This work is supported by grants from (1) the National Nature Science Foundation (81973877 and 82174408); (2) Shanghai Top Priority Research Center construction project (2022ZZ01009); (3) National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2020YFE0201600); (4) Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Transformation of Hospital TCM Preparation and (5) Research Projects within Budget of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2021LK047).

All studies involving human tissues have been approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Committee of Longhua Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shanghai, China) (2013LC52), and written informed consent was obtained from the patients in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The IACUC number for this animal study is PZSHUTCM221017013. Four-week-old male CAnN.Cg-Foxn1nu/Crl mice were provided with double lion Irradiated Rodent Diet GB 14924.3 and sterile water, and ...

Protocol for Osteosarcoma PDX Mouse Models: Studying Growth and Drug Resistance

<ol>
	<li>Saraf, A. J., Fenger, J. M., Roberts, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteosarcoma:+accelerating+progress+makes+for+a+hopeful+future.">Osteosarcoma: accelerating progress makes for a hopeful future.</a> Front Oncol. 8, 4 (2018).</li><li>Ligon, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+of+immune+exclusion+in+metastatic+osteosarcoma+are+associated+with+inferior+patient+outcomes.">Pathways of immune exclusion in metastatic osteosarcoma are associated with inferior patient outcomes.</a> J Immunother Cancer. 9 (5), e001772 (2021).</li><li>Miwa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+and+emerging+targets+in+immunotherapy+for+osteosarcoma.">Current and emerging targets in immunotherapy for osteosarcoma.</a> J Oncol. 2019, 7035045 (2019).</li><li>Eaton, B. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-derived+tumor+xenografts+as+models+for+oncology+drug+development.">Patient-derived tumor xenografts as models for oncology drug development.</a> Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 9 (6), 338-350 (2012).</li><li>Yoshida, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+patient-derived+tumor+xenograft+models+and+tumor+organoids.">Applications of patient-derived tumor xenograft models and tumor organoids.</a> J Hematol Oncol. 13 (1), 4 (2020).</li><li>Stitzlein, R. N., Wojcik, J., Sebro, R. A., Balamuth, N. J., Weber, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Team+approach:+Osteosarcoma+of+the+distal+part+of+the+femur+in+adolescents.">Team approach: Osteosarcoma of the distal part of the femur in adolescents.</a> JBJS Rev. 5 (12), 5 (2017).</li><li>Kai, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formalin+fixation+on+Her-2+and+PD-l1+expression+in+gastric+cancer:+A+pilot+analysis+using+the+same+surgical+specimens+with+different+fixation+times.">Formalin fixation on Her-2 and PD-l1 expression in gastric cancer: A pilot analysis using the same surgical specimens with different fixation times.</a> World J Clin Cases. 7 (4), 419-430 (2019).</li><li>Yang, T. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+protocol+to+prepare+paraffin-embedded+whole+tick+histology+sections.">A practical protocol to prepare paraffin-embedded whole tick histology sections.</a> Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 14 (4), 102162 (2023).</li><li>Chang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrine+inhibits+prostate+cancer+via+activation+of+the+unfolded+protein+response/endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+signaling+and+reversal+of+epithelial+to+mesenchymal+transition.">Matrine inhibits prostate cancer via activation of the unfolded protein response/endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and reversal of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.</a> Mol Med Rep. 18 (1), 945-957 (2018).</li><li>de Alava, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ewing+sarcoma,+an+update+on+molecular+pathology+with+therapeutic+implications.">Ewing sarcoma, an update on molecular pathology with therapeutic implications.</a> Surg Pathol Clin. 10 (3), 575-585 (2017).</li><li>Hidalgo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-derived+xenograft+models:+An+emerging+platform+for+translational+cancer+research.">Patient-derived xenograft models: An emerging platform for translational cancer research.</a> Cancer Discov. 4 (9), 998-1013 (2014).</li><li>Eoh, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+clinical+features+and+outcomes+in+epithelial+ovarian+cancer+according+to+tumorigenicity+in+patient-derived+xenograft+models.">Comparison of clinical features and outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer according to tumorigenicity in patient-derived xenograft models.</a> Cancer Res Treat. 50 (3), 956-963 (2018).</li><li>Stewart, E. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+utility+of+patient-derived+xenografts+to+determine+biomarkers+of+prognosis+and+map+resistance+pathways+in+EGFR-mutant+lung+adenocarcinoma.">Clinical utility of patient-derived xenografts to determine biomarkers of prognosis and map resistance pathways in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma.</a> J Clin Oncol. 33 (22), 2472-2480 (2015).</li><li>Kresse, S. H., Meza-Zepeda, L. A., Machado, I., Llombart-Bosch, A., Myklebost, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+xenograft+models+of+human+sarcoma+show+nonrandom+loss+of+aberrations.">Preclinical xenograft models of human sarcoma show nonrandom loss of aberrations.</a> Cancer. 118 (2), 558-570 (2012).</li><li>Dobrolecki, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-derived+xenograft+(PDX)+models+in+basic+and+translational+breast+cancer+research.">Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models in basic and translational breast cancer research.</a> Cancer Metastasis Rev. 35 (4), 547-573 (2016).</li><li>Abdolahi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-derived+xenograft+(PDX)+models,+applications+and+challenges+in+cancer+research.">Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, applications and challenges in cancer research.</a> J Transl Med. 20 (1), 206 (2022).</li><li>Deng, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+whole-genome+sequencing+identifies+recurrent+genomic+alterations+in+commonly+used+breast+cancer+cell+lines+and+patient-derived+xenograft+models.">Deep whole-genome sequencing identifies recurrent genomic alterations in commonly used breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models.</a> Breast Cancer Res. 24 (1), 63 (2022).</li><li>Chen, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+and+characterization+of+patient-derived+xenografts+from+patients+with+osteosarcoma.">Generation and characterization of patient-derived xenografts from patients with osteosarcoma.</a> Tissue Cell. 79, 101911 (2022).</li><li>Fortuna-Costa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+association+between+successful+engraftment+of+osteosarcoma+patient-derived+xenografts+and+clinicopathological+findings.">An association between successful engraftment of osteosarcoma patient-derived xenografts and clinicopathological findings.</a> Histol Histopathol. 35 (11), 1295-1307 (2020).</li><li>Beck, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canine+and+murine+models+of+osteosarcoma.">Canine and murine models of osteosarcoma.</a> Vet Pathol. 59 (3), 399-414 (2022).</li></ol>

The PDX models can simulate the characteristics of human cancers and retain more similarity with the primary tumor, including genetic and genomic alterations, histology, heterogeneity, and gene expression profile16,17,18,19. Therefore, they preserve the molecular phenotypes and genotypes of cancer patients, providing innovative approaches for studying biology and evaluating potential therapeuti...

Osteosarcoma is a primary bone malignancy derived from interosseous lobe cells and is most common in adolescents as well as children. It often occurs in the epiphysis of the long diaphysis and is characterized by high malignancy, early metastasis, and poor prognosis1,2. Lung metastasis is the main cause of death in osteosarcoma patients. The 5-year survival rate of patients with non-metastatic osteosarcoma is 65%-70%3. However, over the last 40 years, the 5-year survival rate (only 20%) of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma has not significantly improved, and 25% of osteosarcoma patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis4. Currently, the first-line drugs for osteosarcoma treatment have reached a consensus, but there are still significant differences in chemotherapy regimen and treatment time5. It is important to perform preclinical experiments based on appropriate animal models to obtain more effective chemotherapy regimens.
Currently, models commonly used for osteosarcoma preclinical experiments include cell line-based in vitro cell culture and in vivo cell-derived xenografts (CDX), as well as patient-derived xenografts (PDX)6,7.
The cell lines are convenient for culturing and for use in in vitro studies, or for transplantation into immunodeficient mice to establish CDX models8. However, cell lines cultured in vitro may not accurately reflect the heterogeneity of malignancies and the individual characteristics of patients due to potential mutations that occur to adapt to the in vitro culture environment during repeated passages. Additionally, they lack the microenvironment and immune system necessary for tumor growth and development in vivo. While CDX models offer some advantages over in vitro cell culture, they still may not fully reflect the individual characteristics of osteosarcoma patients, although tumor tissues obtained from CDX models have limited intratumoral heterogeneity and immune system representation compared to cell lines cultured in vitro9. Therefore, establishing a preclinical model with high fidelity is crucial.
PDX models involve the immediate transplantation of freshly resected human cancer tissues into immunodeficient mice. This method allows for the faithful preservation of genetic, epigenetic, and heterogeneous characteristics of human malignancies for each patient, even after successive passages in mice. Furthermore, PDX models are known to accurately predict later clinical outcomes10, making them valuable tools for creating individualized treatments and advancing precision medicine research11.
This work describes the procedure for establishing a PDX model in immunodeficient mice by transplanting human osteosarcoma tissue. Such models serve as platforms for conducting preclinical experiments for osteosarcoma.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10% formalin neutral solution</td>
			<td>Wuhan Saiweier Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>G1101-500ml</td>
			<td>Fix the tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
			<td>Japan Hiryama Company</td>
			<td>HVE-50</td>
			<td>Sterilization surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAnN.Cg-Foxn1nu/Crl</td>
			<td>Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co, Ltd.</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>Animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caliper</td>
			<td>Yantai Green Forest Tools Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>034180A</td>
			<td>Measure the tumor volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dish (60mm)</td>
			<td>Shanghai NianYue Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>430166, Corning</td>
			<td>Sample placment during transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfectant cotton balls</td>
			<td>Shanghai Honglong Industrial Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>20230627</td>
			<td>Disinfect the skin of mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable sterile gloves</td>
			<td>Guilin Hengbao Health Protection Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YT21131</td>
			<td>Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double lion Irradiated Rodent Diet</td>
			<td>Suzhou Shuangshi Experimental Animal Feed Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>GB 14924.3</td>
			<td>Animal feed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic scale</td>
			<td>Shanghai NianYue Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>1-2000</td>
			<td>Weigh the weight of the tumor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin</td>
			<td>Shanghai Gengyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>E4009-25G</td>
			<td>Hematoxylin eosin stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Shanghai Gengyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>H3136-25G</td>
			<td>Hematoxylin eosin stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>VETEASY</td>
			<td>Mouse anesthesia&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVCs mice cage</td>
			<td>Suzhou Monkey King Animal Experimental Equipment Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>HH-MMB-2</td>
			<td>Animal barrier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mark pen</td>
			<td>Zebra Trading (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YYST5</td>
			<td>Mark the surgical incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Optical microscope</td>
			<td>Japanese Olympus Company</td>
			<td>BH20</td>
			<td>Scan tissue slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Shanghai Gengyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>SOICOEYEGRL</td>
			<td>Avoid dry eyes of mice during anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai NianYue Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>Y00030 JZ</td>
			<td>Cut the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic tweezers</td>
			<td>Shanghai NianYue Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>BS-ZER-S-100 Biosharp</td>
			<td>Hold osteosarcoma tissues during transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Shitai Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>80200-0015</td>
			<td>Buried osteosarcoma tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin slicing machine</td>
			<td>Lyca Microsystem (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>RM2235</td>
			<td>Osteosarcoma tissue section</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>physiological saline</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Jinsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>605-004057</td>
			<td>Rinse and temporary storage of osteosarcoma tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpels</td>
			<td>Surgical Instrument Factory of Shanghai Medical Devices (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>J11010-10# JZ</td>
			<td>Separation of osteosarcoma tissue and making surgical incisions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile hood</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Technology (China) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>ECO0.9</td>
			<td>Surgical operation table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile surgical drapes</td>
			<td>Henan Huayu Medical Equipment Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>20160090</td>
			<td>Provide sterile surgery area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight needle holder</td>
			<td>Shanghai Gengyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>J31050 JZ</td>
			<td>Suture the wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture line</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>F3124</td>
			<td>Suture the wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture needle</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>F3124</td>
			<td>Suture the wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue protective solution</td>
			<td>Nanjing Shenghang Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>BC-CFM-03</td>
			<td>Maintain the activity of tissue cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube (50 mL)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Baisai, Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>BLD-BL2002500</td>
			<td>Install formalin fixation solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of patient-derived xenograft mouse model with human osteosarcoma tissues

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Despite the development of new treatment plans in recent years, the prognosis for osteosarcoma patients has not significantly improved. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a robust preclinical model with high fidelity. The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model faithfully preserves the genetic, epigenetic, and heterogeneous characteristics of human malignancies for each patient. Consequently, PDX models are considered authentic in vivo models for studying various cancers in transformation studies. This article presents a comprehensive protocol for creating and maintaining a PDX mouse model that accurately mirrors the morphological features of human osteosarcoma. This involves the immediate transplantation of freshly resected human osteosarcoma tissue into immunocompromised mice, followed by successive passaging. The described model serves as a platform for studying the growth, drug resistance, relapse, and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Additionally, it aids in screening the target therapeutics and establishing personalized treatment schemes.

Author Spotlight: Replicating Human Osteosarcoma Progression in Immunodeficient Mice for Cancer Study

Establishment of Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model with Human Osteosarcoma Tissues

This study meticulously replicates the lateral progression of human osteosarcoma tissue growth in immunodeficient mice, providing a platform for studying the growth, the drug resistance, relapse, and metastasis of osteosarcoma. We realized the procedural steps involved in establishing a patient-derived xenograft model using human osteosarcoma tissue, thereby advising the preclinical research on osteosarcoma. This technical accuracy mimics the human cancer and maintains primary tumor similarity, facilitating the exploration of osteosarcoma biology and the treatment efficacy.

This protocol describes the detailed procedure for establishing a PDX mouse model, preserving the morphological features of human osteosarcoma after immediate transplantation of freshly resected human osteosarcoma tissue and successive passages in mice. Here, a PDX mouse model was successfully established using human osteosarcoma tissue.
Figure 3A shows a representative mouse of PDX at P0, two months after the transplantation of femoral osteosarcoma tissue from a ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Replicating Human Osteosarcoma Progression in Immunodeficient Mice for Cancer Study at JoVE.com

The present protocol describes the method for establishing a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model using human osteosarcoma tissue.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Despite the development of new treatment plans in recent years, ...

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ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:がん研究のための免疫不全マウスにおけるヒト骨肉腫の進行の再現

The present protocol describes the method for establishing a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model using human osteosarcoma...

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Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we describe a methodology to deliver human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embedded in a collagen/fibronectin gel, subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. This cell/gel combination generates a human vascular network that connects with the mouse...

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Performing Human Skeletal Muscle Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Complex human diseases can be challenging to model in traditional laboratory model systems. Here, we describe a surgical approach to model human muscle disease through the transplantation of human skeletal muscle biopsies into immunodeficient...

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Author Spotlight: RNA FISH for Locating lncRNA-SNHG6 in Osteosarcoma Cells 

The present protocol describes a method of RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize the lncRNAs in human osteosarcoma cells.

FISH for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

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Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology.  Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described.  Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic...

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Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma

The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in bone sarcomas has recently been linked to their pathogenesis. In this article, we present the isolation of CSCs from primary cell cultures obtained from human biopsies of conventional osteosarcoma (OS) using the ability of CSCs to grow under nonadherent...

generation of a liver orthotopic human uveal melanoma xenograft platform in immunodeficient mice

Generation of a Liver Orthotopic Human Uveal Melanoma Xenograft Platform in Immunodeficient Mice

Orthotopic human liver metastatic uveal melanoma xenograft mouse models were created using surgical orthotopic implantation techniques with patient-derived tumor chunk and needle injection techniques with cultured human uveal melanoma cell...

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

bioluminescent orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model: a non-invasive technique to monitor cancer progression in mice

This video demonstrates an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that utilizes Matrigel for localized cell delivery and&#160;in vivo&#160;bioluminescence imaging for non-invasive monitoring of tumor progression. The orthotopic model is suited to both syngeneic and xenograft models and could be used in pre-clinical trials to investigate the impact of novel anti-cancer therapeutics on the growth of the primary pancreatic tumor and...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model: A Non-invasive Technique to Monitor Cancer Progression in Mice

gavage strategy for decoction formula of traditional chinese medicine in osteosarcoma model mice

Author Spotlight: Standardized Herbal Decoction Protocol for Enhanced Animal Studies

The protocol provides a detailed standardization process of decoction formula and gavage technique with Yiqi Jiedu decoction in the osteosarcoma mouse model as an example. It describes animal protection and improves reliability of research data, providing effective strategies for investigating therapeutic efficacy and molecular mechanisms of decoction formulas in...

Gavage Strategy for Decoction Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Osteosarcoma Model Mice

RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

establishing a physiologic human vascularized micro-tumor model for cancer research

Author Spotlight: Creating Human Vascularized Micro-Tumors as Models for Translational Cancer Research 

This protocol presents a physiologically relevant tumor-on-a-chip model to perform high-throughput basic and translational human cancer research, advancing drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized medicine approaches with a description of loading, maintenance, and evaluation procedures.

Preparing a Microfluidics-Based Vascularized Human Micro-Tumor Model

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bioluminescent orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer progression

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology is critically needed to enable the development of better therapeutic options to treat pancreatic cancer. To address this need, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression using in vivo bioluminescence...

an ex vivo model of ovarian cancer peritoneal metastasis using human omentum

Author Spotlight: Advanced Ex Vivo Model for Investigating Cancer-Adipose Microenvironment Interaction 

This protocol describes the establishment of a three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo model of cancer cell-omentum interaction. The model provides a platform for elucidating pro-tumor mechanisms within the adipose niche and for testing novel...

Establishing a 3D Ex Vivo Model for Ovarian Cancer-Omentum Interaction

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methods to enable spatial transcriptomics of bone tissues

Author Spotlight: Exploring Advanced Therapeutic Targets in Osteosarcoma Through Spatial Transcriptomics

Here, we describe a method that allows for the decalcification of freshly obtained bone tissues and the preservation of high-quality RNA. A method is also illustrated for sectioning Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples of non-demineralized bones to obtain good quality results if fresh tissues are not available or cannot be collected.

Protocol to Prepare Demineralized FFPE Bone Tissue Samples with RNA Integrity 

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generating pdox mouse model of colorectal cancer: studying progression of colorectal cancer in a murine model

This video describes the protocol for generating a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft colorectal cancer mouse model to study the progression of colorectal cancer cells in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. This murine model helps in understanding primary tumor growth and metastases...

Generating PDOX Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer: Studying Progression of Colorectal Cancer in a Murine Model

non-invasive ultrasound assessment of endometrial cancer progression in pax8-directed deletion of the tumor suppressors arid1a and pten in mice

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice

This protocol describes a method for monitoring the progression of morphological changes over time in the uterus in an inducible mouse model of endometrial cancer using ultrasound imaging with correlation to gross and histological...

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice

non-invasive compression-induced anterior cruciate ligament (acl) injury and in vivo imaging of protease activity in mice

Author Spotlight: Investigating Early Events and Long-Term Effects of ACL Injuries for Osteoarthritis Progression

Non-invasive ACL injury is a reliable and clinically relevant method for initiating post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in mice. This injury method also allows for in vivo quantification of protease activity in the joint at early time points post-injury using protease-activatable near infrared probes and fluorescence reflectance...

Impact of Non-Invasive ACL Injury and Surgery on Protease Activity in Mice

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Establishment of PDX Models by Osteosarcoma Tissue Transplantation at the Mouse Flank Region

To begin, take the freshly resected osteosarcoma tissue, stored in the tissue protective solution. Rinse the osteosarcoma tissues twice with pre-cool sterile physiological saline in a sterile hood. Then remove the areas of osteosarcoma tissue with bleeding and necrosis.Using a scalpel, cut the clean osteosarcoma tissue in a tissue culture dish containing pre-cool sterile physiological saline. Keep the tissue on ice. Now, place the nude mice on sterile surgical drapes.Pinch the toes of the mice to ensure that they are completely anesthetized. Then secure the mouse in a lateral decubitus position. With a marker pen, mark the surgical incision site on the skin.Use the scalpel to make a five millimeter incision from the skin to the subcutaneous tissues. Now, hold ophthalmic tweezers in the left hand and lift the upper margin of the incision. Simultaneously, use a straight needle holder with the right hand to perform blunt dissection upward under the dermis of the mice.With ophthalmic tweezers, hold the upper side skin of the incision. Then transplant the osteosarcoma tissue under the skin five millimeters above the incision margin. Suture the incision using surgical lines, with two to three stitches for a five millimeter incision.Transplanting femoral osteosarcoma tissue from a 15-year-old patient to P0, P1, P2, and P3 mice resulted in the successful creation of a patient-derived xenograft.