを表し、免疫細胞の凝集、局所免疫細胞の活性化、およびCNSコンパートメントでの長期生存を促進します。顕著な髄膜炎症は、多発性硬化症(MS)15、16、17、18、19、脳卒中20、21、無菌損傷22、23(すなわち、脊髄損傷および外傷性脳損傷)、片頭痛24、および微生物感染25、26を含む、CNSに影響を及ぼす複数の疾患において観察され、27、28、29。したがって、髄膜コンパートメント内の常在細胞および末梢由来免疫細胞の特性評価は、定常状態および疾患の病因におけるこれらの細胞の役割を理解するために不可欠です。
頭蓋体と椎体からの脳、脊髄、髄膜の抽出は、技術的に困難で時間がかかります。現在、3つの髄膜層すべてを無傷のままにして脳を迅速に抽出するために利用できる技術はありません。椎弓切除術は優れた脊髄組織の形態をもたらし、髄膜層を保存しますが、それは非常に時間がかかり、複雑です30,31。逆に、頭蓋骨からの脳の除去および脊髄の水圧押し出しなどのより従来の抽出方法は、CNS組織の迅速な抽出を容易にするが、くも膜および硬膜髄膜の両方がこれらの技術で失われる30,31。脳および脊髄組織の従来の単離中に硬膜およびくも膜層が省略されると、CNSコンパートメント内の細胞の不完全な分析がもたらされる。したがって、無傷の髄膜を有するCNS組織の迅速な抽出に焦点を当てた新しい技術の同定は、CNSコンパートメントの最適な分析にとって重要です。
この原稿は、マウスから脳、脊髄、髄膜を迅速に抽出するための2つの方法を提示し、CNS実質および髄膜の常在細胞および末梢由来免疫細胞の下流分析を容易にします。これらの最適化されたプロトコルは、1)ダウンストリーム分析用の単一細胞懸濁液の単離、および2)組織学的処理のための組織の準備に焦点を当てています。脳、脊髄組織、硬膜およびくも膜髄膜32から単一細胞懸濁液を得ることは、実質および髄膜コンパートメントの両方に存在する細胞の同時分析を可能にする。シングルセル懸濁液は、in vitro刺激33、酵素結合イムノスポット(ELISpot)28、34、35、フローサイトメトリー36、33、シングルセル37またはバルクトランスクリプトミクスを実行するための細胞培養アッセイなど、さまざまなアプリケーションで使用できます。さらに、無傷の頭蓋骨または脊柱を備えた脳全体と脊髄の脱灰に最適化されたプロトコルにより、周囲の骨を穏やかに脱灰し、髄膜を無傷のままにし、組織の形態を維持することができます。この方法では、実質空間と髄膜腔の両方で免疫組織化学(IHC)またはin situハイブリダイゼーション(ISH)技術を使用してタンパク質またはRNAを選択的に同定できます。CNS内の常在細胞および末梢由来免疫細胞の表現型、活性化状態、および局在の特性評価は、CNSコンパートメント内の個々の細胞タイプが恒常性と疾患の病因にどのように寄与するかを理解するために不可欠な情報を提供する可能性があります。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>37002D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Allegra X-12R centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase I</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tube, 15 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>525-1069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tube, 50 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89039-658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>Hauser Scientific</td>
			<td>5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryomold</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>18000-128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11003-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable polystyrene tube, 14 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Scalpel</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0595256</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>LS002139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry ice</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durmont #7Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11271-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA disodium salt dihydrate</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0105-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, 100%</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30910.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter top tube, 5 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixable viability stain 780</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>565388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Gallios</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>D16-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG (488 conjugate)</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>115-546-146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG (594 conjugate)</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>115-586-146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit 488</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>111-545-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat 594</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>112-585-167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat 650</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>112-605-167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Balnced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-020-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Andwin Scientific</td>
			<td>02-671-51B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostat</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13004-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>BP366-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse FC block (CD16/32)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HP04 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S374-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle, 25 gauge</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal mouse serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh strainer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde, 20%</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15713-S</td>
			<td>Diluted to 4% using 1 x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette, 9 inch, unplugged</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (1x)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Rat Anti-Mouse CD4</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553730</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-CF594 Rat Anti-Mouse CD19</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>562329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll density gradient media</td>
			<td>GE healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0891-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerCP-Cy5.5 Rat Anti-Mouse CD45</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>550994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish, 100 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-636-AB150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet-Aid</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>4-000-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette 200 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>FA10005M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips, 1 mL</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1111-2831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips, 200 &#181;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1111-1816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette, 1 mL</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>FA10006M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Diamond mountant with DAPI</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P36962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mouse CD3 (SP7 clone)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab16669</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mouse laminin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-mouse ERT-R7</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab51824</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 1 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>357521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 10 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 5 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S318-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>S5-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14001-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors, extra fine</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 10 mL</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>302995</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 5 mL</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum filter system</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>20207749</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum flask</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>5340-2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum in-line filter</td>
			<td>Pall Corporation</td>
			<td>4402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum line</td>
			<td>Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06414-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Versa bath</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolating central nervous system tissues and associated meninges for the downstream analysis of immune cells

中枢神経系(CNS)は脳と脊髄で構成され、末梢と中枢神経系の間の障壁として機能する膜層である髄膜に包まれています。CNSは免疫学的に特殊な部位であり、定常状態では、免疫特権はCNS実質で最も明白です。対照的に、髄膜には、自然免疫細胞や適応免疫細胞など、多様な常在細胞があります。CNS損傷、自己免疫、感染、さらには神経変性によって引き起こされる炎症状態の間、末梢由来の免疫細胞が実質に入り、髄膜内に居住する可能性があります。これらの細胞は、CNS疾患の病因の間に有益な作用と有害な作用の両方を行うと考えられています。この知識にもかかわらず、従来のCNS組織抽出方法では髄膜層が省略されているため、CNSコンパートメントを分析するときに髄膜が見落とされがちです。このプロトコルは、単一細胞技術、免疫組織化学、およびin situハイブリダイゼーション法によるダウンストリーム分析に適した、マウスCNS組織(すなわち、脳、脊髄、および髄膜)を迅速に分離するための2つの異なる方法を提示します。記載された方法は、CNS組織の包括的な分析を提供し、恒常性条件下でおよび疾患の病因の間にCNS区画を占める細胞の表現型、機能、および局在を評価するのに理想的である。

この代表的な実験は、B細胞とT細胞を定量化し、恒常性状態における髄膜および実質CNSコンパートメントおよびマウス進行性MSモデル(すなわち、TMEV-IDD)におけるB細胞およびT細胞の局在を記述することを目的としていました。TMEV-IDDは、前述のようにTMEV BeAnの5 x 106 プラーク形成ユニット(PFU)による頭蓋内感染によって5週齢の雌SJLマウスで誘導されました29。
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Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

この論文では、脳、脊髄、髄膜など、中枢神経系内の常在免疫細胞および末梢由来の免疫細胞を調べるための2つの最適化されたプロトコルを紹介します。これらの各プロトコルは、定常状態および炎症状態下でこれらのコンパートメントを占める細胞の機能と組成を確認するのに役立ちます。

免疫細胞の下流分析のための中枢神経系組織および関連する髄膜の単離

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and is enveloped by the meninges, membranous layers serving as a barrier ...

isolating-central-nervous-system-tissues-associated-meninges-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.8K ビュー.  Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. この論文では、脳、脊髄、髄膜など、中枢神経系内の常在免疫細胞および末梢由来の免疫細胞を調べるための2つの最適化されたプロトコルを紹介します。これらの各プロトコルは、定常状態および炎症状態下でこれらのコンパートメントを占める細胞の機能と組成を確認するのに役立ちます。

ビデオ: Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

マウス大動脈内の免疫細胞のフローサイトメトリー分析

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

免疫・感染学

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as CNS maturation in development, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Microglia can be activated and recruited to action by neuronal injury or stimulation, such as axonal damage seen in MS or ischemic brain trauma resulting from stroke. These immunocompetent members of the CNS are also thought to have roles in synaptic plasticity under non-pathological conditions. We employ protocols for culturing microglia from the neonatal and adult tissues that are aimed to maximize the viable cell numbers while minimizing confounding variables, such as the presence of other CNS cell types and cell culture debris. We utilize large and easily discernable CNS components (e.g. cortex, spinal cord segments), which makes the entire process feasible and reproducible. The use of adult cells is a suitable alternative to the use of neonatal brain microglia, as many pathologies studied mainly affect the postnatal spinal cord. These culture systems are also useful for directly testing the effect of compounds that may either inhibit or promote microglial activation. Since microglial activation can shape the outcomes of disease in the adult CNS, there is a need for in vitro systems in which neonatal and adult microglia can be cultured and studied.

We outline methods for the efficient and quick isolation/culture of viable microglia from the neonatal cerebral cortex and adult spinal cord. The dissection and plating of cortical microglia can be accomplished within 90 minutes, with the subsequent microglial harvest taking place ~ 10 days following the initial dissection.

新生児と大人の中枢神経系から培養ミクログリア

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

虚血性マウス脳からの免疫細胞の単離およびフローサイトメトリー分析

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

マウスおよび種々の組織における免疫細胞の疾患に依存する分布の評価における実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎の誘導

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins towards the immune synapse to assure a stable binding and signal exchange. Classical confocal, TIRF, or super-resolution microscopy have been used to study the immune synapse. Since these methods require manual image acquisition and time-consuming quantification, the imaging of rare events is challenging. Here, we describe a workflow that enables the morphological analysis of tens of thousands of cells. Immune synapses are induced between primary human T cells in pan-leukocyte preparations and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB)-loaded Raji cells as APCs. Image acquisition is performed with imaging flow cytometry, also called In-Flow microscopy, which combines features of a flow cytometer and a fluorescence microscope. A complete gating strategy for identifying T cell/APC couples and analyzing the immune synapses is provided. As this workflow allows the analysis of immune synapses in unpurified pan-leukocyte preparations and hence requires only a small volume of blood (i.e., 1 mL), it can be applied to samples from patients. Importantly, several samples can be prepared, measured, and analyzed in parallel.

Here, we describe a complete workflow for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of immune synapses between primary human T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The method is based on imaging flow cytometry, which allows the acquisition and evaluation of several thousand cell images within a relatively short period of time.

フローサイトメトリーをイメージングを用いた人間システムの免疫シナプスの定性・定量分析

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

フローサイトメトリーによる中枢神経系からのミクログリアおよび単球由来マクロファージの解析

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...

Isolating Lymphocytes from the Mouse Small Intestinal Immune System

The intestinal immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract by generating tolerant responses to dietary antigens and commensal bacteria while mounting effective immune responses to enteropathogenic microbes. In addition, it has become clear that local intestinal immunity has a profound impact on distant and systemic immunity. Therefore, it is important to study how an intestinal immune response is induced and what the immunologic outcome of the response is. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the isolation of lymphocytes from small intestine inductive sites like the gut-associated lymphoid tissue Peyer&#39;s patches and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes and effector sites like the lamina propria and the intestinal epithelium. This technique ensures isolation of a large numbers of lymphocytes from small intestinal tissues with optimal purity and viability and minimal cross compartmental contamination within acceptable time constraints. The technical capability to isolate lymphocytes and other immune cells from intestinal tissues enables the understanding of immune responses to gastrointestinal infections, cancers, and inflammatory diseases.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the inductive sites including the gut-associated lymphoid tissue Peyer&#39;s patches and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes, and the effector sites including the lamina propria and the intestinal epithelium of the small intestinal immune system.

マウス小腸管免疫系からリンパ球を分離すること

The intestinal immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract by generating tolerant responses to ...

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

Intranasal (IN) drug delivery to the brain has emerged as a promising method to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for the delivery of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies demonstrate the use of a peptide, RVG9R, incorporating the minimal receptor-binding domain of the Rabies virus glycoprotein, in eliciting the delivery of siRNA into neurons in the brain. In this protocol, the peptide-siRNA formulation is delivered intranasally with a pipette in the dominant hand, while the anesthetized mouse is restrained by the scruff with the nondominant hand in a "head down-and-forward position" to avoid drainage into the lung and stomach upon inhalation. This precise gripping of mice can be learned but is not easy and requires practice and skill to result in effective CNS uptake. Furthermore, the process is long-drawn, requiring about 45 min for the administration of a total volume of ~20-30 &#181;L of solution in 1-2 &#181;L droplet volumes per inhalation, with 3-4 min rest periods between each inhalation. The objective of this study is to disclose a mouse positioning device that enables the appropriate placement of mice for efficient IN administration of the peptide-siRNA formulation. Multiple features are incorporated into the design of the device, such as four or eight positioning chairs with adjustable height and tilt to restrain anesthetized mice in the head down-and-forward position, enabling easy visualization of the mice's nares and a built-in heating pad to maintain the mice's body temperatures during the procedure. Importantly, the ability to treat four or eight mice simultaneously with RVG9R-siRNA complexes in this manner enables studies on a much quicker time scale, for the testing of an IN therapeutic siRNA approach. In conclusion, this device allows for appropriate and controlled mouse head positioning for IN application of RVG9R-siRNA and other therapeutic molecules, such as nanoparticles or antibodies, for CNS delivery.

Here, we present a protocol using a mouse positioning device that enables the appropriate placement of mice for the intranasal administration of a brain-targeting peptide-siRNA formulation enabling effective gene silencing in the central nervous system.

中枢神経系への鼻腔内siRNA送達中におけるマウスの配置のための位置決め装置

Intranasal (IN) drug delivery to the brain has emerged as a promising method to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for the delivery of drugs into the ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎における中枢神経系におけるリンパ球浸潤のフロー細胞量分析

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

Isolation of Mouse Kidney-Resident CD8+ T cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis

Tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) is a rapidly expanding field of immunology research. Isolating T cells from various non-lymphoid tissues is one of the key steps to investigate TRMs. There are slight variations in lymphocyte isolation protocols for different organs. Kidney is an essential non-lymphoid organ with numerous immune cell infiltration especially after pathogen exposure or autoimmune activation. In recent years, multiple labs including our own have started characterizing kidney resident CD8+ T cells in various physiological and pathological settings in both mouse and human. Due to the abundance of T lymphocytes, kidney represents an attractive model organ to study TRMs in non-mucosal or non-barrier tissues. Here, we will describe a protocol commonly used in TRM-focused labs to isolate CD8+ T cells from mouse kidneys following systemic viral infection. Briefly, using an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model in C57BL/6 mice, we demonstrate intravascular CD8+ T cell labeling, enzymatic digestion, and density gradient centrifugation to isolate and enrich lymphocytes from mouse kidneys to make samples ready for the subsequent flow cytometry analysis.

Isolation of Mouse Kidney-Resident CD8+ T cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis

Following viral infection, kidney harbors a relatively large number of CD8+ T cells and offers an opportunity to study non-mucosal TRM cells. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate mouse kidney lymphocytes for flow cytometry analysis.

フローサイトメトリー解析のためのマウス腎臓レジデントCD8+T 細胞の分離

Tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) is a rapidly expanding field of immunology research. Isolating T cells from various non-lymphoid tissues is one of the ...