この研究は、米国国立衛生研究所(R03NS131908)および国防総省の多発性硬化症研究プログラムを通じて、賞番号W81XWH-22-1-0517の支援を受けました。意見、解釈、結論、および推奨事項は著者のものであり、必ずしも国防総省によって承認されているわけではありません。この研究は、イーストカロライナ大学のスタートアップファンドの支援も受けました。

マウスを含むすべての手順は、イーストカロライナ大学動物管理委員会(IACUC)によって承認された実験ガイドラインに準拠して実施されました。この研究では、8〜10週齢の野生型C57BL / 6J雌マウスを使用しました。動物は商業的な供給源から入手しました(資料の表を参照)。EAEは、以前に発表された報告12,13,14に続いて誘発されました。
1.美容液コレクション
<ol><li>MOG35-55 免疫を介して EAE を誘導した後、必要な時点で CO2 窒息またはイソフルラン過剰摂取によって実験マウスを安楽死させます (施設で承認されたプロトコルに従う)。 注:マウスの総数と血清採取の時点は、特定の実験によって異なる場合があります。</li>
	<li>つま先や尻尾をつまんでバイタルサインがないことを確認したら、マウスを解剖トレイの背側横臥位にし、手足をピンやテープで固定します。マウスの体をLED光源( 材料の表を参照)に向け、動物の胸部を照らします。</li>
	<li>マウスの毛皮に70%エタノールをスプレーし、解剖ハサミを使用して骨盤から剣状突起まで腹部に沿って3〜4cmの正中線切開を行い、臓器や主要な血管を避けます(図1A-C)。手順を容易にするために、鉗子を使用して剣状突起の上に皮膚をつかみます。</li>
	<li>横方向に切断し、スプリングはさみを使用して両側の端で胸郭を前方に切断し、正中線で胸骨に到達する前に停止します(図1D)。マウスの頭の上に作成したリブフラップを折りたたんで、心臓を露出させます(図1E)。 注:胸骨を切ると、骨に隣接する主胸動脈が損傷し、収集できる血液の量が減少するため、避ける必要があります。</li>
	<li>1mLのシリンジに接続された25Gの針を左心室に挿入し、プランジャーを静かに引き戻して採血します(図1F)。針の穿刺を容易にするために、一対の鉗子に対して心臓をそっと支えます。 注:血液がすぐに注射器に現れない場合は、針をゆっくりと回転させ、別の角度でテストする必要があります。ただし、血液が漏れる可能性のある心臓に不必要な穴を開けないように、最初の試みで針を適切に配置する努力を払う必要があります。</li>
	<li>血液を滅菌済みの1.5mLチューブに移し、室温で30分間凝固させます。2000 × gで4°Cで20分間遠心分離して血栓を除去します。 血清画分を表す上清を回収し、将来の試験のために、使い捨てアリコートを-80°Cの極低温チューブに保管します。</li>
</ol>2. ELISAアッセイ
<ol><li>凍結乾燥したMOG35-55ペプチド( 材料の表を参照)を水に再懸濁して、10 mg/mLのストックを得ます。実験を開始する前に、ストックをコーティングバッファー( 材料表を参照)で10 μg/mLに希釈し、最終溶液の100 μL/ウェルを96ウェルプレートにピペットで移します。プレートを粘着フィルムで密封して蒸発を防ぎ、プレートを4°Cで一晩インキュベートします。 注:各サンプルに対して少なくとも2つのウェルを計算する必要があり、ブランクコントロール用に2つの追加のウェルも含める必要があります。</li>
	<li>並行して、同じ数のウェルを、10 μg/mL 濃度のコーティングバッファーに溶解した 100 μL/ウェルのウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)でコーティングします。これらの追加の井戸は、バックグラウンドコントロールとして機能します。 注:コーティングバッファーとブロッキングバッファーの組成が異なるため、コントロールウェルをBSAでコーティングすることをお勧めします。他の脳炎誘発ペプチド(PLP139-151やMBP84-104など)は、BSAの代わりに無関係な抗原として使用できることに注意してください。.</li>
	<li>翌日、0.05% Tween 20 (PBS-T) を添加したリン酸緩衝生理食塩水 200 μL/ウェルでプレートを 3 回洗浄します。続いて、PBS中の3%BSA製のブロッキング溶液(Tween 20なし)を100 μL/ウェル加え、ハイブリダイゼーションオーブンで37°Cで1時間密封したプレートをインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>200 μL/ウェルのPBS-Tでプレートを3回洗浄します。各血清サンプルをブロッキング溶液で1:100に希釈し、MOG35-55とBSAコーティングウェルの両方に100 μL/ウェルを加えます。ブランクとして指定されたウェルに同じ量のブロッキング溶液を追加します。プレートを室温で2時間密封し、一定の振とう(250rpm)でインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>200 μL/ウェルのPBS-Tでプレートを3回洗浄します。HRP標識二次抗体(1:2000、 材料表を参照)をPBS-T中の0.2% BSA溶液で調製した溶液で希釈し、すべてのウェルに100 μL/ウェルを加えます。プレートを室温で1時間密封し、一定の振とう(250rpm)でインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>200 μL/ウェルのPBS-Tでプレートを3回洗浄します。3,3',5,5'テトラメチルベンジジン(TMB)基質( 材料表を参照)の100 μL/ウェルをすべてのウェルに加え、暗所で1〜5分間インキュベートし、青色の発育を観察します。<ol><li>100 μL/ウェルの停止溶液( 材料表を参照)を加えて反応を停止し、波長450 nmに設定されたプレートリーダーを使用して各ウェルの光学濃度(OD)を測定します。 注:TMB基質は、ウェルに添加する前に、室温で30〜60分間平衡化する必要があります。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. データ分析
<ol><li>プレートから読み取ったOD値をExcelスプレッドシートに入力します。各サンプルの重複ウェル(MOG35-55とBSAコーティングの両方)から得られたOD値を平均化します。</li>
	<li>各サンプルについて、MOG35-55コーティングウェルの平均値からBSAコーティングウェルの平均値を差し引きます。結果として得られるバックグラウンド補正値は、さまざまな血清サンプル中の抗MOG35-55抗体の濃度に比例します。 注:ブランクウェルは、0付近で補正された値になります。</li>
	<li>マンホイットニーU検定などのノンパラメトリック統計的検定を適用して、2つの実験条件間の平均OD値を比較します。各条件に少なくとも3つの独立したサンプルを含めます。</li>
</ol>

自己免疫性脱髄における体液性反応の調査

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+autoantibodies+associated+with+myelin+damage+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis.</a> Nat Med. 5 (2), 170-175 (1999).</li><li>Ma, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+hypomethylation+programs+underpin+b+cell+activation+in+early+multiple+sclerosis.">Specific hypomethylation programs underpin b cell activation in early multiple sclerosis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 118 (51), e2111920118 (2021).</li><li>Hauser, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ocrelizumab+versus+interferon+beta-1a+in+relapsing+multiple+sclerosis.">Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis.</a> N Engl J Med. 376 (3), 221-234 (2017).</li><li>Montalban, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ocrelizumab+versus+placebo+in+primary+progressive+multiple+sclerosis.">Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.</a> N Engl J Med. 376 (3), 209-220 (2017).</li><li>Didonna, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+models+of+multiple+sclerosis:+Advantages+and+limitations+towards+better+therapies.">Preclinical models of multiple sclerosis: Advantages and limitations towards better therapies.</a> Curr Med Chem. 23 (14), 1442-1459 (2016).</li><li>Steinman, L., Zamvil, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+successfully+apply+animal+studies+in+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis+to+research+on+multiple+sclerosis.">How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis.</a> Ann Neurol. 60 (1), 12-21 (2006).</li><li>Khare, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein-specific+antibodies+from+multiple+sclerosis+patients+exacerbate+disease+in+a+humanized+mouse+model.">Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific antibodies from multiple sclerosis patients exacerbate disease in a humanized mouse model.</a> J Autoimmun. 86, 104-115 (2018).</li><li>Marta, C. B., Oliver, A. R., Sweet, R. A., Pfeiffer, S. E., Ruddle, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein+antibodies+recognize+glycosylated+epitopes+and+perturb+oligodendrocyte+physiology.">Pathogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies recognize glycosylated epitopes and perturb oligodendrocyte physiology.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (39), 13992-13997 (2005).</li><li>Flach, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoantibody-boosted+t-cell+reactivation+in+the+target+organ+triggers+manifestation+of+autoimmune+cns+disease.">Autoantibody-boosted t-cell reactivation in the target organ triggers manifestation of autoimmune cns disease.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (12), 3323-3328 (2016).</li><li>Didonna, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ataxin-1+regulates+b+cell+function+and+the+severity+of+autoimmune+experimental+encephalomyelitis.">Ataxin-1 regulates b cell function and the severity of autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117 (38), 23742-23750 (2020).</li><li>Didonna, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-specific+tau+methylation+patterns+and+synaptic+transcriptional+alterations+are+associated+with+neural+vulnerability+during+chronic+neuroinflammation.">Sex-specific tau methylation patterns and synaptic transcriptional alterations are associated with neural vulnerability during chronic neuroinflammation.</a> J Autoimmun. 101, 56-69 (2019).</li><li>Ma, Q., Matsunaga, A., Ho, B., Oksenberg, J. R., Didonna, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendrocyte-specific+argonaute+profiling+identifies+micrornas+associated+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Oligodendrocyte-specific argonaute profiling identifies micrornas associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 17 (1), 297 (2020).</li><li>Lanz, T. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonally+expanded+b+cells+in+multiple+sclerosis+bind+ebv+ebna1+and+glialcam.">Clonally expanded b cells in multiple sclerosis bind ebv ebna1 and glialcam.</a> Nature. 603 (7900), 321-327 (2022).</li></ol>

著者らは、競合する利益はないと宣言している。

ここでは、MS病理の関連する動物モデルにおける体液性反応を正確に定量化するために、シンプルで効率的なELISAベースのプロトコルが報告されました。この方法は、MOG35-55/C57BL6J EAEパラダイム12における自己抗体の血清レベルの制御におけるアタキシン-1タンパク質の新規の役割を説明するために最近採用されました。この点で、この方法で一貫した生物学的に意味のある結...

多発性硬化症(MS)は、中枢神経系(CNS)の慢性自己免疫疾患で、脳実質への免疫細胞の限局浸潤、軸索を包むミエリン鞘の破壊、グリアの活性化、およびニューロンの喪失を特徴とする1。病原性T細胞の確立された役割に加えて、複数の証拠が、CNSに対する自己免疫応答の媒介におけるB細胞の関与を強調しています。B細胞はMS脳でクローン増殖を起こし、ミエリン成分に対する抗体が脱髄病変内で検出されています2,3。疾患発症時の末梢B細胞の選択的活性化が最近文書化されており、疾患開始におけるこの免疫細胞コンパートメントの推定上の役割も示唆されています4。抗CD20モノクローナル抗体などのB細胞枯渇療法の成功は、異常なB細胞機能と自己免疫性脱髄との間の機構的関係をさらに裏付けています5,6。分子の観点から、B細胞は、自己抗原の提示、炎症誘発性サイトカイン分泌、および自己反応性抗体産生を介して疾患に寄与する可能性があります。
複雑なMS表現型の特定の特徴を再現するために、複数の動物モデルが開発されています。その中でも、実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE)は、 最も広く使用されているin vivo パラダイムであり、ミエリンオリゴデンドロサイト糖タンパク質(MOG)やミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)7などのミエリンタンパク質に由来する短いペプチドによる実験動物の免疫に依存しています。EAE免疫動物は、脳原性ペプチド8に対する強力な体液性応答を含む、多くの面でMSに似た脱髄性病理を発症します。このため、EAE研究は、疾患の状況におけるB細胞と自己抗体の機能を解剖するのに役立ちました。たとえば、MS患者から単離されたMOG特異的抗体は、EAEモデル9の臨床経過を悪化させる可能性があることが実証されました。 特に、ヒトMOGにおける42位のプロリン残基は、自己抗体病原性を決定するために重要であることが示された10。最近では、MOG特異的自己抗体は、ミエリン喪失を媒介するだけでなく、CNS内の自己反応性T細胞の再活性化を促進することによっても疾患を促進することがわかっています11。 
CNS自己免疫における抗体応答の重要性を考慮して、この記事では、MOG35-55ペプチドで免疫したC57BL / 6JマウスEAEの自己反応性抗体の血清レベルを効率的に測定するためのELISAベースのプロトコルを紹介します。プロトコルの最初の部分では、心臓内穿刺 を介して 血清を採取する方法について説明します。その後、ELISAアッセイの設定とデータ取得の手順について詳しく説明します。最後に、データ分析と解釈について説明します。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 G needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;,5,5&#39;-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>N301</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive seals</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AB0558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J female mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Animals between 8-10 weeks of age should be used for EAE experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryogenic tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>10-500-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection tray</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S111022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissector scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14082-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA coating buffer</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>421701</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel software</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analysis spreadsheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11152-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, Human ads-HRP</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>1030-05</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED light source</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>AMPSILED21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-377-575&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular biology grade water</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-000-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse MOG35-55 peptide</td>
			<td>EZBiolab</td>
			<td>cp7203</td>
			<td>Store at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipette</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>AP-12-200-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noyes spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15011-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunc MaxiSorp 96-well plates</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>423501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>88-861-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>445-0024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated tabletop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>75002441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stop solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>N600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1706531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of autoreactive antibodies in mice upon experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎 (EAE) は、組織病理学的および分子レベルで自己免疫疾患である多発性硬化症 (MS) を再現する疾患モデルです。EAEは、短いミエリンペプチドと特異的なアジュバントを皮下注射 して 実験動物に免疫を与え、免疫応答を高めることによって誘導されます。ヒトマウスと同様に、EAEマウスは脱髄病変、中枢神経系(CNS)への免疫細胞浸潤、グリア活性化、および神経細胞損傷を発症します。一貫した一連の証拠は、MSとEAEの両方の病因におけるB細胞機能障害の機構的役割も支持しています。B細胞は、抗原提示細胞としてだけでなく、炎症誘発性サイトカインや自己抗体の主要な供給源としても機能します。EAEでは、病気を誘発するために使用されたミエリンペプチドに対する抗体が生成されます。このような自己抗体は、ミエリン喪失または病原性T細胞のCNSへの再活性化のいずれかを媒介することが示されています。この記事では、ミエリンオリゴデンドロサイト糖タンパク質35-55(MOG35-55)ペプチドで免疫したC57BL/6Jマウスの血清中の自己抗体を定量するための効率的なELISAベースのプロトコルについて説明します。提案された方法は、自己免疫脱髄の文脈における異常な体液性応答の特異性と大きさを調査するための強力なツールとして機能します。

本ELISAアッセイの頑健性を実証するために、この方法は、C57BL/6J雌マウスのコホートから分離された血清サンプルを、免疫後20日(dpi)に、100μgのMOG35-55ペプチドを完全フロイントアジュバント(CFA)に従ったもので、検証済みのEAE誘導プロトコル12,13,14に従って試験した。動物はまた、0日目と2日目に400ngの百日咳毒素を投与され...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis at JoVE.com

著者スポットライト:多発性硬化症研究におけるB細胞応答を研究するための新しいアッセイ

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE)は、多発性硬化症(MS)の動物モデルであり、ヒトの疾患と強力な体液性自己免疫応答を共有しています。ここでは、EAE免疫マウスの血清中の自己抗体を定量するためのシンプルで柔軟なELISAプロトコルを報告します。

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎に対するマウスにおける自己反応性抗体の定量化

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a disease model that recapitulates the autoimmune disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) at histopathological ...

そこで、私たちの研究室では、脱髄、神経炎症、軸索損傷を特徴とする中枢神経系の免疫疾患である多発性硬化症の分子基盤を理解することに重点を置いています。したがって、このプロトコルは、市販のキットに代わる経済的で柔軟な代替品です。当社のものは、さまざまなEEAペプチドに対するB細胞抗体反応をテストするように簡単に調整できます。私の研究室では、多発性硬化症などの慢性神経疾患における神経炎症と神経変性の関係をさらに理解することに専念しています。

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

537 ビュー.  East Carolina University. そこで、私たちの研究室では、脱髄、神経炎症、軸索損傷を特徴とする中枢神経系の免疫疾患である多発性硬化症の分子基盤を理解することに重点を置いています。したがって、このプロトコルは、市販のキットに代わる経済的で柔軟な代替品です。当社のものは、さまざまなEEAペプチドに対するB細胞抗体反応をテストするように簡単に調整できます。私の研究室...

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:多発性硬化症研究におけるB細胞応答を研究するための新しいアッセイ

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse models allow us to study how diseases unfold, often providing a good replica of the same processes occurring in humans. For some autoimmune diseases, like type 1A diabetes, there are models (the NOD mouse) that spontaneously develop a disease similar to the human counterpart. For many other autoimmune diseases, however, the model needs to be induced experimentally. A common approach in this regard is to inject the mouse with a dominant antigen derived from the organ being studied. For example, investigators interested in autoimmune thyroiditis inject mice with thyroglobulin2, and those interested in myasthenia gravis inject them with the acetylcholine receptor3. If the autoantigen for a particular autoimmune disease is not known, investigators inject a crude protein extract from the organ targeted by the autoimmune reaction. For autoimmune hypophysitis, the pathogenic autoantigen(s) remain to be identified4, and thus a crude pituitary protein preparation is used. In this video article we demonstrate how to induce experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

This video shows how to induce autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice and how to assess its severity by histopathology.

SJLマウスにおける実験的自己免疫性下垂体炎の誘導

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

免疫・感染学

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and has been used as an animal model for study of the human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is characterized by pathologic infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS and by clinical manifestation of paralytic disease. Similar to MS, EAE is also under genetic control in that certain mouse strains are susceptible to disease induction while others are resistant. Typically, C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) fail to develop paralytic signs. This unresponsiveness is certainly not due to defects in antigen processing or antigen presentation of MBP, as an experimental protocol described here had been used to induce severe EAE in C57BL/6 mice as well as other reputed resistant mouse strains. In addition, encephalitogenic T cell clones from C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice reactive to MBP had been successfully isolated and propagated.
The experimental protocol involves using a cellular adoptive transfer system in which MBP-primed (200 &mu;g/mouse) C57BL/6 donor lymph node cells are isolated and cultured for five days with the antigen to expand the pool of MBP-specific T cells. At the end of the culture period, 50 million viable cells are transferred into naive syngeneic recipients through the tail vein. Recipient mice so treated normally do not develop EAE, thus reaffirming their resistant status, and they can remain normal indefinitely. Ten days post cell transfer, recipient mice are challenged with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-emulsified MBP in four sites in the flanks. Severe EAE starts to develop in these mice ten to fourteen days after challenge. Results showed that the induction of disease was antigenic specific as challenge with irrelevant antigens did not induce clinical signs of disease. Significantly, a titration of the antigen dose used to challenge the recipient mice showed that it could be as low as 5 &mu;g/mouse. In addition, a kinetic study of the timing of antigenic challenge showed that challenge to induce disease was effective as early as 5 days post antigenic challenge and as long as over 445 days post antigenic challenge. These data strongly point toward the involvement of a "long-lived" T cell population in maintaining unresponsiveness. The involvement of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this system is not defined.

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Certain mouse strains are able to resist induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with myelin basic protein. Described here is a simple immunization protocol that reverses the unresponsiveness and induces paralytic disease in several typical EAE resistant mouse stains.

移入、抗原チャレンジにより実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）抵抗性マウス系統の応答がないことを克服する

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and has been used as an animal model for ...

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While the exact etiology of the disease is yet unclear, autoreactive T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology. MS therapy is only partially effective so far and research efforts continue to expand our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model for MS sharing many clinical and pathophysiological features. There is a broad diversity of EAE models which reflect different clinical, immunological and histological aspects of human MS. Actively-induced EAE in mice is the easiest inducible model with robust and replicable results. It is especially suited for investigating the effects of drugs or of particular genes by using transgenic mice challenged by autoimmune neuroinflammation. Therefore, mice are immunized with CNS homogenates or peptides of myelin proteins. Due to the low immunogenic potential of these peptides, strong adjuvants are used. EAE susceptibility and phenotype depends on the chosen antigen and rodent strain. C57BL/6 mice are the commonly used strain for transgenic mouse construction and respond among others to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The immunogenic epitope MOG35-55 is suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to immunization and pertussis toxin is applied on the day of immunization and two days later. Mice develop a "classic" self-limited monophasic EAE with ascending flaccid paralysis within 9-14 days after immunization. Mice are evaluated daily using a clinical scoring system for 25-50 days. Special considerations for care taking of animals with EAE as well as potential applications and limitations of this model are discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an established animal model of multiple sclerosis. C57BL/6 mice are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55), resulting in an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by autoreactive immune cells in the central nervous system. Protocols for disease induction and monitoring will be discussed.

ミエリンオリゴデンドロサイト糖タンパク質（MOG<sub&gt; 35〜55</sub&gt;）C57BL / 6マウスにおける実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）誘発

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

マウスおよび種々の組織における免疫細胞の疾患に依存する分布の評価における実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎の誘導

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Simple and Efficient Production and Purification of Mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Studies

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to occur as a result of autoimmune responses targeting myelin. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model of CNS autoimmune disease, and is typically induced via immunization with short peptides representing immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitopes of myelin proteins. However, B cells recognize unprocessed protein directly, and immunization with short peptide does not activate B cells that recognize the native protein. As recent clinical trials of B cell-depleting therapies in MS have suggested a role for B cells in driving disease in humans, there is an urgent need for animal models that incorporate B cell-recognition of autoantigen. To this end, we have generated a new fusion protein containing the extracellular domain of the mouse version of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as well as N-terminal fusions of a His-tag for purification purposes and the thioredoxin protein to improve solubility (MOGtag). A tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site was incorporated to allow the removal of all tag sequences, leaving only the pure MOG1-125 extracellular domain. Here, we describe a simple protocol using only standard laboratory equipment to produce large quantities of pure MOGtag or MOG1-125. This protocol consistently generates over 200 mg of MOGtag protein. Immunization with either MOGtag or MOG1-125 generates an autoimmune response that includes pathogenic B cells that recognize the native mouse MOG.

We describe a simple protocol using only basic lab equipment to generate and purify large quantities of a fusion protein that contains mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein. This protein can be used to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis driven by both T and B cells.

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎研究のためのシンプルで効率的な生産とマウスミエリンオリゴデンドロサイト糖タンパク質の精製

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to occur as a result of autoimmune responses ...

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with embedded pericytes, and the glia limitans composed by the parenchymal basement membrane and astrocytic end-feed embracing the abluminal aspect of central nervous system (CNS) microvessels. In addition to maintaining CNS homeostasis the NVU controls immune cell trafficking into the CNS. During immunosurveillance of the CNS low numbers of activated lymphocytes can cross the endothelial barrier without causing BBB dysfunction or clinical disease. In contrast, during neuroinflammation such as in multiple sclerosis or its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) a large number of immune cells can cross the BBB and subsequently the glia limitans eventually reaching the CNS parenchyma leading to clinical disease. 
Immune cell migration into the CNS parenchyma is thus a two-step process that involves a sequential migration across the endothelial and glial barrier of the NVU employing distinct molecular mechanisms. If following their passage across the endothelial barrier, T cells encounter their cognate antigen on perivascular antigen-presenting cells their local reactivation will initiate subsequent mechanisms leading to the focal activation of gelatinases, which will enable the T cells to cross the glial barrier and enter the CNS parenchyma. Thus, assessing both, BBB permeability and MMP activity in spatial correlation to immune cell accumulation in the CNS during EAE allows to specify loss of integrity of the endothelial and glial barriers of the NVU. 
We here show how to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice by active immunization and how to subsequently analyze BBB permeability in vivo using a combination of exogenous fluorescent tracers. We further show, how to visualize and localize gelatinase activity in EAE brains by in situ zymogaphy coupled to immunofluorescent stainings of BBB basement membranes and CD45+ invading immune cells.

Here, we present protocols to investigate impairment of the neurovascular unit during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. We specifically address how to determine blood-brain barrier permeability and gelatinase activity involved in leukocyte migration across the glia limitans.&#160;

生体内で実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎時単位の内皮細胞およびグリアの障壁の障害の可視化

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

グルコース-6-リン酸イソメラーゼ(G6PI)誘発RAマウスにおけるiNKT細胞の導入免疫療法

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎における中枢神経系におけるリンパ球浸潤のフロー細胞量分析

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

A Rapid, Simple, and Standardized Homogenization Method to Prepare Antigen/Adjuvant Emulsions for Inducing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) shares similar immunological and clinical features with multiple sclerosis (MS), and is therefore widely used as a model to identify new drug targets for better patient treatment. MS is characterized by several different disease courses: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and a rare progressive-relapsing form of MS (PRMS). Although animal models do not accurately mimic all of these contrasting human disease phenotypes, there are EAE models that reflect some of the different clinical manifestations of MS. For example, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in C57BL/6J mice mimics human PPMS, while myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced EAE in SJL/J mice resembles RRMS. Other autoantigens, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), and a number of different mouse strains are also used to study EAE. To induce disease in these autoantigen-immunization EAE models, a water-in-oil emulsion is prepared and injected subcutaneously. The majority of EAE models also require an injection of pertussis toxin for the disease to develop. For consistent and reproducible EAE induction, a detailed protocol to prepare the reagents to produce antigen/adjuvant emulsions is necessary. The method described here takes advantage of a standardized method to generate water-in-oil emulsions. It is simple and fast and uses a shaking homogenizer instead of syringes to prepare quality-controlled emulsions.

To induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, mice are immunized with a water-in-oil emulsion containing an autoantigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. While several protocols exist for the preparation of these emulsions, a rapid, simple, and standardized homogenization protocol for emulsion preparation is presented here.

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎を誘発するための抗原/アジュバントエマルジョンを調製するための迅速、簡便、標準化されたホモジナイズ法

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) shares similar immunological and clinical features with multiple sclerosis (MS), and is therefore widely ...

自己免疫性脳脊髄炎における マイコバクテリウム・パラ結核 による免疫原性増強

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) requires immunization by a MOG peptide emulsified in complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant (CFA) containing inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The antigenic components of the mycobacterium activate dendritic cells to stimulate T-cells to produce cytokines that promote the Th1 response via toll-like receptors. Therefore, the amount and species of mycobacteria present during the antigenic challenge are directly related to the development of EAE. This methods paper presents an alternative protocol to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice using a modified incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant containing the heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strain K-10.
M. paratuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex, is the causative agent of Johne&#39;s disease in ruminants and has been identified as a risk factor for several human T-cell-mediated disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Overall, mice immunized with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis showed earlier onset and greater disease severity than mice immunized with CFA containing the strain of M. tuberculosis H37Ra at the same doses of 4 mg/mL. The antigenic determinants of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)&#160;strain K-10 were able to induce a strong Th1 cellular response during the effector phase, characterized by significantly higher numbers of T-lymphocytes (CD4+ CD27+), dendritic cells (CD11c+ I-A/I-E+), and monocytes (CD11b+ CD115+) in the spleen compared to mice immunized with CFA. Furthermore, the proliferative T-cell response to the MOG peptide appeared to be highest in M. paratuberculosis-immunized mice. The use of an encephalitogen (e.g., MOG35-55) emulsified in an adjuvant containing M. paratuberculosis in the formulation may be an alternative and validated method to activate dendritic cells for priming myelin epitope-specific CD4+ T-cells during the induction phase of EAE.

著者スポットライト:実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎における自己抗原の免疫原性増強におけるパラ結核菌のアジュバント活性  

Here, we present an alternative protocol to actively induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice, using the immunogenic epitope myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 suspended in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing the heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎における自己抗原の免疫原性増強における 抗酸菌パラ結核の アジュバント活性

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) requires immunization by a MOG peptide emulsified in ...