この研究は、NIH 1R01HL140239-01によってAMCに資金提供されました。ドレクセル大学の細胞イメージングセンターに感謝します。

著者らは開示するものは何もない。

このプロトコルは、3Dアーキテクチャにおいても内皮細胞との共培養のための3Dアーキテクチャにおけるバイオプリントスフェロイドの初のプロトコルです。重要なプロトコルステップには、乳房上皮スフェロイドおよびHUVECネットワークの初期形成が含まれる。乳房上皮スフェロイドはマトリックス溶液から容易に破壊されるため、授乳中には細心の注意が必要です。同様に、乳房上皮スフ?...

3D in vitro血管化腫瘍モデルは、がんの成長と転移の機械化研究に不可欠なツールです。特に乳癌の場合、マトリゲルで培養された乳房上皮細胞は、生体内乳腺アシヌスアーキテクチャ1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8に似た偏光スフェロイドに整理する。3D乳房上皮細胞培養も細胞機能に影響を与え、表皮成長因子(EGF)受容体変調8、9の違いを示す3D培養で、オンコジーン機能, ErbB210を含む;成長とアポトーシスシグナル11、12;と化学療法抵抗13,14.血管内皮細胞は、従来の2D培養15、16、17、18との3Dと同様に環境刺激に対して異なる反応を示す。しかし、血管内皮および乳房上皮相互作用の理解の多くは、2D培養に条件付き培地またはトランスウェル挿入物を用い、または2つの細胞タイプが物理的に19、20、21、22、23に分離された3Dモデルから来ている。これらの共培養モデルは、3D培養と細胞-細胞接触の両方が血管内皮に重要であるので、限られた生理学的洞察力を提供する – 乳房上皮細胞相互作用24,25,26.
3Dがんモデルは、ヒドロゲル内または設計された足場5、27、28、29の中で、吊り下げスフェロイド形成、バイオプリンティング、磁気アセンブリ、培養を含む様々な技術を用いて製造されている。最近では、3D腫瘍モデルが、それぞれの3D構造に配置された複数の細胞タイプで作成されました。腫瘍オンチッププラットフォームの一例では、癌、内皮細胞、および間質細胞をマトリックスに混合し、次いでポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)装置の中の3つの中央組織室に注入した。組織室は、動脈と静脈を表す2つの外側のチャネルで接していた。培養の5〜7日後、内皮細胞は血管系の近くに小さな腫瘍を形成するために増殖した微小血管網と癌細胞を形成した。このプラットフォームは、その後、スクリーニング薬と薬物の組み合わせ30に使用されました。特定の機械的刺激(例えば、肺の機械的緊張)31,32を有する転移および癌タイプを研究するために、追加の腫瘍オンチッププラットフォームが作成された。しかし、これらのプラットフォームは、一般的にそれぞれの3D構造に血管系と癌の両方を含みはありません。
バイオファブリケーションは、細胞の位置を厳密に空間制御できるため、3D in vitro血管化腫瘍モデルを進める上で大きな約束を示しています。過去10年間のバイオプリンティングの成長にもかかわらず、腫瘍33、34に特に焦点を当てた研究はほとんどありません。ある例では、ゼラチン/アルギン酸/フィブリノーゲンヒドロゲル中のHeLa細胞の3Dプリンティングを使用して、インビトロ子宮頸癌モデルを作成した。腫瘍細胞を個々の細胞としてバイオプリントし、次いでスフェロイドを形成させ、これはより高い増殖速度、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ発現の増加、および2D培養35における細胞よりも高い化学抵抗性を示した。これらの研究では、他の多くの36,37と同様に、解ciaciaされた細胞懸濁液をバイオプリントし、次に細胞培養物に必要な機械的および生化学的手掛かりを与えて細胞が3D構造を形成することを可能にした。しかし、細胞自己集合は数日または数週間かかる場合があり、複雑な空間的および時間的環境的手掛かりを必要とすることがあり、または2つの細胞タイプが共同培養される場合には起こらない場合がある。例えば、2D共培養において内皮細胞における細胞死を誘導した乳房上皮細胞、および解約乳房上皮細胞は、アルギン酸/ゼラチンヒドロゲル38にバイオプリントした際に3Dスフェロイドを形成しなかった。解体乳房上皮または癌細胞は、円形PDMS型に包絡された場合にのみ、アルギン酸塩ベースのバイオインクでスフェロイドを形成した。他の場合には、スフェロイドは、超低添付着円状ウェルプレート中に懸濁液滴を使用して形成し、次いでアルギン酸系バイオインク39,40に混合した。
このプロトコルでは、代替3D組織バイオマニュファクチャリング法について説明します。解約細胞を播種してこれらの細胞が3D構造を形成するのを待つのではなく、血管管ネットワーク上に3D腫瘍回転楕円体を作成してバイオプリントし、ほぼ即座に使用できる腫瘍共培養モデルを作成する方法を説明する。腫瘍スフェロイドは、インビトロで成長させるか、またはヒト組織(オルガノイド)に由来する。同様に、血管管は、微小血管断片の脂肪組織に由来することができるか、または成長させることができる。バイオインクは、生物学的に不活性なアルギン酸から、生物学的に活性の高いマトリゲル41まで及ぶ。この3D腫瘍共培養モデルは、様々な細胞構造およびバイオインクを用いて作成することができるので、複数の細胞型、細胞外マトリックス、およびケモカイン勾配15、42を組み込むことができる。現在の製剤では、内皮ネットワークを浸透させることはできませんが、将来の反復は、この方法をマイクロ流体またはオンチップシステムと統合することができます。内皮ネットワーク上のバイオプリンティング3D乳房上皮スフェロイドは、薬物検査および個別の精密医療27のためのヒト乳房モデルの迅速なバイオファブリケーションを可能にする。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>37&#176;C incubator, 5% CO2 and 95% humidity</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MCO-20AIC</td>
			<td>Cell incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Bio printer</td>
			<td>custom-made</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>Used for bioprinting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-well chamber slides</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>53106-306</td>
			<td>for seeding spheroids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25-gauge needle</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>Z192406-100EA</td>
			<td>bioprinting syringe needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol (200 proof )</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>E7023-500ML</td>
			<td>reconsitution of media components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Affinipure F(ab&#8242;)2 fragment goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA</td>
			<td>115006020</td>
			<td>secondary block - Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 (1:200)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>A-11006</td>
			<td>Seconday antibody-Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>I-035-0.5ML</td>
			<td>MCF10A Media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>A2153-500G</td>
			<td>Blocking agent -Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 70 &#181;m Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td>Remove large or clustered spheroids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTracker&#8482; Red CMTPX Dye</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>C34552</td>
			<td>pre-stain for HUVEC tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compact Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hermle- Labnet, Edison ,NJ</td>
			<td>Z206A</td>
			<td>For cell centrifugations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholera Toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>C8052-.5MG</td>
			<td>MCF10A Media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tubes 15 mL</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>62406-200</td>
			<td>Collecting and resuspending cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess II-FL Cell counter</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>AMQAF1000</td>
			<td>counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass pipettes (10 mL)</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>76184-746</td>
			<td>cell resuspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM F:12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td>MCF10A basal media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM 1X</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>10-014-CV</td>
			<td>MDA-MB-231 basal media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelial Basal Medium-2 (EBM-2)</td>
			<td>Lonza, Durham, NC</td>
			<td>CC-3156</td>
			<td>HUVEC basal media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelial Growth Medium-2 (EGM-2)</td>
			<td>Lonza, Durham, NC</td>
			<td>CC-3162</td>
			<td>Accompanied with a Bulletkit (containing growth factors)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor&#8482; 488 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Labelling MDA-MB-231 spheroids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine serum</td>
			<td>Cytiva, Logan, UT</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td>HUVEC/MDA-MB-231 media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>16210064</td>
			<td>Live and dead cell stain assay for cell viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>G8898-500G</td>
			<td>immunofluorescence buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoescht 33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>Nuclei stain immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>16050130</td>
			<td>MCF10A Media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>H0888-5G</td>
			<td>MCF10A Media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Umblical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs)</td>
			<td>Cell applications, San Diego , CA</td>
			<td>200-05f</td>
			<td>Endothelial cell lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Integrin &#945;6</td>
			<td>Millipore, Billerica, MA</td>
			<td>MAB1378</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence spheroid labelling component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live Dead assay</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>L3224</td>
			<td>Live and dead cell stain assay for cell viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSM 700 Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss, Thornwood, NY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to visualize cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel - growth factor reduced 10 mg/ml</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Spheroid formation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MCF10A cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-10317</td>
			<td>Breast cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDA-MB-231 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-26</td>
			<td>Breast cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>158127-500G</td>
			<td>cell fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin and streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>MCF10A / MDA-MB-231/HUVEC Media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline 1X (PBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>7001106</td>
			<td>Wash buffer for cells before trypsinization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer saline 10X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>AM9625</td>
			<td>immunofluorescence buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong gold antifade</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>P36934</td>
			<td>immunofluorescence mountant medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor, EGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ</td>
			<td>AF-100-15</td>
			<td>MCF10A/ assay media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>S2002-25G</td>
			<td>immunofluorescence buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>75846-757</td>
			<td>bioprinting process</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture dish (10cm)</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>25382-166</td>
			<td>monolayer cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma, St.Louis, MO</td>
			<td>T8787-250ML</td>
			<td>immunofluorescence buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue 0.4%</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>15250061</td>
			<td>cell counter additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0.05%</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td>cell detachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween -20</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>85113</td>
			<td>immunofluorescence buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#62;Vascular Endothelial Growth factor (VEGF165)</td>
			<td>Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ</td>
			<td>100-20</td>
			<td>HUVEC tube additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Volocity 6.3 cell imaging software</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Z stack compresser</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

direct bioprinting of 3d multicellular breast spheroids onto endothelial networks

バイオプリンティングは、生体組織アーキテクチャの重要な特徴をより良く再現する3Dヒトがんモデルを製造するための有望なツールとして浮上しています。現在のレイヤーごとの押出バイオプリンティングでは、個々の細胞が複雑な空間的および一時的な手がかりと共にバイオインクで押し出され、階層組織の自己集合を促進します。しかし、このバイオファブリケーション技術は、細胞間の複雑な相互作用、バイオインク、生化学的および生物物理学的手掛かりに依存しています。したがって、自己組立には数日または数週間かかる場合があり、特定のバイオインキを必要とすることがあり、複数の細胞タイプが関与している場合には必ずしも起こらない場合がある。そこで、様々なバイオインクで形成された3D乳房上皮スフェロイドを直接バイオプリントする技術を開発しました。バイオプリントされたプレフォーム3D乳房上皮スフェロイドは、印刷後の生存率と偏光アーキテクチャを維持した。さらに、3Dスフェロイドを血管内皮細胞ネットワークに印刷し、共培養モデルを作成しました。したがって、新しいバイオプリンティング技術は、従来のバイオプリンティング技術よりも低コストで柔軟性を持って、より生理学的に関連する3Dヒト乳房モデルを迅速に作成します。この多目的なバイオプリンティング技術は、追加のバイオインクで他の組織の3Dモデルを作成するために外挿することができます。

乳房上皮細胞は、マトリックス溶液上および2%マトリックス溶液を有する培養培地で5〜8日後に3Dスフェロイドに自己組織化すべきである。非腫瘍性MCF10A乳房上皮スフェロイドは円形に見え、中空中心を有し、インテグリンα6はスフェロイドの外縁に偏光している(図1、差し込みは中空の中心を示す)。高侵襲性MDA-MB-231乳癌上皮細胞は不規則なスフェロイドを形成する。回...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Bioprinting of 3D Multicellular Breast Spheroids onto Endothelial Networks at JoVE.com

Direct Bioprinting of 3D Multicellular Breast Spheroids onto Endothelial Networks

このプロトコルの目的は、多細胞スフェロイドとして乳房上皮細胞を、薬物スクリーニング研究に使用できる3D乳房内皮共培養モデルを迅速に作成するために、多細胞性スフェロイドとして直接バイオプリントすることです。

内皮ネットワーク上の3D多細胞乳房スフェロイドの直接バイオプリンティング

Bioprinting is emerging as a promising tool to fabricate 3D human cancer models that better recapitulate critical hallmarks of in vivo tissue ...

direct-bioprinting-3d-multicellular-breast-spheroids-onto-endothelial

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

4.8K ビュー.  Drexel University. このプロトコルの目的は、多細胞スフェロイドとして乳房上皮細胞を、薬物スクリーニング研究に使用できる3D乳房内皮共培養モデルを迅速に作成するために、多細胞性スフェロイドとして直接バイオプリントすることです。

ビデオ: Direct Bioprinting of 3D Multicellular Breast Spheroids onto Endothelial Networks

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells within a tissue, however, are typically encased within a closely packed tissue mass in which cells establish intimate connections with many near-neighbors and with extracellular matrix components. Accordingly, the chemical milieu and physical forces experienced by cells within a 3D tissue are fundamentally different than those experienced by cells grown in monolayer culture. This has been shown to markedly impact cellular morphology and signaling. Several methods have been devised to generate 3D cell cultures including encapsulation of cells in collagen gels1or in biomaterial scaffolds2. Such methods, while useful, do not recapitulate the intimate direct cell-cell adhesion architecture found in normal tissues. Rather, they more closely approximate culture systems in which single cells are loosely dispersed within a 3D meshwork of ECM products. Here, we describe a simple method in which cells are placed in hanging drop culture and incubated under physiological conditions until they form true 3D spheroids in which cells are in direct contact with each other and with extracellular matrix components. The method requires no specialized equipment and can be adapted to include addition of any biological agent in very small quantities that may be of interest in elucidating effects on cell-cell or cell-ECM interaction. The method can also be used to co-culture two (or more) different cell populations so as to elucidate the role of cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions in specifying spatial relationships between cells. Cell-cell cohesion and cell-ECM adhesion are the cornerstones of studies of embryonic development, tumor-stromal cell interaction in malignant invasion, wound healing, and for applications to tissue engineering. This simple method will provide a means of generating tissue-like cellular aggregates for measurement of biomechanical properties or for molecular and biochemical analysis in a physiologically relevant model.

We describe a simple, rapid method of generating 3D tissue-like spheroids and their potential application to quantify differences in cell-cell interactions.

3D楕円体の生成のための簡単​​なハンギングドロップ細胞培養プロトコル

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

生物工学

Modeling Ovarian Cancer Multicellular Spheroid Behavior in a Dynamic 3D Peritoneal Microdevice

Ovarian cancer is characterized by extensive peritoneal metastasis, with tumor spheres commonly found in the malignant ascites. This is associated with poor clinical outcomes and currently lacks effective treatment. Both the three-dimensional (3D) environment and the dynamic mechanical forces are very important factors in this metastatic cascade. However, traditional cell cultures fail to recapitulate this natural tumor microenvironment. Thus, in vivo-like models that can emulate the intraperitoneal environment are of obvious importance. In this study, a new microfluidic platform of the peritoneum was set up to mimic the situation of ovarian cancer spheroids in the peritoneal cavity during metastasis. Ovarian cancer spheroids generated under a non-adherent condition were cultured in microfluidic channels coated with peritoneal mesothelial cells subjected to physiologically relevant shear stress. In summary, this dynamic 3D ovarian cancer-mesothelium microfluidic platform can provide new knowledge on basic cancer biology and serve as a platform for potential drug screening and development.

To study ovarian tumor progression in a physiologically relevant model, multicellular spheroids were cultured in a microdevice under simulated fluid flow. This dynamic 3D model emulates the intraperitoneal environment with the cellular and mechanical components where ovarian cancer metastasis occurs.

ダイナミックな3D腹膜のマイクロデバイスに卵巣癌多細胞スフェロイドの挙動のモデル化

Ovarian cancer is characterized by extensive peritoneal metastasis, with tumor spheres commonly found in the malignant ascites. This is associated with ...

Creation of Cardiac Tissue Exhibiting Mechanical Integration of Spheroids Using 3D Bioprinting

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts are first isolated, counted and mixed at desired cell ratios. They are co-cultured in individual wells in ultra-low attachment 96-well plates. Within 3 days, beating spheroids form. These spheroids are then picked up by a nozzle using vacuum suction and assembled on a needle array using a 3D bioprinter. The spheroids are then allowed to fuse on the needle array. Three days after 3D bioprinting, the spheroids are removed as an intact patch, which is already spontaneously beating. 3D bioprinted cardiac patches exhibit mechanical integration of component spheroids and are highly promising in cardiac tissue regeneration and as 3D models of heart disease.

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials. 3D bioprinted cardiac patches exhibit mechanical integration of component spheroids and are highly promising in cardiac tissue regeneration and as 3D models of heart disease.

3D Bioprintingを用いたスフェロイドの機械的統合を示す心臓組織の創出

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both cartilage and skin analogs were fabricated after bioink pre-cellularization utilizing a novel passive mixing unit technique. This technique was developed with the aim to simplify the steps involved in the mixing of a cell suspension into a highly viscous bioink. The resolution of filaments deposited through bioprinting necessitates the assurance of uniformity in cell distribution prior to printing to avoid the deposition of regions without cells or retention of large cell clumps that can clog the needle. We demonstrate the ability to rapidly blend a cell suspension with a bioink prior to bioprinting of both cartilage and skin analogs. Both tissue analogs could be cultured for up to 4 weeks. Histological analysis demonstrated both cell viability and deposition of tissue specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen I respectively.

Cartilage and skin analogs were bioprinted using a nanocellulose-alginate based bioink. The bioinks were cellularized prior to printing via a single step passive mixing unit. The constructs were demonstrated to be uniformly cellularized, have high viability, and exhibit favorable markers of differentiation.

軟骨と皮膚組織類縁ミキシング ユニット Bioink Precellularization の小説のパッシブ バイオプリンティング

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

Lab-on-a-CD Platform for Generating Multicellular Three-dimensional Spheroids

A three-dimensional spheroid cell culture can obtain more useful results in cell experiments because it can better simulate cell microenvironments of the living body than two-dimensional cell culture. In this study, we fabricated an electrical motor-driven lab-on-a-CD (compact disc) platform, called a centrifugal microfluidic-based spheroid (CMS) culture system, to create three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids implementing high centrifugal force. This device can vary rotation speeds to generate gravity conditions from 1 x g to 521 x g. The CMS system is 6 cm in diameter, has one hundred 400 &#956;m microwells, and is made by molding with polydimethylsiloxane in a polycarbonate mold premade by a computer numerical control machine. A barrier wall at the channel entrance of the CMS system uses centrifugal force to spread cells evenly inside the chip. At the end of the channel, there is a slide region that allows the cells to enter the microwells. As a demonstration, spheroids were generated by monoculture and coculture of human adipose-derived stem cells and human lung fibroblasts under high gravity conditions using the system. The CMS system used a simple operation scheme to produce coculture spheroids of various structures of concentric, Janus, and sandwich. The CMS system will be useful in cell biology and tissue engineering studies that require spheroids and organoid culture of single or multiple cell types.

We present a motor-powered centrifugal microfluidic device that can cultivate cell spheroids. Using this device, spheroids of single or multiple cell types could be easily cocultured under high gravity conditions.

多細胞三次元回転楕円体を生成するためのラボオンCDプラットフォーム

A three-dimensional spheroid cell culture can obtain more useful results in cell experiments because it can better simulate cell microenvironments of the ...

Protocols of 3D Bioprinting of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Based Bioinks

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has become a popular biomaterial in the field of bioprinting. The derivation of this material is gelatin, which is hydrolyzed from mammal collagen. Thus, the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences and target motifs of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) remain on the molecular chains, which help achieve cell attachment and degradation. Furthermore, formation properties of GelMA are versatile. The methacrylamide groups allow a material to become rapidly crosslinked under light irradiation in the presence of a photoinitiator. Therefore, it makes great sense to establish suitable methods for synthesizing three-dimensional (3D) structures with this promising material. However, its low viscosity restricts GelMA's printability. Presented here are methods to carry out 3D bioprinting of GelMA hydrogels, namely the fabrication of GelMA microspheres, GelMA fibers, GelMA complex structures, and GelMA-based microfluidic chips. The resulting structures and biocompatibility of the materials as well as the printing methods are discussed. It is believed that this protocol may serve as a bridge between previously applied biomaterials and GelMA as well as contribute to the establishment of GelMA-based 3D architectures for biomedical applications.

Presented here is a method for the 3D bioprinting of gelatin methacryloyl.

ゼラチンメタクリロイルヒドロゲルベースバイオインクの3Dバイオプリンティングのプロトコル

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has become a popular biomaterial in the field of bioprinting. The derivation of this material is gelatin, which is hydrolyzed ...

3D Bioprinting of Murine Cortical Astrocytes for Engineering Neural-Like Tissue

Astrocytes are glial cells with an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal support and functionality. These cells also respond to neural injuries and act to protect the tissue from degenerative events. In vitro studies of astrocytes&#39; functionality are important to elucidate the mechanisms involved in such events and contribute to developing therapies to treat neurological disorders. This protocol describes a method to biofabricate a neural-like tissue structure rich in astrocytes by 3D bioprinting astrocytes-laden bioink. An extrusion-based 3D bioprinter was used in this work, and astrocytes were extracted from C57Bl/6 mice pups&#39; brain cortices. The bioink was prepared by mixing cortical astrocytes from up to passage 3 to a biomaterial solution composed of gelatin, gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA), and fibrinogen, supplemented with laminin, which presented optimal bioprinting conditions. The 3D bioprinting conditions minimized cell stress, contributing to the high viability of the astrocytes during the process, in which 74.08% &#177; 1.33% of cells were viable right after bioprinting. After 1 week of incubation, the viability of astrocytes significantly increased to 83.54% &#177; 3.00%, indicating that the 3D construct represents a suitable microenvironment for cell growth. The biomaterial composition allowed cell attachment and stimulated astrocytic behavior, with cells expressing the specific astrocytes marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and possessing typical astrocytic morphology. This&#160;reproducible protocol provides a valuable method to biofabricate 3D neural-like tissue rich in astrocytes that resembles cells&#39; native microenvironment, useful to researchers that aim to understand astrocytes&#39; functionality and their relation to the mechanisms involved in neurological diseases.

Here we report a method of 3D bioprinting murine cortical astrocytes for biofabricating neural-like tissues to study the functionality of astrocytes in the central nervous system and the mechanisms involving glial cells in neurological diseases and treatments.

ニューラル様組織の工学的なマウス皮質アストロサイトの3Dバイオプリンティング

Astrocytes are glial cells with an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal support and functionality. These cells also ...

Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids

Multicellular spheroids are important tools for studying tissue and cancer physiology in 3D and are frequently used in tissue engineering as tissue assembling units for biofabrication. While the main power of the spheroid model is in mimicking physical-chemical gradients at the tissue microscale, the real physiological environment (including dynamics of metabolic activity, oxygenation, cell death, and proliferation) inside the spheroids is generally ignored. At the same time, the effects of the growth medium composition and the formation method on the resulting spheroid phenotype are well documented. Thus, characterization and standardization of spheroid phenotype are required to ensure the reproducibility and transparency of the research results. The analysis of average spheroid oxygenation and the value of O2 gradients in three dimensions (3D) can be a simple and universal way for spheroid phenotype characterization, pointing at their metabolic activity, overall viability, and potential to recapitulate in vivo tissue microenvironment. The visualization of 3D oxygenation can be easily combined with multiparametric analysis of additional physiological parameters (such as cell death, proliferation, and cell composition) and applied for continuous oxygenation monitoring and/or end-point measurements. The loading of the O2 probe is performed during the stage of spheroid formation and is compatible with various protocols of spheroid generation. The protocol includes a high-throughput method of spheroid generation with introduced red and near-infrared emitting ratiometric fluorescent O2 nanosensors and the description of multi-parameter assessment of spheroid oxygenation and cell death before and after bioprinting. The experimental examples show comparative O2 gradients analysis in homo- and hetero-cellular spheroids as well as spheroid-based bioprinted constructs. The protocol is compatible with a conventional fluorescence microscope having multiple fluorescence filters and a light-emitting diode as a light source.

The protocol describes high-throughput spheroid generation for bioprinting using the multi-parametric analysis of their oxygenation and cell death on a standard fluorescence microscope. This approach can be applied to control the spheroids viability and perform standardization, which is important in modeling 3D tissue, tumor microenvironment, and successful (micro)tissue biofabrication.

多細胞スフェロイドの手頃な価格の酸素顕微鏡支援バイオファブリケーション

Multicellular spheroids are important tools for studying tissue and cancer physiology in 3D and are frequently used in tissue engineering as tissue ...

Large-Scale, Automated Production of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids for 3D Bioprinting

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are a subpopulation of cells found in the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous adipose tissue recognized as a classical source of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Many studies have been published with ASCs for scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches, which mainly explored the behavior of these cells after their seeding on bioactive scaffolds. However, scaffold-free approaches are emerging to engineer tissues in vitro and in vivo, mainly by using spheroids, to overcome the limitations of scaffold-based approaches.
Spheroids are 3D microtissues formed by the self-assembly process. They can better mimic the architecture and microenvironment of native tissues, mainly due to the magnification of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Recently, spheroids are mainly being explored as disease models, drug screening studies, and building blocks for 3D bioprinting. However, for 3D bioprinting approaches, numerous spheroids, homogeneous in size and shape, are necessary to biofabricate complex tissue and organ models. In addition, when spheroids are produced automatically, there is little chance for microbiological contamination, increasing the reproducibility of the method.
The large-scale production of spheroids is considered the first mandatory step for developing a biofabrication line, which continues in the 3D bioprinting process and finishes in the full maturation of the tissue construct in bioreactors. However, the number of studies that explored the large-scale ASC spheroid production are still scarce, together with the number of studies that used ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting. Therefore, this article aims to show the large-scale production of ASC spheroids using a non-adhesive micromolded hydrogel technique spreading ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.

Here, we describe the large-scale production of adipose-derived stromal/stem cell (ASC) spheroids using an automated pipetting system to seed the cell suspension, thus ensuring homogeneity of spheroid size and shape. These ASC spheroids can be used as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.

3Dバイオプリンティングのための脂肪由来幹細胞スフェロイドの大規模自動生産

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are a subpopulation of cells found in the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous adipose tissue ...

ECM硬化に対する細胞応答をプローブするためのフォトチューナブルバイオプリントハイドロゲル

3D Bioprinting Phototunable Hydrogels to Study Fibroblast Activation

Phototunable hydrogels can transform spatially and temporally in response to light exposure. Incorporating these types of biomaterials in cell-culture platforms and dynamically triggering changes, such as increasing microenvironmental stiffness, enables researchers to model changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that occur during fibrotic disease progression. Herein, a method is presented for 3D bioprinting a phototunable hydrogel biomaterial capable of two sequential polymerization reactions within a gelatin support bath. The technique of Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) bioprinting was adapted by adjusting the pH of the support bath to facilitate a Michael addition reaction. First, the bioink containing poly(ethylene glycol)-alpha methacrylate (PEG&#945;MA) was reacted off-stoichiometry with a cell-degradable crosslinker to form soft hydrogels. These soft hydrogels were later exposed to photoinitator and light to induce the homopolymerization of unreacted groups and stiffen the hydrogel. This protocol covers hydrogel synthesis, 3D bioprinting, photostiffening, and endpoint characterizations to assess fibroblast activation within 3D structures. The method presented here enables researchers to 3D bioprint a variety of materials that undergo pH-catalyzed polymerization reactions and could be implemented to engineer various models of tissue homeostasis, disease, and repair.

著者スポットライト:3Dプリントされたフォトチューナブルハイドロゲルを使用した慢性肺疾患の理解 

This article describes how to 3D bioprint phototunable hydrogels to study extracellular matrix stiffening and fibroblast activation.

線維芽細胞の活性化を研究するための3Dバイオプリンティング用フォトチューナブルハイドロゲル

Phototunable hydrogels can transform spatially and temporally in response to light exposure. Incorporating these types of biomaterials in cell-culture ...