This work was supported by an NIH MIRA grant (R35GM124678 to J. S.).

1. Media preparations
<ol>
	<li>Prepare sterile lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates and liquid media following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</li>
	<li>Streak Escherichia coli (E. coli)&#160;strain OP50 on a LB agar plate. Incubate the bacteria streak at 37 &#176;C overnight.</li>
	<li>Store the E. coli OP50 streak plate at 4 &#176;C after incubation. The E. coli OP50 plate can safely be stored at 4 &#176;C for 2 weeks if wrapped in parafilm to prevent moisture loss.</li>
	<li>Prep...

<ol>
	<li>Corsi, A. K., Wightman, B., Chalfie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Transparent+window+into+biology:+A+on+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">A Transparent window into biology: A on Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 200 (2), 387-407 (2015).</li><li>Blackwell, T. K., Walker, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+mechanisms.">Transcription mechanisms.</a> WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology. , 1-16 (2006).</li><li>Page, A. P., Johnstone, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cuticle.">The cuticle.</a> WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology. , 1-15 (2007).</li><li>Lichtsteiner, S., Tjian, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+properties+of+the+Caenorhabditis+elegans+TATA-box-binding+protein.">Cloning and properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans TATA-box-binding protein.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (20), 9673-9677 (1993).</li><li>Lichtsteiner, S., Tjian, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+activation+of+transcription+by+UNC-86+and+MEC-3+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+embryo+extracts.">Synergistic activation of transcription by UNC-86 and MEC-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans embryo extracts.</a> EMBO Journal. 14 (16), 3937-3945 (1995).</li><li>Shan, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotope-labeled+immunoassays+without+radiation+waste.">Isotope-labeled immunoassays without radiation waste.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (6), 2445-2449 (2000).</li><li>Voss, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel,+non-radioactive+eukaryotic+in+vitro+transcription+assay+for+sensitive+quantification+of+RNA+polymerase+II+activity.">A novel, non-radioactive eukaryotic in vitro transcription assay for sensitive quantification of RNA polymerase II activity.</a> BMC Molecular Biology. 15, 7 (2014).</li><li>Wibisono, P., Liu, Y., Sun, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+in+vitro+Caenorhabditis+elegans+transcription+system.">A novel in vitro Caenorhabditis elegans transcription system.</a> BMC Molecular and Cell Biology. 21 (1), 87 (2020).</li><li>Stiernagle, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+C.+elegans.">Maintenance of C. elegans.</a> WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology. , 1-11 (2006).</li><li>Zbacnik, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+buffers+in+protein+formulations.">Role of buffers in protein formulations.</a> Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 106 (3), 713-733 (2017).</li></ol>

C. elegans is an appealing model organism to study the eukaryotic transcription system because of its low-cost maintenance and the ease of genetic manipulation. Here a protocol for consistent isolation of functionally active nuclear extract from L4 C. elegans is described. Although this protocol focused on visualizing transcription activity, the cDNA produced post-transcriptionally can be quantified using RT-qPCR to obtain a more precise measurement of the transcription activity8...

The small, free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple yet powerful model organism for addressing a wide range of biological questions. Since its introduction in 1963, the nematodes have been invaluable to answering questions in neurobiology, metabolism, aging, development, immunity, and genetics1. Some of the animal&#39;s many characteristics that make it an ideal model organism include short generation time, the effectiveness of RNA interference, transparent body, and the completed maps of both its cellular lineage and nervous system.
While the nematode&#39;s contributions to science are vast, they have been under-utilized to elucidate the eukaryotic transcription system, with most of our understanding about these mechanisms coming from studies using nuclear extract from yeast, fruit fly, and mammalian cell culture2. The biggest hurdle that dissuades researchers from extracting functional nuclear extract is the nematode&#39;s tough outer cuticle. This exoskeleton comprises cross-linked collagens, cuticlins, glycoproteins, and lipids, making C. elegans from larval stage to adulthood resistant to protein extraction via chemical or mechanical forces3. An in vitro transcription system using C. elegans nuclear extract was once developed but not widely adopted due to the system&#39;s limited scope, and the use of Dounce homogenizer for preparing the extract could lead to protein instability4,5.
Unlike the previous protocol for nuclear extract isolation which utilized a Dounce homogenizer to break C. elegans, this protocol uses a Balch homogenizer. The Balch homogenizer consists of two main components: a tungsten carbide ball and a stainless-steel block with a channel bored through from one end to another. The Balch homogenizer is loaded with the tungsten carbide ball and capped on either side to seal the grinding chamber. Syringes can be loaded on the two vertical ports leading into the grinding chamber. As the material is passed from one syringe to the other through the grinding chamber, the pressure from the syringes forces the material through a narrow gap between the ball and the wall of the chamber. This slow and constant pressure breaks the material until it reaches a consistent size that is able to pass through the narrow gap easily. Forcing C. elegans through the narrow gap via a constant yet gentle pressure breaks the animals open, releasing their content into the surrounding buffer. Switching ball sizes further tightens the gap, breaking the newly released cells and frees the nuclei into the buffer. Multiple instances of centrifugation separate the nuclei from the rest of the cell debris, allowing for the collection of a clean nuclear extract. The Balch homogenizer is preferred over the Dounce homogenizer for several reasons: the system can handle a large number of animals, making it possible to extract a high amount of active proteins in a single attempt; the precise machining of the balls and the steel block allows for consistent grinding between multiple samples; the heavy steel block act as a heat sink, uniformly drawing heat away from the grinding chamber, preventing denaturing.
After isolation, the nuclear extract transcriptional activity must be verified before being used in any biochemical experiments. Traditionally, transcription activity was measured using radiolabeled nucleotides to track and visualize the newly synthesized RNA. However, radioactive labeling can be burdensome as it requires precaution during use and disposal6. Technological advancements allow researchers today to use much less harmful or troublesome methods to measure even small RNA quantities using techniques such as quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)7. Here, the protocol describes a method to isolate active nuclear extract from larval stage 4 (L4) C. elegans and visualize transcription activity in an in vitro system.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumables and reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL 8-Strip Tubes &#38; Flat Strip Caps, Clear</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;24-706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL Individual PCR tubes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;24-153G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 mL sterile microtubes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>24-282S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% absolute molecular grade ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;BP2818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol, Koptec</td>
			<td>Decon Labs</td>
			<td>&#160;V1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL serological pipet</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>&#160;89130-898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 mm petri plates</td>
			<td>Tritech Research</td>
			<td>&#160;T3325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;28-103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 mL plastic syringes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14955460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Norm-Ject syringes</td>
			<td>Henke-Sass Wolf GmbH</td>
			<td>4020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 mL vacuum filter cup 0.22 &#181;m PES, Stericup Millipore Express Plus</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>SCGPU10RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>339652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL serological pipet</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>&#160;89130-902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL serological pipet</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>&#160;89130-896</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar, Criterion</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;C7432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;CA3510-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol proof marker</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;52877-310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto peptone</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;90000-264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caenorhabditis elegans</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td>N2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium dichloride</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;C4901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;C8667</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control DNA temple cloning primers, Forward 5&#8217;- ctc atg ttt gac agc tta tcg atc cgg gc -3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control DNA temple cloning primers, Forward 5&#8217;- aca gga cgg gtg tgg tcg cca tga t -3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&#160;15508-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA gel stain, SYBR safe</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&#160;S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA ladder mix, O&#8217;gene ruler</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;SM1173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Loading Dye, 6x TriTrack</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;FERR1161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase, Baseline-ZERO</td>
			<td>Lucigen</td>
			<td>&#160;DB0715K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli OP50 strain</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;A38</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;G6279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa nuclear extract in vitro transcription system, HeLaScribe</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>&#160;E3110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes Solution, 1 M Gibco</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid 37%</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypochlorite bleach</td>
			<td>Clorox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Broth</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;L3022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium dichloride</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium weigh dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;02-202-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope slides, Vista vision</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>16004-368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>molecular grade water, Hypure</td>
			<td>Hyclone Laboratories</td>
			<td>&#160;SH30538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nystatin</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;N1638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR system, FailSafe with premix A</td>
			<td>Lucigen</td>
			<td>&#160;FS99100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P39111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P3786</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor, Halt single use cocktail 100x</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>78430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>protein assay kit, Qubit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;Q33211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reverse transcription kit, Sensiscript</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>205211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA extraction kit RNeasy micro kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>&#160;N8080119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;BDH9286-12KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;1-09137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile syringe filter with 0.2 &#181;m Polyethersulfone membrane</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>28145-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;200-334-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transcription primers, Forward 5&#8217;- gcc ggg cct ctt gcg gga tat -3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transcription primers, Reverse 5&#8217;- cgg cca aag cgg tcg gac agt-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;BP152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P2287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-20 &#176;C incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 &#176;C incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 &#176;C incubator</td>
			<td>Forma Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 &#176;C refrigerator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-80 &#176;C freezer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balch homogenizer, isobiotec cell homogenizer</td>
			<td>Isobiotec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop Vortexer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2215365</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge, Eppendorf 5418 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5401000013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge, VWR Clinical 50</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>82013-800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope, Leica M80</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorometer, Qubit 2.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel imaging system, iBright FL1500</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;A44241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel system</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>12621-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuges, Eppendorf 5424</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22620401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPETBOY acu 2</td>
			<td>Integra</td>
			<td>155017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-1000 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-10 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-200 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-20 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking platform</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler, Eppendorf Mastercycler Pro</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>950030010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of active caenorhabditis elegans nuclear extract and reconstitution for in vitro transcription

Caenorhabditis elegans has been an important model system for biological research since it was introduced in 1963. However, C. elegans has not been fully utilized in the biochemical study of biological reactions using its nuclear extracts such as in vitro transcription and DNA replication. A significant hurdle for using C. elegans in biochemical studies is disrupting the nematode&#39;s thick outer cuticle without sacrificing the activity of the nuclear extract. While several methods are used to break the cuticle, such as Dounce homogenization or sonication, they often lead to protein instability. There are no established protocols for isolating active nuclear proteins from larva or adult C. elegans for in vitro reactions. Here, the protocol describes in detail the homogenization of larval stage 4 C. elegans using a Balch homogenizer. The Balch homogenizer uses pressure to slowly force the animals through a narrow gap breaking the cuticle in the process. The uniform design and precise machining of the Balch homogenizer allow for consistent grinding of animals between experiments. Fractionating the homogenate obtained from the Balch homogenizer yields functionally active nuclear extract that can be used in an in vitro method for assaying transcription activity of C. elegans.

Following the outlined steps should yield functional nuclear extract (Figure 1), deviation in the grinding or wash steps can lead to poor activity or low yields. If functional C. elegans nuclear extract is obtained, it will transcribe the region downstream of the CMV promoter on the DNA template when added to the previously described in vitro assay. The resulting RNA transcript can be purified from the nuclear proteins and DNA template usin...

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Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for isolating active nuclear extract from larval stage 4 C. elegans and visualizing transcription activity in an in vitro system.

Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription

Caenorhabditis elegans has been an important model system for biological research since it was introduced in 1963. However, C. elegans has not been fully ...

This protocol fills a technical gap for the biochemical study of C.elegans and expands their usefulness as a model organism. This technique is both simple and robust, allowing for consistent isolation of functionally active C.elegans nuclear extract. Begin by placing the synchronized L1 animals on 10 150-millimeter nematode growth media-containing plates seeded with Escherichia coli OP50, and allow the animals to grow for 48 hours at 20 degrees Celsius until they reach the L4 stage.Once the hypotonic and hypertonic buffers are prepared, clean the Balch homogenizer by flooding the grinding chamber with 70%ethanol. Then rinse the chamber with deionized water to remove the excess ethanol. Insert the tungsten carbide ball into the grinding chamber.Cap the ends of the Balch homogenizer's barrel, and secure the caps with the provided thumbscrews. Then prepare five milliliters of the complete hypotonic and hypertonic buffers per sample as described in the text manuscript. Next fill a sterile, two-milliliter syringe with one milliliter of complete hypotonic buffer, and gently flush the grinding chamber of the Balch homogenizer, leaving approximately 500 microliters of complete hypotonic buffer in the chamber.Store the flushed homogenizer on ice, and let it cool for 30 minutes. Collect the well-fed L4 animals with M9 buffer in a 15-milliliter conical tube, and centrifuge the animals at 1, 000 times g for three minutes. Remove the supernatant, and continue washing the animal pellet until the supernatant is clear.Next wash the animals with three milliliters of cold hypotonic buffer, and centrifuge again as demonstrated. After removing the supernatant hypotonic buffer, add one milliliter of complete hypotonic buffer to the animal pellet, and transfer the animal suspension to a new sterile, two-milliliter syringe. For homogenizing the animals kept on ice, gently push the animals through the grinding chamber of the Balch homogenizer loaded with the tungsten ball.Then collect the animals back in the syringe, and repeat this procedure 30 times. After 30 cycles of homogenization, collect maximum animal suspension from the Balch homogenizer, and store the syringe with the tip positioned downward inside a 1.7-milliliter microtube. Remove the tungsten ball, and clean the grinding chamber with deionized water.Dry and return the ball to the respective labeled tube. Then insert the tungsten ball with 7.9880-millimeters diameter and 12-micrometer gap clearance into the grinding chamber, and reseal the homogenizer. Flush the grinding chamber again with one milliliter of ice-cold complete hypotonic buffer.Grind the suspension 25 times as demonstrated. Transfer the animal suspension into a clean, 1.7-milliliter microtube, and store the suspension on ice. Pellet down the animal bodies and debris by centrifugation.Pipette 40 microliters of the supernatant to a tube labeled as input fraction, and store the fraction on ice. Transfer the remaining supernatant to a new 1.7-milliliter tube without disturbing the pellet, and centrifuge to pellet the nuclei. Then transfer the supernatant without disturbing the pelleted nuclei to a new 1.7-milliliter tube labeled as cytosolic fraction.To wash the nuclei pellet, add 500 microliters of complete hypotonic buffer to the pellet, suspend the pellet, and centrifuge at 4, 000 times g at four degrees Celsius for five minutes. At the end of the centrifugation, resuspend the nuclear pellet in 500 microliters of fresh complete hypotonic buffer, and again centrifuge the sample as demonstrated. Then dissolve the pellet in 40 microliters of complete hypertonic buffer.Transfer the nuclear suspension to a new 1.7-milliliter tube labeled nuclear fraction, and store it on ice. Determine the protein concentration of three fractions using a fluorescent quantification kit. Aliquot the nuclear fractions into single-use tubes containing six micrograms of the nuclear protein, and snap freeze in dry ice and ethanol bath.Store the samples at minus 80 degrees Celsius until further use. The representative gel image shows the transcription products of Caenorhabditis elegans L4 larvae nuclear extract using the CMV promoter DNA template. The successful isolation of active nuclear proteins resulted in a 132 base pair band after an in vitro transcription, and unsuccessful isolation resulted in a weak band or the absence of a band.Remember to clearly label the complete buffers. Inappropriate buffers can harm the functionality of the nuclear proteins. Also, keep the homogenizer ice cold to prevent denaturing of the proteins.Developing this technique allowed researchers to measure the rate of RNA transcription of C.elegans during stressful conditions, showing that the animal's transcription rate can change depending on environmental conditions.

isolation-active-caenorhabditis-elegans-nuclear-extract

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JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

2.4K ビュー.  Washington State University. このプロトコルは、C.elegansの生化学的研究のための技術的なギャップを埋め、モデル生物としての有用性を拡大します。この技術は、機能的に活性C.elegans核抽出物の一貫した分離を可能にする、シンプルで堅牢な両方です。まず、同期したL1動物を、大腸菌OP50を播種した10個の150ミリメートルの線虫増殖培地含有プレートに配置し、L4段階に達するまで摂氏20度で48時間成...

ビデオ: Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for isolating active nuclear extract from larval stage 4 C. elegans and visualizing transcription activity in an in vitro...

isolation and in vitro activation of caenorhabditis elegans sperm

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

A protocol for isolating and activating spermatids from male C. elegans is described here. Cutting the posterior end of male releases spermatids. The spermatids can be activated by addition of...

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

in vitro reconstitution of the active t. castaneum telomerase

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

in vitro reconstitution of spatial cell contact patterns with isolated caenorhabditis elegans embryo blastomeres and adhesive polystyrene beads

In Vitro Reconstitution of Spatial Cell Contact Patterns with Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo Blastomeres and Adhesive Polystyrene Beads

Tissue complexities of multicellular systems confound the identification of causal relationship between extracellular cues and individual cellular behaviors. Here, we present a method to study the direct link between contact-dependent cues and division axes using C. elegans embryo blastomeres and adhesive polystyrene...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Spatial Cell Contact Patterns with Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo Blastomeres and Adhesive Polystyrene Beads

protein extract preparation and co-immunoprecipitation from caenorhabditis elegans

Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans

This method describes a protocol for high-throughput protein extract preparation from Caenorhabditis elegans samples and subsequent...

Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans

reconstitution of &#946;-catenin degradation in xenopus egg extract

Reconstitution Of &amp;#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

A method is described for analyzing protein degradation using radiolabeled and luciferase-fusion proteins in Xenopus egg extract and its adaptation for high-throughput screening for small molecule modulators of protein...

Reconstitution Of &#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

isolation and characterization of the natural microbiota of the model nematode caenorhabditis elegans

Isolation and Characterization of the Natural Microbiota of the Model Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the main model species in biology, yet almost all research is performed in the absence of its naturally associated microbes. The methods described here will help to improve our understanding of the diversity of associated microbes as a basis for future functional C. elegans...

Isolation and Characterization of the Natural Microbiota of the Model Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

vampiric isolation of extracellular fluid from caenorhabditis elegans

Vampiric Isolation of Extracellular Fluid from Caenorhabditis elegans

The model organism C. elegans uses pseudocoelomic fluid as a passive circulatory system.  Direct assay of this fluid has not been previously possible.  Here we present a novel technique to directly assay the extracellular space, and use systemic silencing signals during an RNAi response as a proof of principle...

Vampiric Isolation of Extracellular Fluid from Caenorhabditis elegans

isolation of specific neuron populations from roundworm caenorhabditis elegans

Isolation of Specific Neuron Populations from Roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we present a protocol for simple isolation of specific groups of live neuronal cells expressing green fluorescent protein from transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans lines. This method enables a variety of ex vivo studies focused on specific neurons and has the capacity to isolate cells for further short-term...

Isolation of Specific Neuron Populations from Roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

lipid supplementation for longevity and gene transcriptional analysis in caenorhabditis elegans

Lipid Supplementation for Longevity and Gene Transcriptional Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

The present protocol describes lipid supplementation methods in liquid and on-plate cultures for Caenorhabditis elegans, coupled with longitudinal studies and gene transcriptional analysis from bulk or a few worms and worm...

Lipid Supplementation for Longevity and Gene Transcriptional Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

analysis of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in c. elegans using a fluorescent reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip)

Author Spotlight: RNAi Inheritance and ChIP in C. elegans 

This protocol describes an RNA interference and ChIP assay to study the epigenetic inheritance of RNAi-induced silencing and associated chromatin modifications in C. elegans.

Epigenetic Inheritance and ChIP in &lt;em&gt;Caenorhabditis elegans&lt;/em&gt;

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prostaglandin extraction and analysis in caenorhabditis elegans

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this paper, we describe an optimized procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from C. elegans using...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

combined nucleotide and protein extractions in caenorhabditis elegans

Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of RNA, DNA, and protein from the same sample, in an effort to reduce variation, improve reproducibility, and facilitate...

Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans

in vitro reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes of plants and green algae

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

This protocol details the reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes in vitro. These integral membrane proteins coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids and are responsible for harvesting light in higher plants and green...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

nuclear isolation from cryopreserved in vitro derived blood cells

Author Spotlight: Advancing In Vitro Blood Cell Production with Single-Cell Multiomics and Functional Genomics

We describe a protocol for extracting high-quality nuclei from cryopreserved induced pluripotent stem cell-derived stromal/endothelial and blood cell types to support single-nucleus next-generation sequencing analyses. Producing high-quality, intact nuclei is imperative for multiomics experiments but can be a barrier to entry in the field for some laboratories.

Nuclear Isolation from Cryopreserved In Vitro Derived Blood Cells

isolation of neurons from caenorhabditis elegans via fluorescence-activated cell sorting

This video demonstrates the isolation of fluorescently labeled neurons from Caenorhabditis elegans. A cell suspension is obtained from transgenic worms engineered to express fluorescent protein-fused vesicular transmembrane transporters in cholinergic neurons. The fluorescently labeled neurons are then isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and maintained in...

Isolation of Neurons from Caenorhabditis elegans via Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting

hand dissection of caenorhabditis elegans intestines

Hand Dissection of Caenorhabditis elegans Intestines

The present protocol describes a procedure for isolating intestines from adult Caenorhabditis elegans nematode worms by hand for input in genomics, proteomics, microbiome, or other assays.

Hand Dissection of Caenorhabditis elegans Intestines

manipulation of ploidy in caenorhabditis elegans

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

This method allows for the generation of tetraploid and triploid Caenorhabditis nematodes from any diploid strain. Polyploid strains generated by this method have been used to study chromosome interactions in meiotic prophase, and this method is useful for examining important basic questions in cell, developmental, evolutionary, and cancer...

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

purification and analysis of caenorhabditis elegans extracellular vesicles

Purification and Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Vesicles

This article presents methods for generating, purifying, and quantifying Caenorhabditis elegans extracellular...

Purification and Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Vesicles

imaging dendritic spines in caenorhabditis elegans

Imaging Dendritic Spines in Caenorhabditis elegans

Dendritic spines are important cellular features of the nervous system. Here live imaging methods are described for assessing the structure and function of dendritic spines in C. elegans.&#160;These approaches support the development of mutant screens for genes that define dendritic spine shape or...

Imaging Dendritic Spines in Caenorhabditis elegans

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages for identifying biologically active chemical structures that can modify complex phenotypes such as lifespan. Described here is a simple protocol for producing hundreds of 96-well culture plates with fairly consistent numbers of C. elegans in each well. Next, we specified how to use these cultures to screen thousands of chemicals for effects on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. This protocol makes use of temperature sensitive sterile strains, agar plate conditions, and simple animal handling to facilitate the rapid and high throughput production of synchronized animal cultures for screening.

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Here we describe a simple protocol for rapidly producing hundreds of nematode growth media agar, 96-well culture plates with consistent numbers of Caenorhhabditis elegans per well. These cultures are useful for the phenotypic screening of whole organisms. We focus here on using these cultures to screen chemicals for pro-longevity effects.

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis

Polymodal ion channels transduce multiple stimuli of different natures into allosteric changes; these dynamic conformations are challenging to determine and remain largely unknown. With recent advances in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) shedding light on the structural features of agonist binding sites and the activation mechanism of several ion channels, the stage is set for an in-depth dynamic analysis of their gating mechanisms using spectroscopic approaches. Spectroscopic techniques such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and double electron-electron resonance (DEER) have been mainly restricted to the study of prokaryotic ion channels that can be purified in large quantities. The requirement for large amounts of functional and stable membrane proteins has hampered the study of mammalian ion channels using these approaches. EPR and DEER offer many advantages, including determination of the structure and dynamic changes of mobile protein regions, albeit at low resolution, that might be difficult to obtain by X-ray crystallography or cryo-EM, and monitoring reversible gating transition (i.e., closed, open, sensitized, and desensitized). Here, we provide protocols for obtaining milligrams of functional detergent-solubilized transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) that can be labeled for EPR and DEER spectroscopy.

This article describes specific methods to obtain biochemical quantities of detergent-solubilized TRPV1 for spectroscopic analysis. The combined protocols provide biochemical and biophysical tools that can be adapted to facilitate structural and functional studies for mammalian ion channels in a membrane-controlled environment.

Polymodal ion channels transduce multiple stimuli of different natures into allosteric changes; these dynamic conformations are challenging to determine ...

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Lactate and pyruvate are key intermediates of intracellular energy metabolic pathways. Monitoring the lactate/pyruvate ratio in cells helps to determine whether there is an imbalance in age-related energy metabolism between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis. Here, we show the utilization of commercial colorimetric assay kits for lactate and pyruvate in the model organism C. elegans. Recently, the sensitivity and accuracy of the colorimetric/fluorimetric assay kits have been improved greatly by the research and development conducted by reagent manufacturers. The improved reagents have enabled the use of small-scale assays with a 96-well plate in C. elegans. In general, a fluorimetric assay is superior in sensitivity to a colorimetric assay; however, the colorimetric approach is more suitable for the use in common laboratories. Another important issue in these assays for quantitative determination is protein precipitation of homogenized C. elegans samples. In our protein precipitation method, common precipitants (e.g., trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid and metaphosphoric acid) are used for sample preparation. A protein-free assay sample is prepared by directly adding cold precipitant (final concentration of 5%) during homogenization.

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

We describe a modified small-scale extraction and colorimetric assays of lactate and pyruvate in the nematode C. elegans. When utilizing commercial assay kits, the technical development of their sensitivity and accuracy is important. Protein precipitation in extraction is the most critical step for the quantitative determination of intracellular metabolites.

Lactate and pyruvate are key intermediates of intracellular energy metabolic pathways. Monitoring the lactate/pyruvate ratio in cells helps to determine ...

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in a large-scale manner on agar plates can be time-consuming and difficult. This protocol describes a simple and inexpensive method to obtain a large number of animals for the isolation of proteins to proceed with a western blot, mass spectrometry, or further proteomics analyses. Furthermore, an increase of nematode numbers for immunostainings and the integration of multiple analyses under the same culturing conditions can easily be achieved. Additionally, a transfer between plates with different experimental conditions is facilitated. Common techniques in plate culture involve the transfer of a single C. elegans using a platinum wire and the transfer of populated agar chunks using a scalpel. However, with increasing nematode numbers, these techniques become overly time-consuming. This protocol describes the large-scale culture of C. elegans including numerous steps to minimize the impact of the sample preparation on the physiology of the worm. Fluid and shear stress can alter the lifespan of and metabolic processes in C. elegans, thus requiring a detailed description of the critical steps in order to retrieve reliable and reproducible results. C. elegans is a model organism, consisting of neuronal cells for up to one-third, but lacking blood vessels, thus providing the possibility to investigate solely neuronal alterations independent of vascular control. Recently, early neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy was found prior to vascular alterations. Thus, C. elegans is of special interest for studying general mechanisms of diabetic complications. For example, an increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is observed, which are reproducibly found in C. elegans. Protocols to handle samples of adequate size for a broader spectrum of investigations are presented here, exemplified by the study of diabetes-induced biochemical alterations. In general, this protocol can be useful for studies requiring large C. elegans numbers and in which liquid culture is not suitable.

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

This protocol describes a method for the large-scale cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans on solid media. As an alternative to liquid culture, this protocol allows obtaining parameters of different scales under plate-based cultivation. This increases the comparability of results by omitting the morphological and metabolic differences between liquid and solid media culture.

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in a large-scale manner on agar plates can be time-consuming and difficult. This protocol describes a simple ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Self-Organizing Protein Patterns on Supported Lipid Bilayers

Many aspects of the fundamental spatiotemporal organization of cells are governed by reaction-diffusion type systems. In vitro reconstitution of such systems allows for detailed studies of their underlying mechanisms which would not be feasible in vivo. Here, we provide a protocol for the in vitro reconstitution of the MinCDE system of Escherichia coli, which positions the cell division septum in the cell middle. The assay is designed to supply only the components necessary for self-organization, namely a membrane, the two proteins MinD and MinE and energy in the form of ATP. We therefore fabricate an open reaction chamber on a coverslip, on which a supported lipid bilayer is formed. The open design of the chamber allows for optimal preparation of the lipid bilayer and controlled manipulation of the bulk content. The two proteins, MinD and MinE, as well as ATP, are then added into the bulk volume above the membrane. Imaging is possible by many optical microscopies, as the design supports confocal, wide-field and TIRF microscopy alike. In a variation of the protocol, the lipid bilayer is formed on a patterned support, on cell-shaped PDMS microstructures, instead of glass. Lowering the bulk solution to the rim of these compartments encloses the reaction in a smaller compartment and provides boundaries that allow mimicking of in vivo oscillatory behavior. Taken together, we describe protocols to reconstitute the MinCDE system both with and without spatial confinement, allowing researchers to precisely control all aspects influencing pattern formation, such as concentration ranges and addition of other factors or proteins, and to systematically increase system complexity in a relatively simple experimental setup.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Self-Organizing Protein Patterns on Supported Lipid Bilayers

We provide a protocol for in vitro self-organization assays of MinD and MinE on a supported lipid bilayer in an open chamber. Additionally, we describe how to enclose the assay in lipid-clad PDMS microcompartments to mimic in vivo conditions by reaction confinement.

Many aspects of the fundamental spatiotemporal organization of cells are governed by reaction-diffusion type systems. In vitro reconstitution of such ...

Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays

Chloroplasts are the organelles in green plants responsible for carrying out numerous essential metabolic pathways, most notably photosynthesis. Within the chloroplasts, the thylakoid membrane system houses all the photosynthetic pigments, reaction center complexes, and most of the electron carriers, and is responsible for light-dependent ATP synthesis. Over 90% of chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus, translated in the cytosol, and subsequently imported into the chloroplast. Further protein transport into or across the thylakoid membrane utilizes one of four translocation pathways. Here, we describe a high-yield method for isolation of transport-competent thylakoids from peas (Pisum sativum), along with transport assays through the three energy-dependent cpTat, cpSec1, and cpSRP-mediated pathways. These methods enable experiments relating to thylakoid protein localization, transport energetics, and the mechanisms of protein translocation across biological membranes.

We present protocols herein for high-yield isolation of physiologically active thylakoids and protein transport assays for the chloroplast twin arginine translocation (cpTat), secretory (cpSec1), and signal recognition particle (cpSRP) pathways.

Chloroplasts are the organelles in green plants responsible for carrying out numerous essential metabolic pathways, most notably photosynthesis. Within ...

Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA is a novel transcription activator found specifically in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia. Protein pulldown assays using affinity beads have revealed that GrgA binds two &#963; factors, namely &#963;66 and &#963;28, which recognize different sets of promoters for genes whose products are differentially required at developmental stages. We have used BLI to confirm and further characterize the interactions. BLI demonstrates several advantages over pulldown: 1) It reveals real-time association and dissociation between binding partners, 2) It generates quantitative kinetic parameters, and 3) It can detect bindings that pulldown assays often fail to detect. These characteristics have enabled us to deduce the physiological roles of GrgA in gene expression regulation in Chlamydia, and possible detailed interaction mechanisms. We envision that this relatively affordable technology can be extremely useful for studying transcription and other biological processes.

Application of Biolayer Interferometry BLI for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

Interactions of transcription factors (TFs) with the RNA polymerase are usually studied using pulldown assays. We apply a Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) technology to characterize the interaction of GrgA with the chlamydial RNA polymerase. Compared to pulldown assays, BLI detects real-time association and dissociation, offers higher sensitivity, and is highly quantitative.

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA ...

Synthesis of a Deuterated Standard for the Quantification of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Caenorhabditis elegans

This work presents a method to prepare an analytical standard to analyze 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) qualitatively and quantitatively by liquid chromatography-electrospray Ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Endocannabinoids are conserved lipid mediators that regulate multiple biological processes in a variety of organisms. In C. elegans, 2-AG has been found to possess different roles, including modulation of dauer formation and cholesterol metabolism. This report describes a method to overcome the difficulties associated with the costs and stability of deuterated standards required for 2-AG quantification. The procedure for the synthesis of the standard is simple and can be performed in any laboratory, without the need for organic synthesis expertise or special equipment. In addition, a modification of Folch&#39;s method to extract the deuterated standard from C. elegans culture is described. Finally, a quantitative and analytic method to detect 2-AG using the stable isotopically labeled analog 1-AG-d5 is described, which provides reliable results in a fast-chromatographic run. The procedure is useful for studying the multiple roles of 2-AG in C. elegans while also being applicable to other studies of metabolites in different organisms.

Synthesis of a Deuterated Standard for the Quantification of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Caenorhabditis elegans

This work describes a robust and straightforward method to detect and quantify the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in C. elegans. An analytical deuterated standard us prepared and used for the quantification of 2-AG by isotopic dilution and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS).

This work presents a method to prepare an analytical standard to analyze 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) qualitatively and quantitatively by liquid ...

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Fast oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) method used to study protein structure, protein-ligand interactions, and protein-protein interactions. FPOP utilizes a KrF excimer laser at 248 nm for photolysis of hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals which in turn oxidatively modify solvent-accessible amino acid side chains. Recently, we expanded the use of FPOP of in vivo oxidative labeling in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), entitled IV-FPOP. The transparent nematodes have been used as model systems for many human diseases. Structural studies in C. elegans by IV-FPOP is feasible because of the animal&#8217;s ability to uptake hydrogen peroxide, their transparency to laser irradiation at 248 nm, and the irreversible nature of the modification. The assembly of a microfluidic flow system for IV-FPOP labeling, IV-FPOP parameters, protein extraction, and LC-MS/MS optimized parameters are described herein.

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

In vivo fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (IV-FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting technique that allows for mapping of protein structure in their native environment. This protocol describes the assembly and set-up of the IV-FPOP microfluidic flow system.

Fast oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) method used to study protein structure, protein-ligand interactions, ...

Single Cell Analysis Of Transcriptionally Active Alleles By Single Molecule FISH

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk population methods (Northern blot, PCR, and RNAseq) that measure mRNA levels lack the ability to provide information on cell-to-cell variation in responses. Precise single cell and allelic visualization and quantification is possible via single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). RNA-FISH is performed by hybridizing target RNAs with labeled oligonucleotide probes. These can be imaged in medium/high throughput modalities, and, through image analysis pipelines, provide quantitative data on both mature and nascent RNAs, all at the single cell level. The fixation, permeabilization, hybridization and imaging steps have been optimized in the lab over many years using the model system described herein, which results in successful and robust single cell analysis of smFISH labeling. The main goal with sample preparation and processing is to produce high quality images characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio to reduce false positives and provide data that are more accurate. Here, we present a protocol describing the pipeline from sample preparation to data analysis in conjunction with suggestions and optimization steps to tailor to specific samples.&#160;

Single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a method to accurately quantify levels and localization of specific RNAs at the single cell level. Here, we report our validated lab protocols for wet-bench processing, imaging and image analysis for single cell quantification of specific RNAs.

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk ...