Este estudo foi apoiado pelos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde (R03NS131908) e pelo Departamento de Defesa por meio do Programa de Pesquisa de Esclerose Múltipla sob o Prêmio nº W81XWH-22-1-0517. Opiniões, interpretações, conclusões e recomendações são de responsabilidade do autor e não são necessariamente endossadas pelo Departamento de Defesa. Este estudo também foi apoiado por fundos de startups da East Carolina University.

Todos os procedimentos envolvendo camundongos foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes experimentais aprovadas pelo Comitê Institucional de Cuidados e Uso de Animais da East Carolina University (IACUC). Camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6J do tipo selvagem entre 8 e 10 semanas de idade foram usados neste estudo. Os animais foram obtidos de uma fonte comercial (ver Tabela de Materiais). A EAE foi induzida após relatórios publicados anteriormente 12,13,14.
1. Coleta de soro
<ol><li>Eutanasiar o camundongo experimental por asfixia com CO2 ou overdose de isoflurano no ponto de tempo necessário (seguindo protocolos aprovados institucionalmente) após induzir EAE via imunização MOG35-55. NOTA: O número total de camundongos e os pontos de tempo para a coleta de soro podem variar de acordo com o experimento específico.</li>
	<li>Depois que a ausência de sinais vitais for confirmada pelo pinçamento do dedo do pé ou da cauda, coloque o camundongo em uma posição de decúbito dorsal em uma bandeja de dissecção e fixe os membros na posição com alfinetes ou fita adesiva. Oriente o corpo do rato para a fonte de luz LED (consulte a Tabela de Materiais) para iluminar o tórax do animal.</li>
	<li>Pulverize o pelo do camundongo com etanol a 70% e faça uma incisão na linha média de 3-4 cm ao longo do abdômen, da pelve ao xifóide, usando a tesoura dissectorial, tomando cuidado para evitar quaisquer órgãos e vasos importantes (Figura 1A-C). Para facilitar o procedimento, use a pinça para agarrar a pele sobre o processo xifóide.</li>
	<li>Corte o diafragma lateralmente e, em seguida, corte a caixa torácica anteriormente em ambas as bordas laterais usando a tesoura de mola, parando antes de atingir o esterno na linha média (Figura 1D). Dobre a aba da costela que foi criada sobre a cabeça do mouse para expor o coração (Figura 1E). NOTA: Cortar o esterno deve ser evitado, pois isso danificará as principais artérias torácicas adjacentes ao osso e reduzirá o volume de sangue que pode ser coletado.</li>
	<li>Insira uma agulha de 25 G conectada a uma seringa de 1 mL no ventrículo esquerdo e colete o sangue puxando suavemente o êmbolo para trás (Figura 1F). Para facilitar a punção da agulha, segure suavemente o coração contra uma pinça. NOTA: Se o sangue não aparecer imediatamente na seringa, a agulha deve ser girada lentamente e um ângulo diferente deve ser testado. No entanto, esforços devem ser feitos para colocar a agulha corretamente na primeira tentativa para evitar a criação de orifícios desnecessários no coração por onde o sangue pode vazar.</li>
	<li>Transfira o sangue para um tubo estéril de 1,5 mL e deixe-o coagular por 30 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Remover o coágulo por centrifugação a 2000 × g durante 20 min a 4 °C. Colete o sobrenadante, que representa a fração sérica, e armazene alíquotas de uso único em tubos criogênicos a -80 °C para testes futuros.</li>
</ol>2. Ensaio ELISA
<ol><li>Ressuspenda o peptídeo MOG35-55 liofilizado (consulte a Tabela de Materiais) em água para obter um estoque de 10 mg / mL. Antes de iniciar o experimento, dilua o estoque para 10 μg / mL em tampão de revestimento (consulte a Tabela de Materiais) e pipete 100 μL / poço da solução final em uma placa de 96 poços. Selar a placa com uma película adesiva para evitar a evaporação e incubar a placa durante a noite a 4 °C. NOTA: Pelo menos 2 poços devem ser calculados para cada amostra e 2 poços adicionais também devem ser incluídos para um controle em branco.</li>
	<li>Paralelamente, revestir o mesmo número de alvéolos com 100 μL/alvéolo de albumina de soro bovino (BSA) dissolvido em tampão de revestimento na concentração de 10 μg/ml. Esses poços adicionais servirão como controles de fundo. NOTA: Recomenda-se revestir com BSA os poços de controle, pois os tampões de revestimento e bloqueio têm composições diferentes. Observe que outros peptídeos encefalitogênicos (como PLP139-151 ou MBP84-104) podem ser usados como antígenos irrelevantes em alternativa à BSA.</li>
	<li>No dia seguinte, lave a placa 3 vezes com 200 μL/poço de solução salina tampão fosfato suplementada com 0,05% de Tween 20 (PBS-T). Em seguida, adicionar 100 μL/poço de uma solução de bloqueio feita de BSA a 3% em PBS (sem Tween 20) e incubar a placa selada por 1 h a 37 °C em um forno de hibridização.</li>
	<li>Lave a placa 3 vezes com 200 μL/poço de PBS-T. Diluir cada amostra de soro 1:100 em solução de bloqueio e adicionar 100 μL/alvéolo aos alvéolos revestidos com MOG35-55 e BSA. Adicione o mesmo volume de solução de bloqueio aos poços designados como brancos. Incubar a placa selada durante 2 h à temperatura ambiente, com agitação constante (250 rpm).</li>
	<li>Lave a placa 3 vezes com 200 μL/poço de PBS-T. Dilua o anticorpo secundário conjugado com HRP (1:2000, consulte a Tabela de Materiais) em uma solução feita de 0,2% de BSA em PBS-T e adicione 100 μL/poço a todos os poços. Incubar a placa selada durante 1 h à temperatura ambiente, com agitação constante (250 rpm).</li>
	<li>Lave a placa 3 vezes com 200 μL/poço de PBS-T. Adicione 100 μL / poço de substrato de 3,3 ', 5,5' tetrametilbenzidina (TMB) (consulte a Tabela de Materiais) a todos os poços e incube no escuro por 1-5 min, monitorando o desenvolvimento de uma cor azul.<ol><li>Pare a reação adicionando 100 μL / poço de solução de parada (consulte a Tabela de Materiais) e meça a densidade óptica (OD) em cada poço usando um leitor de placas ajustado em um comprimento de onda de 450 nm. NOTA: O substrato TMB deve ser equilibrado à temperatura ambiente por 30-60 minutos antes de adicioná-lo aos poços.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. Análise dos dados
<ol><li>Preencha uma planilha do Excel com os valores de OD lidos da placa. Calcule a média dos valores de DO obtidos de poços duplicados (revestidos com MOG35-55 e BSA) para cada amostra.</li>
	<li>Para cada amostra, subtrair o valor médio dos alvéolos revestidos com BSA do valor dos alvéolos revestidos com MOG35-55. Os valores corrigidos de fundo resultantes serão proporcionais à concentração de anticorpos anti-MOG35-55 nas diferentes amostras de soro. NOTA: Os poços em branco devem resultar em valores corrigidos em torno de 0.</li>
	<li>Aplicar um teste estatístico não paramétrico, como o teste U de Mann-Whitney, para comparar os valores médios de DO entre duas condições experimentais. Inclua pelo menos 3 amostras independentes para cada condição.</li>
</ol>

Investigando a resposta humoral na desmielinização autoimune

<ol>
	<li>Reich, D. S., Lucchinetti, C. F., Calabresi, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+sclerosis.">Multiple sclerosis.</a> N Engl J Med. 378 (2), 169-180 (2018).</li><li>Baranzini, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cell+repertoire+diversity+and+clonal+expansion+in+multiple+sclerosis+brain+lesions.">B cell repertoire diversity and clonal expansion in multiple sclerosis brain lesions.</a> J Immunol. 163 (9), 5133-5144 (1999).</li><li>Genain, C. P., Cannella, B., Hauser, S. L., Raine, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+autoantibodies+associated+with+myelin+damage+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis.</a> Nat Med. 5 (2), 170-175 (1999).</li><li>Ma, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+hypomethylation+programs+underpin+b+cell+activation+in+early+multiple+sclerosis.">Specific hypomethylation programs underpin b cell activation in early multiple sclerosis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 118 (51), e2111920118 (2021).</li><li>Hauser, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ocrelizumab+versus+interferon+beta-1a+in+relapsing+multiple+sclerosis.">Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis.</a> N Engl J Med. 376 (3), 221-234 (2017).</li><li>Montalban, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ocrelizumab+versus+placebo+in+primary+progressive+multiple+sclerosis.">Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.</a> N Engl J Med. 376 (3), 209-220 (2017).</li><li>Didonna, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+models+of+multiple+sclerosis:+Advantages+and+limitations+towards+better+therapies.">Preclinical models of multiple sclerosis: Advantages and limitations towards better therapies.</a> Curr Med Chem. 23 (14), 1442-1459 (2016).</li><li>Steinman, L., Zamvil, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+successfully+apply+animal+studies+in+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis+to+research+on+multiple+sclerosis.">How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis.</a> Ann Neurol. 60 (1), 12-21 (2006).</li><li>Khare, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein-specific+antibodies+from+multiple+sclerosis+patients+exacerbate+disease+in+a+humanized+mouse+model.">Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific antibodies from multiple sclerosis patients exacerbate disease in a humanized mouse model.</a> J Autoimmun. 86, 104-115 (2018).</li><li>Marta, C. B., Oliver, A. R., Sweet, R. A., Pfeiffer, S. E., Ruddle, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein+antibodies+recognize+glycosylated+epitopes+and+perturb+oligodendrocyte+physiology.">Pathogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies recognize glycosylated epitopes and perturb oligodendrocyte physiology.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (39), 13992-13997 (2005).</li><li>Flach, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoantibody-boosted+t-cell+reactivation+in+the+target+organ+triggers+manifestation+of+autoimmune+cns+disease.">Autoantibody-boosted t-cell reactivation in the target organ triggers manifestation of autoimmune cns disease.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (12), 3323-3328 (2016).</li><li>Didonna, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ataxin-1+regulates+b+cell+function+and+the+severity+of+autoimmune+experimental+encephalomyelitis.">Ataxin-1 regulates b cell function and the severity of autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117 (38), 23742-23750 (2020).</li><li>Didonna, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-specific+tau+methylation+patterns+and+synaptic+transcriptional+alterations+are+associated+with+neural+vulnerability+during+chronic+neuroinflammation.">Sex-specific tau methylation patterns and synaptic transcriptional alterations are associated with neural vulnerability during chronic neuroinflammation.</a> J Autoimmun. 101, 56-69 (2019).</li><li>Ma, Q., Matsunaga, A., Ho, B., Oksenberg, J. R., Didonna, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendrocyte-specific+argonaute+profiling+identifies+micrornas+associated+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Oligodendrocyte-specific argonaute profiling identifies micrornas associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 17 (1), 297 (2020).</li><li>Lanz, T. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonally+expanded+b+cells+in+multiple+sclerosis+bind+ebv+ebna1+and+glialcam.">Clonally expanded b cells in multiple sclerosis bind ebv ebna1 and glialcam.</a> Nature. 603 (7900), 321-327 (2022).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram não haver interesses conflitantes.

Aqui, um protocolo simples e eficiente baseado em ELISA foi relatado para quantificar com precisão a resposta humoral em um modelo animal relevante de patologia de EM. Este método foi recentemente empregado para descrever o novo papel da proteína ataxina-1 no controle dos níveis séricos de autoanticorpos no paradigma MOG35-55/C57BL6J EAE12. Nesse sentido, vários fatores devem ser levados em consideração, a fim de obter resultados consistentes e biologicamente significativos com esse métod...

A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença autoimune crônica do sistema nervoso central (SNC) caracterizada por infiltração focal de células imunes no parênquima cerebral, quebra das bainhas de mielina que envolvem os axônios, ativação da glia e perda neuronal1. Além do papel bem estabelecido das células T patogênicas, várias linhas de evidência destacaram o envolvimento das células B na mediação da resposta autoimune contra o SNC. As células B sofrem expansão clonal no cérebro da EM e anticorpos contra componentes da mielina foram detectados em lesões desmielinizadas 2,3. A ativação seletiva de células B periféricas no início da doença foi recentemente documentada, sugerindo um papel putativo para esse compartimento de células imunes também no início da doença4. O sucesso das terapias de depleção de células B, como anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD20, corrobora ainda mais a conexão mecanicista entre o funcionamento aberrante das células B e a desmielinização autoimune 5,6. Do ponto de vista molecular, as células B podem contribuir para a doença por meio da apresentação de autoantígenos, secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e produção de anticorpos autorreativos.
Vários modelos animais foram desenvolvidos para recapitular características específicas do fenótipo complexo da EM. Dentre eles, a encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE) é o paradigma in vivo mais amplamente utilizado e depende da imunização de animais experimentais com peptídeos curtos derivados de proteínas de mielina, como a glicoproteína de oligodendrócitos de mielina (MOG) e a proteína básica de mielina (MBP)7. Animais imunizados com EAE desenvolvem uma patologia desmielinizante que se assemelha à SM em muitos aspectos, incluindo uma resposta humoral robusta contra o peptídeo encefalitogênico8. Por esse motivo, os estudos de EAE têm sido fundamentais para dissecar a função das células B e autoanticorpos no contexto da doença. Por exemplo, foi demonstrado que anticorpos específicos para MOG isolados de pacientes com EM podem agravar o curso clínico em modelos de EAE9. Notavelmente, o resíduo de prolina na posição 42 em MOG humano mostrou-se crítico para determinar a patogenicidade do autoanticorpo10. Mais recentemente, descobriu-se que os autoanticorpos específicos para MOG promovem a doença não apenas mediando a perda de mielina, mas também aumentando a reativação de células T autorreativas no SNC11. 
Considerando a importância das respostas de anticorpos na autoimunidade do SNC, este artigo apresenta um protocolo baseado em ELISA para medir eficientemente os níveis séricos de anticorpos autorreativos em camundongos C57BL/6J EAE imunizados com o peptídeo MOG35-55. Na primeira parte do protocolo, será descrito o método de coleta de soro por punção intracardíaca. Posteriormente, serão detalhados os procedimentos para configurar o ensaio ELISA e adquirir os dados. Por fim, será discutida a análise e interpretação dos dados.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 G needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;,5,5&#39;-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>N301</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive seals</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AB0558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J female mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Animals between 8-10 weeks of age should be used for EAE experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryogenic tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>10-500-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection tray</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S111022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissector scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14082-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA coating buffer</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>421701</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel software</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analysis spreadsheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11152-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, Human ads-HRP</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>1030-05</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED light source</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>AMPSILED21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-377-575&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular biology grade water</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-000-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse MOG35-55 peptide</td>
			<td>EZBiolab</td>
			<td>cp7203</td>
			<td>Store at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipette</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>AP-12-200-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noyes spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15011-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunc MaxiSorp 96-well plates</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>423501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>88-861-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>445-0024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated tabletop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>75002441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stop solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>N600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1706531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of autoreactive antibodies in mice upon experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

A encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE) é um modelo de doença que recapitula o distúrbio autoimune esclerose múltipla (EM) em níveis histopatológicos e moleculares. A EAE é induzida pela imunização de animais experimentais por meio de injeção subcutânea de peptídeos curtos de mielina juntamente com adjuvantes específicos para aumentar a resposta imune. Como a contraparte humana, os camundongos EAE desenvolvem lesões desmielinizantes, infiltração de células imunes no sistema nervoso central (SNC), ativação da glia e lesão neuronal. Um corpo consistente de evidências também apóia um papel mecanicista para a disfunção das células B na etiologia da EM e da EAE. As células B podem servir como células apresentadoras de antígenos, bem como uma fonte primária de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e autoanticorpos. Na EAE, os anticorpos são gerados contra os peptídeos de mielina que foram empregados para induzir a doença. Foi demonstrado que esses autoanticorpos mediam a perda de mielina ou a reativação de células T patogênicas no SNC. Este artigo descreve um protocolo eficiente baseado em ELISA para quantificar autoanticorpos no soro de camundongos C57BL/6J imunizados com o peptídeo glicoproteína 35-55 de oligodendrócitos de mielina (MOG35-55). O método proposto serve como uma ferramenta poderosa para investigar a especificidade e a magnitude da resposta humoral aberrante no contexto da desmielinização autoimune.

Para demonstrar a robustez do presente ensaio ELISA, o método foi testado em amostras de soro isoladas de uma coorte de camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6J 20 dias pós-imunização (dpi) com 100 μg de peptídeo MOG35-55 em adjuvante de Freund completo (CFA) seguindo um protocolo de indução EAE validado 12,13,14. Os animais também receberam 400 ng de toxina pertussis nos dias 0 e 2. Amostras de soro de animais simulados imunizados...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis at JoVE.com

Autor em destaque: Novo ensaio para estudar as respostas das células B na pesquisa de esclerose múltipla

A encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE) é um modelo animal de esclerose múltipla (EM), que compartilha com a doença humana uma resposta autoimune humoral robusta. Aqui, relatamos um protocolo ELISA simples e flexível para quantificar autoanticorpos no soro de camundongos imunizados com EAE.

Quantificação de anticorpos autorreativos em camundongos após encefalomielite autoimune experimental

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a disease model that recapitulates the autoimmune disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) at histopathological ...

Portanto, o foco do nosso laboratório é entender a base molecular da esclerose múltipla, uma doença imune do sistema nervoso central caracterizada por desmielinização, neuroinflamação e lesão axonal. Portanto, este protocolo representa uma alternativa econômica e flexível aos kits comerciais. Nosso pode ser facilmente ajustado para testar as respostas de anticorpos de células B contra diferentes peptídeos EEA.Meu laboratório se dedica a entender melhor a conexão entre neuroinflamação e neurodegeneração em doenças neurológicas crônicas, como a esclerose múltipla.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

659 visualizações.  East Carolina University. Portanto, o foco do nosso laboratório é entender a base molecular da esclerose múltipla, uma doença imune do sistema nervoso central caracterizada por desmielinização, neuroinflamação e lesão axonal. Portanto, este protocolo representa uma alternativa econômica e flexível aos kits comerciais. Nosso pode ser facilmente ajustado para testar as respostas de anticorpos de células B contra diferentes peptídeos EEA.Meu laboratório se dedica a entender melhor a conexão entre ne...

Vídeo: Autor em destaque: Novo ensaio para estudar as respostas das células B na pesquisa de esclerose múltipla

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse models allow us to study how diseases unfold, often providing a good replica of the same processes occurring in humans. For some autoimmune diseases, like type 1A diabetes, there are models (the NOD mouse) that spontaneously develop a disease similar to the human counterpart. For many other autoimmune diseases, however, the model needs to be induced experimentally. A common approach in this regard is to inject the mouse with a dominant antigen derived from the organ being studied. For example, investigators interested in autoimmune thyroiditis inject mice with thyroglobulin2, and those interested in myasthenia gravis inject them with the acetylcholine receptor3. If the autoantigen for a particular autoimmune disease is not known, investigators inject a crude protein extract from the organ targeted by the autoimmune reaction. For autoimmune hypophysitis, the pathogenic autoantigen(s) remain to be identified4, and thus a crude pituitary protein preparation is used. In this video article we demonstrate how to induce experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

This video shows how to induce autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice and how to assess its severity by histopathology.

Indução de hipofisite Auto-Imune Experimental em Ratos SJL

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and has been used as an animal model for study of the human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is characterized by pathologic infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS and by clinical manifestation of paralytic disease. Similar to MS, EAE is also under genetic control in that certain mouse strains are susceptible to disease induction while others are resistant. Typically, C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) fail to develop paralytic signs. This unresponsiveness is certainly not due to defects in antigen processing or antigen presentation of MBP, as an experimental protocol described here had been used to induce severe EAE in C57BL/6 mice as well as other reputed resistant mouse strains. In addition, encephalitogenic T cell clones from C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice reactive to MBP had been successfully isolated and propagated.
The experimental protocol involves using a cellular adoptive transfer system in which MBP-primed (200 &mu;g/mouse) C57BL/6 donor lymph node cells are isolated and cultured for five days with the antigen to expand the pool of MBP-specific T cells. At the end of the culture period, 50 million viable cells are transferred into naive syngeneic recipients through the tail vein. Recipient mice so treated normally do not develop EAE, thus reaffirming their resistant status, and they can remain normal indefinitely. Ten days post cell transfer, recipient mice are challenged with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-emulsified MBP in four sites in the flanks. Severe EAE starts to develop in these mice ten to fourteen days after challenge. Results showed that the induction of disease was antigenic specific as challenge with irrelevant antigens did not induce clinical signs of disease. Significantly, a titration of the antigen dose used to challenge the recipient mice showed that it could be as low as 5 &mu;g/mouse. In addition, a kinetic study of the timing of antigenic challenge showed that challenge to induce disease was effective as early as 5 days post antigenic challenge and as long as over 445 days post antigenic challenge. These data strongly point toward the involvement of a "long-lived" T cell population in maintaining unresponsiveness. The involvement of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this system is not defined.

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Certain mouse strains are able to resist induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with myelin basic protein. Described here is a simple immunization protocol that reverses the unresponsiveness and induces paralytic disease in several typical EAE resistant mouse stains.

Superando indiferença em Encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE) linhagens mais resistentes por transferência adotiva e desafio antigênico

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and has been used as an animal model for ...

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While the exact etiology of the disease is yet unclear, autoreactive T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology. MS therapy is only partially effective so far and research efforts continue to expand our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model for MS sharing many clinical and pathophysiological features. There is a broad diversity of EAE models which reflect different clinical, immunological and histological aspects of human MS. Actively-induced EAE in mice is the easiest inducible model with robust and replicable results. It is especially suited for investigating the effects of drugs or of particular genes by using transgenic mice challenged by autoimmune neuroinflammation. Therefore, mice are immunized with CNS homogenates or peptides of myelin proteins. Due to the low immunogenic potential of these peptides, strong adjuvants are used. EAE susceptibility and phenotype depends on the chosen antigen and rodent strain. C57BL/6 mice are the commonly used strain for transgenic mouse construction and respond among others to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The immunogenic epitope MOG35-55 is suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to immunization and pertussis toxin is applied on the day of immunization and two days later. Mice develop a "classic" self-limited monophasic EAE with ascending flaccid paralysis within 9-14 days after immunization. Mice are evaluated daily using a clinical scoring system for 25-50 days. Special considerations for care taking of animals with EAE as well as potential applications and limitations of this model are discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an established animal model of multiple sclerosis. C57BL/6 mice are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55), resulting in an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by autoreactive immune cells in the central nervous system. Protocols for disease induction and monitoring will be discussed.

Mielina Oligodendrocyte glicoproteína (MOG<sub&gt; 35-55</sub&gt;) Induzida Encefalomielite Auto-imune Experimental (EAE) em murganhos C57BL / 6

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

Indução de encefalomielite autoimune experimental em camundongos e avaliação da distribuição da doença dependente de células imunes em vários tecidos

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Simple and Efficient Production and Purification of Mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Studies

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to occur as a result of autoimmune responses targeting myelin. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model of CNS autoimmune disease, and is typically induced via immunization with short peptides representing immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitopes of myelin proteins. However, B cells recognize unprocessed protein directly, and immunization with short peptide does not activate B cells that recognize the native protein. As recent clinical trials of B cell-depleting therapies in MS have suggested a role for B cells in driving disease in humans, there is an urgent need for animal models that incorporate B cell-recognition of autoantigen. To this end, we have generated a new fusion protein containing the extracellular domain of the mouse version of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as well as N-terminal fusions of a His-tag for purification purposes and the thioredoxin protein to improve solubility (MOGtag). A tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site was incorporated to allow the removal of all tag sequences, leaving only the pure MOG1-125 extracellular domain. Here, we describe a simple protocol using only standard laboratory equipment to produce large quantities of pure MOGtag or MOG1-125. This protocol consistently generates over 200 mg of MOGtag protein. Immunization with either MOGtag or MOG1-125 generates an autoimmune response that includes pathogenic B cells that recognize the native mouse MOG.

We describe a simple protocol using only basic lab equipment to generate and purify large quantities of a fusion protein that contains mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein. This protein can be used to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis driven by both T and B cells.

Produção simples e eficiente e Purificação de rato Mielina Oligodendrocyte glicoproteína de encefalomielite autoimune experimental Estudos

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to occur as a result of autoimmune responses ...

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with embedded pericytes, and the glia limitans composed by the parenchymal basement membrane and astrocytic end-feed embracing the abluminal aspect of central nervous system (CNS) microvessels. In addition to maintaining CNS homeostasis the NVU controls immune cell trafficking into the CNS. During immunosurveillance of the CNS low numbers of activated lymphocytes can cross the endothelial barrier without causing BBB dysfunction or clinical disease. In contrast, during neuroinflammation such as in multiple sclerosis or its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) a large number of immune cells can cross the BBB and subsequently the glia limitans eventually reaching the CNS parenchyma leading to clinical disease. 
Immune cell migration into the CNS parenchyma is thus a two-step process that involves a sequential migration across the endothelial and glial barrier of the NVU employing distinct molecular mechanisms. If following their passage across the endothelial barrier, T cells encounter their cognate antigen on perivascular antigen-presenting cells their local reactivation will initiate subsequent mechanisms leading to the focal activation of gelatinases, which will enable the T cells to cross the glial barrier and enter the CNS parenchyma. Thus, assessing both, BBB permeability and MMP activity in spatial correlation to immune cell accumulation in the CNS during EAE allows to specify loss of integrity of the endothelial and glial barriers of the NVU. 
We here show how to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice by active immunization and how to subsequently analyze BBB permeability in vivo using a combination of exogenous fluorescent tracers. We further show, how to visualize and localize gelatinase activity in EAE brains by in situ zymogaphy coupled to immunofluorescent stainings of BBB basement membranes and CD45+ invading immune cells.

Here, we present protocols to investigate impairment of the neurovascular unit during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. We specifically address how to determine blood-brain barrier permeability and gelatinase activity involved in leukocyte migration across the glia limitans.&#160;

Visualizando o comprometimento das barreiras endoteliais e Glial da unidade Neurovascular durante encefalomielite auto-imune Experimental In Vivo

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

Imunoterapia adotiva de células iNKT em Isomerase Isomerase Induzida de Glicose-6-Fosfato (G6PI)-Induzido RaMice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

Análise Citométrica de Fluxo de Infiltração linfócito no Sistema Nervoso Central durante Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

A Rapid, Simple, and Standardized Homogenization Method to Prepare Antigen/Adjuvant Emulsions for Inducing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) shares similar immunological and clinical features with multiple sclerosis (MS), and is therefore widely used as a model to identify new drug targets for better patient treatment. MS is characterized by several different disease courses: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and a rare progressive-relapsing form of MS (PRMS). Although animal models do not accurately mimic all of these contrasting human disease phenotypes, there are EAE models that reflect some of the different clinical manifestations of MS. For example, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in C57BL/6J mice mimics human PPMS, while myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced EAE in SJL/J mice resembles RRMS. Other autoantigens, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), and a number of different mouse strains are also used to study EAE. To induce disease in these autoantigen-immunization EAE models, a water-in-oil emulsion is prepared and injected subcutaneously. The majority of EAE models also require an injection of pertussis toxin for the disease to develop. For consistent and reproducible EAE induction, a detailed protocol to prepare the reagents to produce antigen/adjuvant emulsions is necessary. The method described here takes advantage of a standardized method to generate water-in-oil emulsions. It is simple and fast and uses a shaking homogenizer instead of syringes to prepare quality-controlled emulsions.

To induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, mice are immunized with a water-in-oil emulsion containing an autoantigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. While several protocols exist for the preparation of these emulsions, a rapid, simple, and standardized homogenization protocol for emulsion preparation is presented here.

Um método de homogeneização rápido, simples e padronizado para preparar emulsões de antígenos/adjuvantes para induzir encefalomielite autoimune experimental

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) shares similar immunological and clinical features with multiple sclerosis (MS), and is therefore widely ...

Aumento da imunogenicidade por Mycobacterium paratuberculosis na encefalomielite autoimune

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) requires immunization by a MOG peptide emulsified in complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant (CFA) containing inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The antigenic components of the mycobacterium activate dendritic cells to stimulate T-cells to produce cytokines that promote the Th1 response via toll-like receptors. Therefore, the amount and species of mycobacteria present during the antigenic challenge are directly related to the development of EAE. This methods paper presents an alternative protocol to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice using a modified incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant containing the heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strain K-10.
M. paratuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex, is the causative agent of Johne&#39;s disease in ruminants and has been identified as a risk factor for several human T-cell-mediated disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Overall, mice immunized with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis showed earlier onset and greater disease severity than mice immunized with CFA containing the strain of M. tuberculosis H37Ra at the same doses of 4 mg/mL. The antigenic determinants of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)&#160;strain K-10 were able to induce a strong Th1 cellular response during the effector phase, characterized by significantly higher numbers of T-lymphocytes (CD4+ CD27+), dendritic cells (CD11c+ I-A/I-E+), and monocytes (CD11b+ CD115+) in the spleen compared to mice immunized with CFA. Furthermore, the proliferative T-cell response to the MOG peptide appeared to be highest in M. paratuberculosis-immunized mice. The use of an encephalitogen (e.g., MOG35-55) emulsified in an adjuvant containing M. paratuberculosis in the formulation may be an alternative and validated method to activate dendritic cells for priming myelin epitope-specific CD4+ T-cells during the induction phase of EAE.

Autor em destaque: Atividade adjuvante de Mycobacterium paratuberculosis no aumento da imunogenicidade de autoantígenos durante a encefalomielite autoimune experimental  

Here, we present an alternative protocol to actively induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice, using the immunogenic epitope myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 suspended in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing the heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Atividade Adjuvante de Mycobacterium paratuberculosis no Aumento da Imunogenicidade de Autoantígenos Durante Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) requires immunization by a MOG peptide emulsified in ...