著者らは、プロジェクトID356.2015の機関プログラムE015のサポートに感謝しています。

セントロ・メディコ・ナシオナル「20デ・ノビエンブレ」ISSSTEの機関研究倫理委員会は、この将来のプロトコルを承認し、登録されたすべての患者が書面によるインフォームド・コンセントを提供しました。
1. 下肢の血管ブロック、血液採取、バルーン血管形成術の評価
注:この実験に使用された研究サンプルは、68歳と20人中10人の20人の糖尿病患者で構成されていました。サンプルの半分は喫煙者であり、最も一般的な共罹患率は2型糖尿病、全身動脈性高血圧および/または脂質異常症であった。サンプルは、年齢、性別、共罹患率のために標準化されることを意図していました。MPCとCLIの関係に対する臨床的・人口統計学的影響によるバイアスの可能性は排除できなかった。
<ol><li>ラザフォード分類13 に従って四肢虚血の臨床的重症度を評価する( 補足表1参照)。</li>
	<li>下肢血管造影、血液採取、バルーン血管形成術を行う。<ol>
<li>手術前に抗凝固薬と麻酔薬を使用してください。</li>
		<li>選択した鼠径部の血管に18Gの針を入れます。</li>
		<li>紹介者を配置し、フレキシブルガイドワイヤーを進めます。次に、初期ガイドは、さらに6Fr導入者に対して変更される。</li>
		<li>透視的なガイドの下でのコントラスト媒体またはCO2の周期的な注入を使用して、動脈の軌道および血管閉塞部位を同定する(図1)。 注:コントラストメディア40cc、0.9%生理食塩水で1:1、または12 psiの圧力で1ショットあたり10〜20 mLのCO2 を使用してください。</li>
		<li>2 本の 0.014 Fr ナビゲーション ガイド ワイヤと 2 本の 0.014 Fr サポート ガイド ワイヤを船舶に導入し、ブロックされた場所まで進めます。 注:2つの0.014 Frガイドワイヤ(260 cmの長さ)がナビゲーションに使用され、2つの0.014 Frガイドワイヤー(260 cmの長さ)は、単一の手順の間にサポートのために使用されます。</li>
		<li>5 Frおよび3 Frのカテーテルを順次導入し、血管閉塞に最も近い部位から10mLの血液を採取する。氷の上の血液サンプルを維持します。 注意:カテーテルサイズは5 Frおよび3 Frであり、手順中に変更されます。</li>
		<li>ガイドワイヤーをもう一度進めます。次に、血管形成術のバルーンカテーテルを導入し、カテーテルの端に位置する膨張可能なバルーンを含む。血管形成術バルーンカテーテルを進め、バルーンを病変部位に置きます。血管壁に位置する遮断歯垢に対してバルーンを膨らませることによって血管形成術を行う。血流の回復を確認します。 注:ステントは、手順の後に動脈を開いたままに保つためにブロックされた領域に配置することができます。</li>
		<li>カテーテルを導入し、血管ブロックに最も近い部位に進む。血管形成術後30分間隔で10mLの血液を採取する。氷の上の血液サンプルを維持します。 注:血管形成術の前後の血液サンプルの収集は、血管形成術がPPCの数に及ぼす影響をさらに評価するために推奨されます。</li>
		<li>蛍光ガイドですべてのワイヤを取り外します。</li>
		<li>術後の治療手順を提供します, 1 mg/kg 皮下12時間、アスピリン100mg、スタチン、および鎮痛でエノキサパリンを使用した抗凝固療法を含む.24時間の間に血管穿刺の部位で圧縮する。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>循環単核前駆細胞(Mpcs)の定量化 (図2)
<ol><li>新鮮な15 mL円錐形チューブに、採取した血液の6 mLを移し、PBSで1:1(v/v)を希釈します。 注:採取から1時間以内に血液を処理してください。</li>
	<li>密度勾配分離の準備をして、それぞれ3本の試験管に2mLの濃度勾配媒体を加える。次に、希釈した血液の3等量のアリコートを各試験管に加える。 注:試験管の最大容量の4分の3を超えないようにしてください。</li>
	<li>遠心分離機 1,800 x g で 30 分 4 °C. ピペットを使用してリングとして存在するインターフェイス層を収集し、新しいチューブに転送します。PBSを2mL加え、4°Cで6分間1,800 x g でスピンします。 これは、PPCが含まれるようにペレットを保存します。</li>
	<li>ステップ2.3に記載されているように遠心分離によりPPCを含むペレットをPBSで洗浄する。洗浄ごとに新鮮なPBSを使用し、4°Cで2分間1,800 x g で回転します。 この処理を 6 回繰り返します。</li>
	<li>最後の洗浄後、1 mLのPBSを使用して細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。20 μLのセル懸濁液を0.4%のトリパンブルー、1:1(v/v)で希釈します。この細胞懸濁液の10 μLを、ヘモサイトメーターと光顕微鏡を用いた細胞計数に使用してください。</li>
	<li>アリコート1 x 106 MPCは、以前にラベル付けされた5 mLフローサイトメトリーチューブに含まれる。 注:対応するアイソタイプ一致対照抗体を準備してください。</li>
	<li>チューブを1,800 x g で4°Cで6分間遠心分離します。 吸引し、上清を捨てる。</li>
	<li>抗体インキュベーション溶液の100 μLで希薄な一次抗体[1x PBS,pH 7.4, EDTA 2 mM, BSA 0.05%]とチューブに添加します。10 sで再中断し、暗闇の中で4°Cで20分間インキュベートします。 注:本プロトコルで使用される一次抗体の最終濃度はCD45 1:50、CD34 1:20、KDR 1:50、CD184 1:20、CD133 1:50であった。プロトコルは、PBSで4%パラホルムアルデヒド中のリンパ球を固定し、4°Cで24時間までサンプルを保存することによって、このステップで停止することができる。</li>
	<li>4°Cで2分間1,800xgの遠心分離機を使用し、上清を捨てます。 500 μL の 1x PBS、pH 7.4、EDTA 2 mM で再中断します。</li>
	<li>フローサイトメトリー解析を行います。<ol>
<li>アイソタイプに一致した対照抗体を使用して背景を設定します。次に、FSC/SSCプロットでは、広がったリンパ球を選択し、細胞の破片、残存顆粒球、および他の粒子を除外しようとした。このような分布は100%と考えられる。 注:リンパ球は通常、プロットの左下領域に広がっています。</li>
		<li>CD45+および CD34 + の細胞数が多い一般的な免疫フェノタイプのゲートを使用します。次に、以前に CD45+、 CD34+を同定したゲートを使用して二重陽性免疫フェノタイプを選択し、KDR (VEGFR-2)+、 CD133+または CD184+のいずれかを追加します。特定のセル表面マーカーによって、Mpc サブ集団を識別します。ゲート イベントの割合としてレポートします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>MPC の主なサブ人口を識別します。本研究では、分析した免疫フェノタイプはCD45+CD34+CD133+であった。CD45+CD34+CD184+;CD45+CD34+CD133+CD184+;CD45+CD34+KDR+;CD45+CD34+KDR+CD133+および CD45+CD34 +KDR+CD1847,17. 注:これらの細胞表面マーカーは、CD45(リンパ球)、CD34(内皮および/または血管細胞)、KDR(VEGFR-2)(内皮細胞の膜マーカー)、CD133(内皮前駆細胞)およびCD184(造血幹細胞および内皮細胞)の研究に使用された。</li>
</ol>3. MPCと内皮機能の変化と血行力学的検査(FMD)の関係
<ol><li>フロー媒介拡張(FMD)、前および後血管形成術を決定する。<ol>
<li>血管線形トランスデューサを使用して、上腕動脈の直径を測定します。</li>
		<li>前腕の測定部位の上に血圧計のカフを置き、収縮期血圧の上に50mmHgで5分間収縮させ、収縮させます。</li>
		<li>次の60s内の上腕動脈の直径を再び決定する。FMD を推定するには、以下の式を使用します。 注: 100 /基底直径を×式(%)=(一過性虚血後の最大直径 - 基底直径)を使用して拡張の程度を計算します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>MPC の数を、FMD のベースライン FMD 値および血管形成後デルタと相関します。</li>
</ol>4. 四肢切断のためのMpcの予後能力
<ol><li>バルーン血管形成術および患者の退院後の定期的な医療予約をスケジュールして、下肢への血流の質を評価する。</li>
	<li>血管形成術後2週間で四肢虚血の臨床的重症度を評価する。ラザフォード分類13に従って、休息の痛み、下の虚血、および機能的な足の保存を解決することを評価する。</li>
	<li>四肢虚血の臨床的重症度を比較, ベースラインとフォローアップで.不利な結果のために大きな切断を必要とするケースを特定します。</li>
	<li>PPCの数を下肢の大切断を必要とする患者の割合と相関させる。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Serrano-Hernando, F. J., Mart&#237;n-Conejero, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+artery+disease:+Pathophysiology,+diagnosis+and+treatment.">Peripheral artery disease: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.</a> Revista Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a. 60 (9), 969-982 (2007).</li><li>Agarwal, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burden+of+re-admissions+among+patients+with+critical+limb+ischemia.">Burden of re-admissions among patients with critical limb ischemia.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 69 (15), 1897-1908 (2017).</li><li>Kolte, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thirty-day+re-admissions+after+endovascular+or+surgical+therapy+for+critical+limb+ischemia:+Analysis+of+the+2013+to+2014+nationwide+re-admissions+databases.">Thirty-day re-admissions after endovascular or surgical therapy for critical limb ischemia: Analysis of the 2013 to 2014 nationwide re-admissions databases.</a> Circulation. 136 (2), 167-176 (2017).</li><li>Rowlands, T. E., Donnelly, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medical+therapy+for+intermittent+claudication.">Medical therapy for intermittent claudication.</a> European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 34, 314-321 (2007).</li><li>Cronewett, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Acute limb ischemia and lower extremity chronic arterial disease: Rutherford's vascular surgery (8th ed.). , (2014).</li><li>Dick, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+or+endovascular+revascularization+in+patients+with+critical+limb+ischemia:+influence+of+diabetes+mellitus+on+clinical+outcome.">Surgical or endovascular revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia: influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome.</a> Journal of Vascular Surgery. 45 (4), 751-761 (2007).</li><li>Su&#225;rez-Cuenca, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronary+circulating+mononuclear+progenitor+cells+and+soluble+biomarkers+in+the+cardiovascular+prognosis+after+coronary+angioplasty.">Coronary circulating mononuclear progenitor cells and soluble biomarkers in the cardiovascular prognosis after coronary angioplasty.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 23 (7), 4844-4849 (2019).</li><li>Franz, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+autologous+bone+marrow+mononuclear+cell+implantation+therapy+as+a+limb+salvage+procedure+in+patients+with+severe+peripheral+arterial+disease.">Use of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell implantation therapy as a limb salvage procedure in patients with severe peripheral arterial disease.</a> Journal of Vascular Surgery. 50 (6), 1378-1390 (2009).</li><li>Benoit, E., O'Donnell, T. F., Patel, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+efficacy+of+autologous+cell+therapy+in+critical+limb+ischemia:+A+systematic+review.">Safety and efficacy of autologous cell therapy in critical limb ischemia: A systematic review.</a> Cellular Transplantation. 22 (3), 545-562 (2013).</li><li>Hill, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+endothelial+progenitor+cells,+vascular+function,+and+cardiovascular+risk.">Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (7), 593-600 (2003).</li><li>Schmidt-Lucke, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+number+of+circulating+endothelial+progenitor+cells+predicts+future+cardiovascular+events:+proof+of+concept+for+the+clinical+importance+of+endogenous+vascular+repair.">Reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells predicts future cardiovascular events: proof of concept for the clinical importance of endogenous vascular repair.</a> Circulation. 111 (22), 2981-2987 (2005).</li><li>Smadja, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+endothelial+progenitor+cells+in+bone+marrow+are+a+biomarker+of+cell+therapy+success+in+patients+with+critical+limb+ischemia.">Early endothelial progenitor cells in bone marrow are a biomarker of cell therapy success in patients with critical limb ischemia.</a> Cytotherapy. 14 (2), 232-239 (2012).</li><li>Kremastinos, D. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracoronary+cyclic-GMP+and+cyclic-AMP+during+percutaneous+transluminal+coronary+angioplasty.">Intracoronary cyclic-GMP and cyclic-AMP during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.</a> International Journal of Cardiology. 53 (3), 227-232 (1996).</li><li>Truong, Q. A., Januzzi, J. L., Szymonifka, J., Thai, W. E., Wai, B., Lavender, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronary+sinus+biomarker+sampling+compared+to+peripheral+venous+blood+for+predicting+outcomes+in+patients+with+severe+heart+failure+undergoing+cardiac+resynchronization+therapy:+the+BIOCRT+study.">Coronary sinus biomarker sampling compared to peripheral venous blood for predicting outcomes in patients with severe heart failure undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy: the BIOCRT study.</a> Heart Rhythm. 11 (12), 2167-2175 (2014).</li><li>Ding, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrosis+and+inflammatory+markers+and+long-term+risk+of+peripheral+artery+disease:+The+ARIC+study.">Fibrosis and inflammatory markers and long-term risk of peripheral artery disease: The ARIC study.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 40 (9), 2322-2331 (2020).</li><li>Potier, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+copeptin+and+risk+of+lower-extremity+amputation+in+Type+1+and+Type+2+diabetes.">Plasma copeptin and risk of lower-extremity amputation in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.</a> Diabetes Care. 40 (12), 2290-2297 (2019).</li><li>Schmidt-Lucke, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+circulating+endothelial+progenitor+cells+using+the+modified+ISHAGE+protocol.">Quantification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells using the modified ISHAGE protocol.</a> PLoS One. 5 (1), 13790 (2010).</li><li>Marboeuf, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+triggers+colony+forming+endothelial+cell+mobilization+after+angioplasty+in+chronic+lower+limb+ischemia.">Inflammation triggers colony forming endothelial cell mobilization after angioplasty in chronic lower limb ischemia.</a> Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 6 (1), 195-197 (2008).</li><li>Regueiro, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobilization+of+endothelial+progenitor+cells+in+acute+cardiovascular+events+in+the+PROCELL+study:+Time-course+after+acute+myocardial+infarction+and+stroke.">Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in acute cardiovascular events in the PROCELL study: Time-course after acute myocardial infarction and stroke.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 80, 146-155 (2015).</li></ol>

著者らは開示するものは何もない。

血管ブロックの正確な部位での採血は技術的な困難を示す可能性があります。したがって、血管ブロックに近接して採血を行った。同様に、血管プラークに近いPPCの量は非常に動的であり、血管形成術の前後にバリエーションを生じる可能性があります。我々の観察によると、血管損傷および修復内で起こるいくつかの病因生理学的プロセスを反映する可能性があるため、MPCの数のベースラ?...

末梢動脈疾患(PAD)は、血液供給の制限を伴う慢性および進行性の血管閉塞を特徴とする1。世界規模では、下肢のPADは高齢者人口の約10%に影響を及ぼし、その最大7%は四肢切断2、3に提出される。
クリティカルリム虚血(CLI)はPAD1の最も深刻なプレゼンテーションを表します。患者は通常、閉塞した動脈に起因する安静時、潰瘍、または壊疽で痛みを経験する。臨床予後は好ましくない一方で、1年3年、4、5の間に四肢切断と死亡の30%のリスクによってマークされています。
血管形成術は、CLI患者の下肢への血流を回復させることができる低侵襲血管内処置である。しかし、血管形成術1,5の後でも、一部の患者は必然的に大きな四肢切断を必要とする。血管形成術後の不利な結果の早期同定は、治療執行の可能性のために非常に貴重である。
従来の危険因子は、血管形成術6を受けるCLI患者における主要な四肢切断に対して限られた予測能力を提供するかもしれない。病態生理性バイオマーカーは、潜在的な臨床応用を有する新規の方法を表し、血管損傷に関連する疾患に特に有用な結果をもたらす可能性がある7。今日では、内皮修復特性を所有する細胞集団の参加は、アテローム硬化性プラークの部位において、8,9にますます認められている。
単核前駆細胞(MPC)は、血管再生能力を有する幹細胞の骨髄および独自の構造的および機能的特性に由来する。増殖するMPCの能力のために、移行し、血管の遵守を示す;これらの細胞は虚血10、11、12に応答して内皮修復を反映する良い候補となっている。また、血管損傷の根底にあるメカニズムへの継続的な関心は、局所的に生じるバイオマーカーの予後的役割を探求する動機となっている。
本研究の目的は、血管形成術を受けているCLI患者の血管閉塞に近い循環するPPCの量を決定する方法を説明することです。内皮機能不全と四肢切断の指標を持つMpC間の関係を評価する方法。
併存症と固有の血管特徴に基づく予後と比較して、局所的なPPCの量は、内皮機能不全および四肢切断に関する臨床結果を予測する特定の能力を示す。一貫して、いくつかの研究は、PAD15、16を有する患者の評価中に同様のバイオマーカーの予後の役割を説明している。
前の結果7に基づいて、ここで説明する方法は、下肢および冠動脈虚血、脳卒中、血管炎、静脈血栓症および血管損傷および修復を伴う他の人々のようないくつかの臨床において、不利な血管転帰の危険性がある集団の早期同定に有用であり得る。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10735086001</td>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a buffering agent, stabilizer, standard and for blending.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration Beads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec / MACS</td>
			<td>#130-093-607</td>
			<td>MACQuant calibration beads are supplied in aqueous solution containing 0.05% sodium azide. 3.5 ml for up to 100 tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD133/1 (AC133)-PE</td>
			<td>Milteny Biotec / MACS</td>
			<td>#130-080-801</td>
			<td>Antibody conjugated to R-Phycoerythrin in PBS/EDTA buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD184 (CXCR4)-PE-VIO770</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec / MACS</td>
			<td>#130-103-798</td>
			<td>Monoclonal, Isotype recombinant human IgG1, conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD309 (VEGFR-2/KDR)-APC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec / MACS</td>
			<td>#130-093-601</td>
			<td>Antibody conjugated to R-Phycoerythrin in PBS/EDTA buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34-FITC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec / MACS</td>
			<td>#130-081-001</td>
			<td>The monoclonal antibody clone AC136 detecs a class III epitope of the CD34</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45- VioBlue</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec / MACS</td>
			<td>#130-092-880</td>
			<td>Monoclonal CD45 Antibody, human conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>#339651</td>
			<td>15ml conical centrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytometry Tubes</td>
			<td>FALCON Corning Brand</td>
			<td>#352052</td>
			<td>5 mL Polystyrene Round-Bottom Tube. 12x75 style. Sterile.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>#161-0729</td>
			<td>Heavy metals, (as Pb) &#60;10ppm, Fe&#60;0.01%, As&#60;1ppm, Insolubles&#60;0.005%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Improved Neubauer</td>
			<td>Without brand</td>
			<td>Without catalog number</td>
			<td>Hemocytometer for cell counting. (range 0.1000mm, 0.0025mm2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2 EDTA Blood Collection Tubes</td>
			<td>BD Vacutainer</td>
			<td>#367863</td>
			<td>Lilac plastic vacutainer tube (K2E) 10.8mg, 6 mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>01-63-12-002-A</td>
			<td>Sterile and checked on the presence of endotoxins. Density: 1.077&#177;0.001g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>#SZBF0920V</td>
			<td>Fixation of biological samples, (powder, 95%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Transfer 1,3mL</td>
			<td>CRM Globe</td>
			<td>PF1016, PF1015</td>
			<td>The transfer pipette is a tool that facilitates liquid transfer with greater accuracy.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test Tubes</td>
			<td>KIMBLE CHASE</td>
			<td>45060 13100</td>
			<td>Heat-resistant test tubes. SIZE/CAP 13 x 100 mm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

predicting amputation using local circulating mononuclear progenitor cells in angioplasty-treated patients with critical limb ischemia

重篤な四肢虚血(CLI)は末梢動脈疾患の進行期を表す。血管形成術は下肢への血流を改善する;しかし、一部の患者は不可逆的に四肢切断に進行する。血管損傷の程度および血管修復のメカニズムは、血管形成術後の結果に影響を与える因子である。単核前駆細胞(Mpc)は血管損傷および修復に反応し、血管疾患を反映する能力を有する。本プロトコルは、血管形成部位に近い血管からの血液循環から得られたMpCの定量化、ならびに血管形成障害との関係およびCLI患者における血管形成術後30日間における四肢切断の予測能力を記述する。

閉塞した動脈からの血液サンプルは、血管形成術に対処した部位で、68歳と20人中10人の糖尿病患者から採取された。サンプル人口の半数は喫煙者であった。血管病変は主にラザフォード級VIとして採点された。一方、患者は2型糖尿病(100%)の有病率が高く、高血圧(70%)が高いと脂質異常症 (55%)
下肢血管形成術が行われた後の30日間の臨床フォローアップ。血管形成術後のベ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Predicting Amputation using Local Circulating Mononuclear Progenitor Cells in Angioplasty-treated Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia at JoVE.com

Predicting Amputation using Local Circulating Mononuclear Progenitor Cells in Angioplasty-treated Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia

下肢切断は、重篤な四肢虚血(CLI)における閉塞血管形成術の後でも起こり得る。単核前駆細胞(Mpc)は血管修復を反映する。本プロトコルは、血管形成術に近い循環からのPPCの定量化、および内皮機能不全との関係および下肢切断の予測を記述する。

血管形成術治療患者における局所循環単核前駆細胞を用いた切断の予測

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) represents an advanced stage of the peripheral arterial disease. Angioplasty improves the blood flow to the lower limb; ...

predicting-amputation-using-local-circulating-mononuclear-progenitor

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

3.3K ビュー.  Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE. 下肢切断は、重篤な四肢虚血(CLI)における閉塞血管形成術の後でも起こり得る。単核前駆細胞(Mpc)は血管修復を反映する。本プロトコルは、血管形成術に近い循環からのPPCの定量化、および内皮機能不全との関係および下肢切断の予測を記述する。

ビデオ: Predicting Amputation using Local Circulating Mononuclear Progenitor Cells in Angioplasty-treated Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

徒手筋力テスト：四肢筋力の測定方法は、危篤状態の患者に適用

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

医学

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Each year, an estimated 785,000 Americans will have a new coronary attack, or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The pathophysiology of ACS involves rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque; hence, treatment is aimed at plaque stabilization in order to prevent cellular death. However, there is considerable debate among clinicians, about which treatment pathway is best: early invasive using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stent) when indicated or a conservative approach (i.e., medication only with PCI/stent if recurrent symptoms occur).
There are three types of ACS: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA). Among the three types, NSTEMI/UA is nearly four times as common as STEMI. Treatment decisions for NSTEMI/UA are based largely on symptoms and resting or exercise electrocardiograms (ECG). However, because of the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the atherosclerotic plaque, these methods often under detect myocardial ischemia because symptoms are unreliable, and/or continuous ECG monitoring was not utilized.
Continuous 12-lead ECG monitoring, which is both inexpensive and non-invasive, can identify transient episodes of myocardial ischemia, a precursor to MI, even when asymptomatic. However, continuous 12-lead ECG monitoring is not usual hospital practice; rather, only two leads are typically monitored. Information obtained with 12-lead ECG monitoring might provide useful information for deciding the best ACS treatment.
Purpose. Therefore, using 12-lead ECG monitoring, the COMPARE Study (electroCardiographic evaluatiOn of ischeMia comParing invAsive to phaRmacological trEatment) was designed to assess the frequency and clinical consequences of transient myocardial ischemia, in patients with NSTEMI/UA treated with either early invasive PCI/stent or those managed conservatively (medications or PCI/stent following recurrent symptoms). The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the methodology used in the COMPARE Study.
Method. Permission to proceed with this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the hospital and the university. Research nurses identify hospitalized patients from the emergency department and telemetry unit with suspected ACS. Once consented, a 12-lead ECG Holter monitor is applied, and remains in place during the patient's entire hospital stay. Patients are also maintained on the routine bedside ECG monitoring system per hospital protocol. Off-line ECG analysis is done using sophisticated software and careful human oversight.

Continuous 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring can identify transient myocardial ischemia, even when asymptomatic, among patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this article we describe our method for initiating patient monitoring using a Holter device, downloading the ECG data for off-line analysis, and how to utilize the ECG software to identify transient ischemia.

連続ST部分の解析を使用した疑いのある急性冠症候群（ACS）患者において一過性心筋虚血を検出するための研究法

Each year, an estimated 785,000 Americans will have a new coronary attack, or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The pathophysiology of ACS involves rupture ...

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to extravasate and form a secondary niche.&#160;The extravasation of tumor cells from the blood vascular system can be studied using endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor cells obtained from different cell lines.&#160;Initial studies were conducted using static conditions but it has been well documented that ECs behave differently under physiological flow conditions.&#160;Therefore, different flow chamber assemblies are currently being used to studying cancer cell interactions with ECs.&#160;Current flow chamber assemblies offer reproducible results using either different cell lines or fluid at different shear stress conditions.&#160;However, to observe and study interactions with rare cells such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), certain changes are required to be made to the conventional flow chamber assembly.&#160;CTCs are a rare cell population among millions of blood cells. Consequently, it is difficult to obtain a pure population of CTCs.&#160;Contamination of CTCs with different types of cells normally found in the circulation is inevitable using present enrichment or depletion techniques.&#160;In the present report, we describe a unique method to fluorescently label circulating prostate cancer cells and study their interactions with ECs in a self-assembled flow chamber system.&#160;This technique can be further applied to observe interactions between prostate CTCs and any protein of interest.

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Our report describes a unique method to visualize and analyze CTC/EC interactions in prostate cancer under physiological flow conditions.

患者とヒト内皮細胞に由来する前立腺循環腫瘍細胞との間のE-セレクチン介在性の相互作用を観察するin vitro法での

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

新しい治療戦略を開発するための膵臓癌幹細胞特性を研究

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. It has become important to measure a person's activities in daily life, and not just measure their capacity for activity in the structured environment of a clinic or laboratory. A wearable sensor that is now enabling measurement of daily movement is the accelerometer. Accelerometers are commercially-available devices resembling large wrist watches that can be worn throughout the day. Data from accelerometers can quantify how the limbs are engaged to perform activities in peoples' homes and communities. This report describes a methodology to collect accelerometry data and turn it into clinically-relevant information. First, data are collected by having the participant wear two accelerometers (one on each wrist) for 24 h or longer. The accelerometry data are then downloaded and processed to produce four different variables that describe key aspects of upper limb activity in daily life: hours of use, use ratio, magnitude ratio, and the bilateral magnitude. Density plots can be constructed that visually represent the data from the 24 h wearing period. The variables and their resultant density plots are highly consistent in neurologically-intact, community-dwelling adults. This striking consistency makes them a useful tool for determining if upper limb daily performance is different from normal. This methodology is appropriate for research studies investigating upper limb dysfunction and interventions designed to improve upper limb performance in daily life in people with stroke and other patient populations. Because of its relative simplicity, it may not be long before it is also incorporated in clinical neurorehabilitation practice.

This protocol describes a method to quantify upper limb performance in daily life using wrist-worn accelerometers.

加速度計を使用して日常生活に上肢のパフォーマンスを定量化する方法

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. ...

A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is now widely used in neurosurgical critical patients. Besides mean ICP value, the ICP derived parameters such as ICP waveform, amplitude of pulse (AMP), the correlation of ICP amplitude and ICP mean (RAP), pressure reactivity index (PRx), ICP and arterial blood pressure (ABP) wave amplitude correlation (IAAC), and so on, can reflect intracranial status, predict prognosis, and can also be used as guidance of proper treatment. However, most of the clinicians focus only on the mean ICP value while ignoring these parameters because of the limitations of the current devices. We have recently developed a multimodality monitoring system to address these drawbacks. This portable, user-friendly system will use a data collecting and storing device to continuously acquire patients&#39; physiological parameters first, i.e., ABP, ICP, and oxygen saturation, and then analyze these physiological parameters. We hope that the multimodality monitoring system will be accepted as a key measure to monitor physiological parameters, to analyze the current clinical status, and to predict the prognosis of the neurosurgical critical patients.

Recently, we have developed a portable multimodality monitoring system for the monitoring of various physiological parameters in neurosurgical critical patients. Detailed protocols on how to use this multimodality monitoring system are presented here.

生理学的パラメーターの詳細なプロトコル獲得と脳神経外科の重要な患者の分析

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is now widely used in neurosurgical critical patients. Besides mean ICP value, the ICP derived parameters such as ...

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and long-term consequences of unresolved pain or excessive analgosedation, adequate nociceptive monitoring remains challenging in non-communicative, critically ill adults. In the intensive care unit (ICU), routine nociceptive evaluation is carried out by the attending nurse using the Behavior Pain Scale (BPS) in mechanically ventilated patients. This assessment is limited by medication use (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and the inherent subjective character of nociceptive evaluation by third parties.
Here, we describe the use of two nociceptive reflex testing devices as tools for objective pain evaluation: the pupillary dilation reflex (PDR) and nociception flexion reflex (NFR). These measurement tools are non-invasive and well tolerated, providing clinicians and researchers with objective information regarding two different nociceptive processing pathways: (1)&#160;the pain-related autonomic reactivity&#160;and (2) the ascending component of the somatosensory system. The use of PDR and NFR measurements are currently limited to specialized pain clinics and research institutions because of impressions that these are technically demanding or time-consuming procedures, or even because of a lack of knowledge regarding their existence.
By focusing on the two abovementioned nociceptive reflex assessments, this study evaluated their feasibility as a physiological pain measurement method in daily practice. Pursuing novel technologies for evaluating the analgesia level in unconscious patients may further improve individual pharmacological treatment and patient related outcome measures. Therefore, future research must include large well-designed clinical trials in a real-life environment.

Pain assessment in anesthetized patients who cannot communicate with the outside world in any way remains challenging despite the development of innovative objective pain evaluation tools. In this project, the pupillary dilation reflex and the nociception flexion reflex are assessed in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adult patients.

換気の ICU 患者の客観的な受容評価: Pupillometry と侵害受容性屈曲反射を用いた可能性の検討

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and ...

Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients

Lipopolysaccharide, also known as endotoxin, is a fundamental component of gram-negative bacteria and plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis and septic shock. The early identification of an infectious process that is rapidly evolving to a critical illness might prompt a quicker and more intensive treatment, thereby potentially leading to better patient outcomes. The Endotoxin Activity (EA) assay can be used at the bedside as a reliable biomarker of systemic endotoxemia. The detection of elevated endotoxin activity levels has been repeatedly shown to be associated with an increased disease severity in patients with sepsis and septic shock. The assay is quick and easy to perform. Briefly, after sampling, an aliquot of whole blood is mixed with an anti-endotoxin antibody and with added LPS. Endotoxin activity is measured as the relative oxidative burst of primed neutrophils as detected by chemioluminescence. The assay&#39;s output is expressed on a scale from 0 (absent) to 1 (maximal) and categorized as &#8220;low&#8221; (&#60;0.4 units), &#8220;intermediate&#8221; (0.4&#8211;0.59 units), or &#8220;high&#8221; (&#8805;0.6 units). The detailed methodology and rationale for the implementation of the EA assay are reported in this manuscript.

We hereby present a protocol to measure at the bedside the endotoxin activity of human whole blood samples. The Endotoxin Activity assay is a simple test to perform and may be a useful biomarker in critically ill patients with sepsis.

重症患者における全血エンドトキシア血症の検出に関するエンドトキシン活性アッセイ

Lipopolysaccharide, also known as endotoxin, is a fundamental component of gram-negative bacteria and plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis ...

Preclinical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Rabbits

Peripheral vascular disease is a widespread clinical problem that affects millions of patients worldwide. A major consequence of peripheral vascular disease is the development of ischemia. In severe cases, patients can develop critical limb ischemia in which they experience constant pain and an increased risk of limb amputation. Current therapies for peripheral ischemia include bypass surgery or percutaneous interventions such as angioplasty with stenting or atherectomy to restore blood flow. However, these treatments often fail to the continued progression of vascular disease or restenosis or are contraindicated due to the overall poor health of the patient. A promising potential approach to treat peripheral ischemia involves the induction of therapeutic neovascularization to allow the patient to develop collateral vasculature. This newly formed network alleviates peripheral ischemia by restoring perfusion to the affected area. The most frequently employed preclinical model for peripheral ischemia utilizes the creation of hind limb ischemia in healthy rabbits through femoral artery ligation. In the past, however, there has been a strong disconnect between the success of preclinical studies and the failure of clinical trials regarding treatments for peripheral ischemia. Healthy animals typically have robust vascular regeneration in response to surgically induced ischemia, in contrast to the reduced vascularity and regeneration in patients with chronic peripheral ischemia. Here, we describe an optimized animal model for peripheral ischemia in rabbits that includes hyperlipidemia and diabetes. This model has reduced collateral formation and blood pressure recovery in comparison to a model with a higher cholesterol diet. Thus, the model may provide better correlation with human patients with compromised angiogenesis from the common co-morbidities that accompany peripheral vascular disease.

We describe a surgical procedure used to induce peripheral ischemia in rabbits with hyperlipidemia and diabetes. This surgery acts as a preclinical model for conditions experienced in peripheral artery disease in patients. Angiography is also described as a means to measure the extent of introduced ischemia and recovery of perfusion.

糖尿病性ウサギにおける後肢虚血の前臨床モデル

Peripheral vascular disease is a widespread clinical problem that affects millions of patients worldwide. A major consequence of peripheral vascular ...

Enema of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by high mortality rates, numerous complications, and extreme difficulties in treatment. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) enema has been widely utilized in clinical and experimental studies of SAP. It has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in protecting pancreatic function and delaying disease progression. The procedure of TCM enema is to perfuse the Chinese medicinal liquid of raw rhubarb (Rheum officinale Baill. DaHuang) from the anus into the rectum and colon. Basic steps of the procedure include boiling the herbal solution in advance, using a disposable enema kit to assist patients in taking a left lying position, raising the patient's hip 10 cm, and carefully inserting the enema 30-35 cm into the anus, with a drip speed of 60-80 drops/min. The medicine liquid temperature should be equivalent to the patient's body temperature, typically between 37-39 &#176;C. The end of the enema operation should be slow, and Tui na (massage therapy) should be administered before extubation. The medication liquid should be kept in the rectum for more than 1 h. After issuing an enema, it is essential to observe the patient's feces and abdomen, and to evaluate the remission of abdominal signs and symptoms.

An enema is a type of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy used to treat severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The therapy involves instilling a TCM liquid into the rectum and colon through the anus to keep the liquid in the intestine, absorbing through the intestinal mucosa. This study aims to standardize the enema procedure for SAP patients.

重症急性膵炎患者に対する漢方薬の浣腸

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by high mortality rates, numerous complications, and extreme difficulties in treatment. A traditional ...