この研究は、鈴木マンペイ糖尿病財団(YT)、ボストン小児病院OFD/BTREC/CTREC教員キャリア開発助成金、ボストン小児病院眼科学財団、BCHパイロット賞、BCHマントンセンターフェローシップ、マントンセンターフェローシップの助成金によって支援されました。 そしてリトルキリン財団(ZF)、ドイツ研究財団(DFG;紀元前[CA1940/1-1])、NIH R24EY024868、EY017017、R01EY01717-13S1、EY030904-01、BCH IDDRC(1U54HD09025)、マサチューセッツ州ライオンズ財団(1U54HD09025)、マサチューセッツ州ライオンズ財団(1U54HD09025)、LEHS財団(

記載されているすべての動物実験は、ボストン小児病院の施設動物ケアおよび使用委員会(ARCHプロトコル番号19-04-3913R)によって承認されました。
1. 準備
<ol><li>ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(10000 U/mL)5 mLと5mLと10mLの市販サプリメントを、完全な古典的な培地の500 mLに血清で加えます。初期の培地のアリコート50mL。 注:汚染を避けるために、在庫に媒体を戻さないようにしてください。</li>
	<li>氷の上に完全な古典的な媒体のアリコートを置きます。</li>
	<li>70%エタノールを使用して、解剖顕微鏡、鉗子、ハサミを洗浄してください。</li>
	<li>解剖顕微鏡に1つ、氷の上に1つ、2つの細胞培養皿(10 cm)を準備します。各皿に完全な古典的な媒体の10 mLを入れてください。</li>
</ol>2. 実験ステップ (図 1)
<ol><li>75-100 mg/kgケタミンを使用した出生後(P)20の周りのC57BL/6Jマウスを犠牲にし、7.5-10 mg/kgキシラジンを腹腔内注射する。解剖する前に氷の上に完全な古典的な媒体で目を保ちます。</li>
	<li>結合組織(筋肉と脂肪組織)と眼の視神経を取り除きます。</li>
	<li>マイクロハサミを使用して角膜のリンブに0.5mm後部を円周的に切断します。角膜/虹彩複合体、ガラス状、レンズを取り除きます。</li>
	<li>1mm切開を視神経に向かって切り取りエッジに垂直にし、幅1mmの円周バンドを切断します。複合体の中央領域と周辺領域を分離します。鉗子を使用して、RPE/脈絡/強膜複合体からレチナを剥がします。</li>
	<li>氷の上に完全な古典的な媒体で末梢脈絡膜バンドを保ちます。もう一方の目を分離し、2番目のバンドを切断するプロセスを繰り返します。</li>
	<li>円形のバンドを6~等しい正方形(〜1mm×1mm)に切ります。 注意:どのエッジにも触れないでください。</li>
	<li>製造指図ごとに基底膜抽出物(BME)を解凍します。BMEの30 μL/wellを24ウェル組織培養プレートの各ウェルの中央に加えます。BMEの液滴が、エッジに触れることなくプレートの底部に凸型ドームを形成していることを確認してください。 注:冷蔵庫で一晩BMEを解凍してください。BMEは解凍後いつでも氷の上にあるべきです。</li>
	<li>BMEの真ん中に組織を置きます。 注意:脈絡膜の外植を平らにしないでください。一般に、組織をBME内で拡大させる。組織の向き(強膜側の上下)は、実験結果に影響を与えません。</li>
	<li>37°Cでプレートを10分間インキュベートし、ゲルを固化させます。</li>
	<li>完全な古典的な媒体/井戸の500 μLを加える。</li>
	<li>クラシックメディアを1日おきに変更します(500 μL)。脈絡芽は顕微鏡で3日後に観察することができる。 注:成長因子治療のために、4時間組織を飢えます。増殖因子還元培地で試験化合物を希釈する(1:50の代わりに1:200ブースト)。</li>
</ol>3.SWIFT-コロイドコンピュータ化定量方法17 (図2)
注:成長する船舶がカバーする面積を測定するためのコンピュータ化された方法が使用されました。ImageJ ソフトウェアへのマクロプラグインは、定量化の前に必要です (詳細については 補足情報 を参照してください)。
<ol><li>イメージJでチョロイドの発芽画像を開き、「画像|タイプ|グレースケールの 8 ビット "</li>
	<li>「 イメージ |に移動する|を調整する明るさ/コントラスト(Ctrl/シフト/C)を使用し、コントラストを最適化します。</li>
	<li>魔法の杖機能を使用して、新芽の中心に存在する脈絡膜組織を画像から外し、(ショートカットキーを使用してF1")(図2A,B)を使用します。 注:魔法の杖の許容率を20〜30%に設定します。</li>
	<li>自由選択ツール (図 2C)で画像の背景を削除します。「 イメージ |に移動する|を調整するしきい値 (Ctrl/シフト/T)"。閾値関数を使用して、背景および周辺に対する微小血管芽を定義する(図2D)。</li>
	<li>[F2]をクリックすると、概要が表示されます。[保存] をクリックして、選択した領域の画像を保存します。今後の参照のために、元の画像と同じフォルダに保存します。</li>
	<li>サンプルのグループを測定した後、データ分析のために記録されたデータをコピーします。 注:また、「分析|で面積(μm²)を測定することも可能です。スケールバー付きのイメージを使用してスケール " を設定します。</li>
</ol>

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著者らは財務上の開示を行っていない。コンピュータ化された方法は、著者を通じて学術機関に無料で利用可能です。

脈絡膜発芽アッセイは、新血管AMD9、10、18、19、20の研究を助ける。脈絡膜外植は、マウスだけでなく、ラットおよびヒト17、21から単離することができる。脈絡膜外植は、IC、マクロファージ、およびペリサイト17<...

脈絡膜血管新生調節異常は、新血管加齢黄斑変性症(AMD)1と関連している。脈絡膜は、網膜色素上皮(RPE)の下に存在する微小血管床である。脈絡膜における血流の減少は、AMD2の進行と関連することが示されている。血管内皮、RPE、マクロファージ、包皮細胞および他の細胞との間の複雑な関係は、組織3、4、5の恒常性を担う。従って、再生可能なアッセイは、新血管AMDの研究に重要な脈絡膜微小環境をモデル化する。
Ex vivo血管新生アッセイおよびインビトロ内皮細胞培養は、生体内の微小血管挙動の研究、新薬の試験、および病原性の研究を補完することができる。ヒトの眼内小血管内皮細胞(HRMEC)、ヒトアンビリカル静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)、単離された原発性動物の脳または眼内脳の脳などの内皮細胞は、眼血管新生研究6、7、8の体外研究でしばしば使用される。特にHRMECは、内皮増殖、移動、管形成、および血管漏れを評価することによってインビトロ脈絡膜新血管新生(CNV)9のモデルとして広く使用され、介入を評価する6,10。しかし、培養中のECは、脈絡膜に見られる他の細胞型との相互作用が欠如し、これらのアッセイで使用されるほとんどのECが脈絡膜に由来しないため、CNVのモデルとして制限されています。マウス脈絡膜電子株は培養中に分離し維持することが困難である。
大動脈環アッセイは、マクロ血管増殖のモデルとして広く用いられている。大動脈外植植物からの血管芽は、IC、ペリサイトおよびマクロファージ11を含む。大動脈環アッセイは、大血管血管新生ウェル12、13、14をモデル化する。しかし、大動脈環としての脈絡膜新血管化のモデルとしての限界があり、特徴的な脈絡膜微小血管環境を欠いた大血管組織であり、大血管からの芽は微小血管病理に関与する毛細血管ネットワークとは異なる可能性がある。最近、グループは、元生体のレティナルアッセイ15、16を発表しました。しかし、それは、疾患性新血管疾患に適しているが、それはAMDに見られるほど脈絡膜新血管化に適していない。
マウスRPE、脈絡膜、および硬化分離組織を用いた脈絡膜発芽アッセイは、より良いモデルCNVのために開発された。組織はマウス(または他の種)の目17から容易に単離することができる。このアッセイは、薬理学的化合物のプロおよび抗血管新生電位の再現性評価及び遺伝子組換えマウスおよび対照18からの組織を用いた脈絡膜新生血管形成における特定の経路の役割の評価を可能にする。この脈絡膜発芽アッセイは、その後の多くの出版物9、10、18、19、20で参照されています。ここでは、このアッセイの使用に関与する方法が示される。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AnaSed (Xylazine)</td>
			<td>AKORN</td>
			<td>59339-110-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basal membrane extract (BME) Matrigel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>704001</td>
			<td>10cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete classic medium with serum and CultureBoost</td>
			<td>Cell systems</td>
			<td>4Z0-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof</td>
			<td>Pharmco</td>
			<td>111000200</td>
			<td>use for 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>06-666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>Axio Observer Z1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td>10000 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plate (24-well)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>25-107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VetaKet CIII (Ketamine)</td>
			<td>AKORN</td>
			<td>59399-114-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an ex vivo choroid sprouting assay of ocular microvascular angiogenesis

加齢黄斑変性症の顕著な特徴である病的脈絡膜血管新生は、視力障害および失明を引き起こしうる。ヒトのレチナル微小血管内皮細胞(HRMEC)または単離された一次性の腎細胞を用いた内皮細胞(EC)増殖アッセイは、腎血管新生を研究するために、インビトロモデルで広く使用されている。しかし、純粋なマウスのレチナル内皮細胞を単離することは技術的に困難であり、RETINAL ECは脈絡膜内皮細胞および異なる細胞/細胞相互作用とは異なる増殖応答を有する可能性がある。脈絡膜微小血管増殖のモデルとして、再現性の高いex vivo脈絡膜発芽アッセイが開発された。このモデルには、脈絡膜血管系(EC、マクロファージ、ペリサイト)と網膜色素上皮(RPE)の相互作用が含まれます。マウス RPE/脈絡膜/鎖状外植体は、成長因子減少基底膜抽出物(BME)(0日目)で単離され、インキュベートされる。培地は1日おきに変化し、6日目に脈絡芽が定量される。個々のチョロイド外植の画像は反転した位相顕微鏡で撮影され、発芽領域は、本研究室で開発されたImageJソフトウェアへの半自動マクロプラグインを使用して定量化されます。この再現性ex vivo脈絡膜発芽アッセイは、潜在的な治療のための化合物を評価し、微小血管疾患研究のために、野生型および遺伝子組み換えマウス組織を用いた脈絡膜微小血管増殖に関与する経路を評価するために使用することができる。

1日あたりの脈絡芽成長の比較
BMEに埋め込まれた鎖骨で脈絡膜を解剖し、6日間培養した(図1)。C57BL/6Jマウスで3日目から6日目までの脈絡芽を顕微鏡で調べ、ImageJでの半自動定量法をSWIFT-チョロイドで定量した。代表的な場合、発脈芽領域(外植から伸びる血管は、外植自体を除く)は、3日目(図3A)、4日目(図3B)で1.47mm2?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis at JoVE.com

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

このプロトコルは、微小血管増殖の元生体モデルである脈絡芽発芽アッセイを提示する。このアッセイは、脈絡膜微小血管の増殖に関与する経路を評価し、野生型および遺伝子組み換えマウス組織を用いた薬物治療を評価するために使用することができる。

眼小血管血管新生のエキビボロイド発芽アッセイ

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

an-ex-vivo-choroid-sprouting-assay-ocular-microvascular

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.5K ビュー.  Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. このプロトコルは、微小血管増殖の元生体モデルである脈絡芽発芽アッセイを提示する。このアッセイは、脈絡膜微小血管の増殖に関与する経路を評価し、野生型および遺伝子組み換えマウス組織を用いた薬物治療を評価するために使用することができる。

ビデオ: An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis (Interview)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis Interview

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro. He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

クリストファーヒューズ：血管新生の研究のためのin vitroモデル（インタビュー）

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that ...

生物学

Optimized Fibrin Gel Bead Assay for the Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These steps include: degradation of the basement membrane, proliferation and migration (sprouting) of endothelial cells (EC) into the extracellular matrix, alignment of EC into cords, branching, lumen formation, anastomosis, and formation of a new basement membrane.  Many in vitro assays have been developed to study this process, but most only mimic certain stages of angiogenesis, and morphologically the vessels within the assays often do not resemble vessels in vivo.  Based on earlier work by Nehls and Drenckhahn, we have optimized an in vitro angiogenesis assay that utilizes human umbilical vein EC and fibroblasts.  This model recapitulates all of the key early stages of angiogenesis and, importantly, the vessels display patent intercellular lumens surrounded by polarized EC. EC are coated onto cytodex microcarriers and embedded into a fibrin gel.  Fibroblasts are layered on top of the gel where they provide necessary soluble factors that promote EC sprouting from the surface of the beads.  After several days, numerous vessels are present that can easily be observed under phase-contrast and time-lapse microscopy. This video demonstrates the key steps in setting up these cultures.

This video demonstrates the protocol of an in vitro angiogenesis assay that recapitulates several stages of angiogenesis. Time-lapse images of sprouting, lumen formation, branching and anastomosis - key features of angiogenesis - are shown.

血管新生の研究のために最適化されたフィブリンゲルビーズアッセイ

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These ...

Ex vivo Mechanical Loading of Tendon

Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace. Most are associated with repetitive, high force hand activities. The mechanisms of cellular and structural damage due to cyclical loading are not well known. The purpose of this video is to present a new system that can simultaneously load four tendons in tissue culture. The video describes the methods of sterile tissue harvest and how the tendons are loaded onto a clamping system that is subsequently immersed into media and maintained at 37&deg;C. One clamp is fixed while the other one is moved with a linear actuator. Tendon tensile force is monitored with a load cell in series with the mobile clamp. The actuators are controlled with a LabView program. The four tendons can be repetitively loaded with different patterns of loading, repetition rate, rate of loading, and duration. Loading can continue for a few minutes to 48 hours. At the end of loading, the tendons are removed and the mid-substance extracted for biochemical analyses. This system allows for the investigation of the effects of loading patterns on gene expression and structural changes in tendon. Ultimately, mechanisms of injury due to overuse can be studies with the findings applied to treatment and prevention.

A new in vitro system for simultaneously loading four tendons in culture is described.

腱の生体外で機械的負荷

Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace.  Most are associated with ...

Rat Mesentery Angiogenesis Assay

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in vivo [see review papers], which is the dominating form of angiogenesis in human tumors and non-tumor 
tissues, as discussed in invited review papers1,2. Angiogenesis induced in the membranous mesenteric parts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a pro-angiogenic factor can be modulated
by subcutaneous (s.c.), intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) treatment with modifying agents of choice. Each membranous part of the mesentery is 
translucent and framed by fatty tissue, giving it a window-like appearance.
The assay has the following advantageous features: (i) the test tissue is natively vascularized, albeit 
sparsely, and since it is extremely thin, the microvessel network is virtually two-dimensional, which allows the entire network 
to be assessed microscopically in situ; (ii) in adult rats the test tissue lacks significant physiologic angiogenesis, which characterizes
 most normal adult mammalian tissues; the degree of native vascularization is, however, correlated with age, as discussed in1; 
(iii) the negligible level of trauma-induced angiogenesis ensures high sensitivity; (iv) the 
assay replicates the clinical situation, as the angiogenesis-modulating test drugs are administered systemically and the responses 
observed reflect the net effect of all the metabolic, cellular, and molecular alterations induced by the treatment; (v) the assay 
allows assessments of objective, quantitative, unbiased variables of microvascular spatial extension, density, and network pattern 
formation, as well as of capillary sprouting, thereby enabling robust statistical analyses of the dose-effect and molecular 
structure-activity relationships; and (vi) the assay reveals with high sensitivity the toxic or harmful effects of treatments in 
terms of decreased rate of physiologic body-weight gain, as adult rats grow robustly.
Mast-cell-mediated angiogenesis was first demonstrated using this assay3,4. The model demonstrates a high level of 
discrimination regarding dosage-effect relationships and the measured effects of systemically administered chemically or functionally closely related drugs and proteins, 
including: (i) low-dosage, metronomically administered standard chemotherapeutics that yield diverse, drug-specific effects (i.e., 
angiogenesis-suppressive, neutral or angiogenesis-stimulating activities5); (ii) natural iron-unsaturated human lactoferrin, which stimulates 
VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis6, and natural iron-unsaturated bovine lactoferrin, which inhibits VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis7; and (iii) 
low-molecular-weight heparin fractions produced by various means8,9. Moreover, the assay is highly suited to studies of the combined 
effects on angiogenesis of agents that are administered systemically in a concurrent or sequential fashion.
The idea of making this video originated from the late Dr. Judah Folkman when he visited our laboratory and witnessed the methodology being demonstrated.
Review papers (invited) discussing and appraising the assay
Norrby, K. In vivo models of angiogenesis. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10, 588-612 (2006).
Norrby, K. Drug testing with angiogenesis models. Expert Opin. Drug. Discov. 3, 533-549 (2008).

Normal adult vascularized mammalian tissue that lacks physiologic angiogenesis and that has not been exposed to surgical intervention is used to study: (i) the initiation and development of angiogenesis following intraperitoneal administration of test agents; and (ii) modification of angiogenesis following systemic administration of selected test agents.

ラット間膜の血管新生アッセイ

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in ...

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using this protocol, angiogenesis may be measured in vitro in a fast, quantifiable manner. Primary or immortalized endothelial cells are mixed with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane matrix. The endothelial cells form capillary like structures in response to angiogenic signals found in conditioned media. The tube formation occurs quickly with endothelial cells beginning to align themselves within 1&#160;hr and lumen-containing tubules beginning to appear within 2 hr. Tubes can be visualized using a phase contrast inverted microscope, or the cells can be treated with calcein AM prior to the assay and tubes visualized through fluorescence or confocal microscopy. The number of branch sites/nodes, loops/meshes, or number or length of tubes formed can be easily quantified as a measure of in vitro angiogenesis. In summary, this assay can be used to identify genes and pathways that are involved in the promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis in a rapid, reproducible, and quantitative manner.

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

The tube formation assay is a fast, quantifiable method for measuring in vitro angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are combined with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane extract. Tube formation occurs within hours and newly formed tubules easily quantified.

のための内皮細胞チューブ形成アッセイ<em&gt;体外</em&gt;血管新生に関する研究

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

アン<em&gt;生体外</em甲状腺の開発を研究する&gt;文化システム

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

C-FOSタンパク質免疫組織学的検出：特定の生理反応に関与する中央経路のマーカーとして有用ツール<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;と<em&gt; ex vivoで</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants

Ex vivo culture systems cover a broad range of experiments dedicated to studying tissue and cellular function in a native setting. Cartilage is a unique tissue important for proper function of the synovial joint and is constituted by a dense extracellular matrix (ECM), rich in proteoglycan and type II collagen. Chondrocytes are the only cell type present within cartilage and are widespread and relatively low in number. Altered external stimuli and cellular signalling can lead to changes in ECM composition and deterioration, which are important pathological hallmarks in diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis.
Ex vivo cartilage models allow 1) profiling of chondrocyte mediated alterations of cartilage tissue turnover, 2) visualizing the cartilage ECM composition, and 3) chondrocyte rearrangement directly in the tissue. Profiling these alterations in response to stimuli or treatments are of high importance in various aspects of cartilage biology, and complement in vitro experiments in isolated chondrocytes, or more complex models in live animals where experimental conditions are more difficult to control.
Cartilage explants present a translational and easily accessible method for assessing tissue remodeling in the cartilage ECM in controllable settings. Here, we describe a protocol for isolating and culturing live bovine cartilage explants. The method uses tissue from the bovine knee, which is easily accessible from the local butchery. Both explants and conditioned culture medium can be analyzed to investigate tissue turnover, ECM composition, and chondrocyte function, thus profiling ECM modulation.

Here, we present a protocol describing isolation and culturing of cartilage explants from bovine knees. This method provides an easy and accessible tool to describe tissue changes in response to biological stimuli or novel therapeutics targeting the joint.

牛膝剥離植物における軟骨改造のEx Vivo組織培養モデル

Ex vivo culture systems cover a broad range of experiments dedicated to studying tissue and cellular function in a native setting. Cartilage is a unique ...

Glomerular Outgrowth as an Ex Vivo Assay to Analyze Pathways Involved in Parietal Epithelial Cell Activation

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation is one of the key factors involved in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of pathways involved in parietal epithelial cell activation could therefore be a tool to attenuate the progression of glomerular diseases. This article describes a method to culture and analyze parietal epithelial cell outgrowth of encapsulated glomeruli isolated from mouse kidney. After dissecting isolated mouse kidneys, the tissue is minced, and glomeruli are isolated by sieving. Encapsulated glomeruli are collected, and single glomeruli are cultured for 6 days to obtain glomerular outgrowth of parietal epithelial cells. During this period, parietal epithelial cell proliferation and migration can be analyzed by determining the cell number or the surface area of outgrowing cells. This assay can therefore be used as a tool to study the effects of an altered gene expression in transgenic- or knockout-mice or the effects of culture conditions on parietal epithelial cell growth characteristics and signaling. Using this method, important pathways involved in the process of parietal epithelial cell activation and consequently in glomerulosclerosis can be studied.

This article describes a method for culturing and analyzing glomerular parietal epithelial cell outgrowths of encapsulated glomeruli isolated from mouse kidney. This method can be used to study pathways involved in parietal epithelial cell proliferation and migration.

上頭頂皮細胞活性化に関与する経路を解析するエクスビボアッセイとしての糸球体成長

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation is one of the key factors involved in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of ...

Single Myofiber Culture Assay for the Assessment of Adult Muscle Stem Cell Functionality Ex Vivo

Adult skeletal muscle tissue harbors a stem cell population that is indispensable for its ability to regenerate. Upon muscle damage, muscle stem cells leave their quiescent state and activate the myogenic program ultimately leading to the repair of damaged tissue concomitant with the replenishment of the muscle stem cell pool. Various factors influence muscle stem cell activity, among them intrinsic stimuli but also signals from the direct muscle stem cell environment, the stem cell niche. The isolation and culture of single myofibers with their associated muscle stem cells preserves most of the interaction of the stem cell with its niche and is, therefore, the closest possibility to study muscle stem cell functionality ex vivo. Here, a protocol for the isolation, culture, siRNA transfection and immunostaining of muscle stem cells on their respective myofibers from mouse EDL (extensor digitorum longus) muscles is provided. The experimental conditions outlined here allow the study and manipulation of muscle stem cells ex vivo including investigation of myogenic activity without the inherent need for in vivo animal experiments.

In this protocol an in vitro culturing and functional analysis method for muscle stem cells is described, which preserves most of their interactions with their endogenous niche.

成人筋幹細胞機能評価のための単一筋繊維培養アッセイ Ex Vivo

Adult skeletal muscle tissue harbors a stem cell population that is indispensable for its ability to regenerate. Upon muscle damage, muscle stem cells ...