우리는 고문, 박사 이브 Marder을 인정하고 싶습니다. 이 연구는 AE T.에 이브 Marder와 NS059255에 건강 보조금 NS17813 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다

<ol><li> 절개 전에 바닷가재는 동물을 마취 30 분 얼음에 묻혀 있어야합니다. </li><li> 바닷가재의 성별은 첫 번째 swimmeret의 모양을보고 결정하실 수 있습니다. 수컷은 보니의 swimmerets을 가지고 있고 암컷은 깃털 swimmerets 있습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1320/1320fig1.png" alt="" /></li><li> cephalothorax을 분리. <ol><li> 앞 발톱을 벗어 버리고 왜곡 움직임을 사용합니다. </li><li> cephalothorax과 복부 사이에 깊은 상처를 만들기 위해 큰 가위를 사용하여 복부 (꼬리 부분)을 제거합니다. 이것은 꼬리 플립 응답을 제어하는​​ 거대한 섬유 책자를 삭감. 다음 복부를 잘라 진행합니다. </li><li> 가위로 그들을 트리밍하여 안테나를 제거하고, 다리와 세 번째 maxillipeds를 비틀어. </li></ol></li><li> (자궁 경부 홈과 연단 사이에 머리 지역 IE), 복부 주변의 등딱지를 제거합니다. <ol><li> 붉은 기본 hypodermis은 그대로 둔 반면,이 섹션을 사용 rongeurs 조심스럽게 하드 등딱지를 제거 주걱의 측면 가장자리에 시작. 주걱은 등딱지이 rongeurs로 부러 수 있도록 레이어를 분리하는 데 유용합니다. </li><li> 당신이 양자 가볍게 calcified 작은 타원형 접시 (IIIa ossicles)를 찾아서 눈을 향해 이동. 가까운 가능한 이러한 ossicles만큼, 신중하게 작은 가위를 사용하여 ossicles에서 근육을 분리합니다. </li><li> 주걱과 rongeurs를 사용하면 연단의 눈을과 꼬리 부분 (약 1cm) 사이에서 등딱지를 제거합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 얼굴 (눈 포함한 지역 및 연단) 분리. <ol><li> 작은 가위를 사용하면 연단에서 가장 주동이의 노출된 조직에 걸쳐 수평 상처가 외골격에서 분리합니다. 그런 다음 조심스럽게 단지 IIIa ossicles의 수준 과거 caudally 조직을 롤 가위 및 / 또는 주걱의 가장자리를 사용합니다. </li><li> dorsally부터 얼굴 외골격 남아 조직을 분리하는 작은 가위를 사용합니다. 당신이 입의 중심 첨부 근처에 도착하면 중지, 가능한 하드 등딱지 가까운 잘라. </li><li> 복부보기에서 mandibles 쉽게 표시해야합니다. 남은 maxillipeds를 분리합니다. </li><li> mandibles 아래의 부드러운 입술을 찾습니다. </li><li> 복부에 붙어있는 입술을 유지하면서 얼굴을 분리하기 위해 측면 상처를 확인하십시오. (가이드로 사용할 수있는 약간 푸른빛이 도는 곡면 바깥쪽 입 부분이 있습니다.) </li></ol></li><li> 위를 분리하고 제거합니다. <ol><li> 손을 최대 그래서 앞쪽에 끝이 팔꿈치 방향입니다 복부 쪽의 손바닥에있는 가재 잡고. </li><li> 입술에 hemostat를 첨부하고 중력이 복부 바디 벽에서 hemostat과 입술을 아래로 당겨 멀리하자. </li><li> 작은 가위를 사용하면 mandibles을 잘라 버릴거야. </li><li> 입술과 위장 복부 하드 &quot;선반&quot;을 형성 복부 신체 벽의 지느러미 측면을 찾습니다. 단지 &quot;선반&quot;아래 잘라 아주 전체 중간 - 측면 정중선을 넘어 신체 벽에 가까운 거리에 있습니다. 복부의 전체 복부 측면 이제 바디 벽에서 분리해야합니다. </li><li> 등의 측면가되도록 바닷가재를 켭니다. 등딱지가 제거된 자궁 홈,의 주동이의 가장자리 잘라 가볍게 복부를 추출합니다. </li><li> 위장에 연결된 남아있는 여분의 창자를 분리합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 위를 열고 걸어 위해 준비합니다. <ol><li> 아래 hypodermis 쪽과 손바닥에 배를 잡고. hemostat 여전히 입술에 연결되어 있어야하고 손가락 사이에 거짓말을해야합니다. </li><li> 아래 pylorus의 복부 측면을 통해 입 오프닝 (입술 아래)에서 얕은 앞쪽에 - 투 - 후부 상처를 만들기 위해 작은 가위를 사용합니다. </li><li> 추가로 위를 열려면, 복부의 중심에 걸쳐 실행 ossicles 두명 측면 인하합니다. </li><li> 콜드 호수는 가시성을 개선하고 위 내용을 추방하기 위해 위장으로 부어있을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 해부 접시에 평평하다에 대한 준비가 세 위의 치아를 장식하는 작은 가위를 사용하도록하기 위해서. </li></ol></li><li> 해부 접시에서 위 아래로 핀. <ol><li> 호수 - 채워진 해부 접시에서 위, hypodermis 쪽 올려 놓으십시오. </li><li> 곤충의 입술에 핀 및 위가 입을 열었다 때 만든 네 모퉁이를 놓습니다. 장소 핀 높고 가장자리에 가까운 앞쪽에 모서리 들어, 같은 commissural 신경 또는 하부 oesophageal 신경을 방해하지 않습니다. pyloric 확장시키는 근육을 방해하지 않기로 약간 높은 뒷부분 모서리 플레이스 핀하십시오. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Marder, E., Bucher, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+pattern+generators+and+the+control+of+rhythmic+movements.">Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements.</a> Curr. Biol. 11, R986-R996 (2001).</li><li>Nusbaum, M. P., Beenhakker, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+small-systems+approach+to+motor+pattern+generation.">A small-systems approach to motor pattern generation.</a> Nature. 417, 343-350 (2002).</li><li>Clemens, S., Massabuau, J. C., Legeay, A., Meyrand, P., Simmers, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+modulation+of+interacting+central+pattern+generators+in+lobster+stomatogastric+ganglion:+influence+of+feeding+and+partial+pressure+of+oxygen.">In vivo modulation of interacting central pattern generators in lobster stomatogastric ganglion: influence of feeding and partial pressure of oxygen.</a> J. Neurosci. 18, 2788-2799 (1998).</li><li>Tobin, A. E., Bierman, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homarus+americanus+stomatogastric+nervous+system+dissection.">Homarus americanus stomatogastric nervous system dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. 27, (2009).</li><li>Maynard, D. M., Dando, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+the+stomatogastric+neuromuscular+system+in+Callinectes+sapidus,+Homarus+Americanus+and+Panulirus+argus+(Decapoda+crustacean).">The structure of the stomatogastric neuromuscular system in Callinectes sapidus, Homarus Americanus and Panulirus argus (Decapoda crustacean).</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 268, 161-220 (1974).</li><li>Herrick, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+history+of+the+American+Lobster.">Natural history of the American Lobster.</a> U.S. Bur. Fish. , 219-252 (1909).</li><li>Marder, E., Bucher, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+circuit+dynamics+using+the+stomatogastric+nervous+system+of+lobsters+and+crabs.">Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs.</a> Annu. Rev. Physiol. 69, 291-316 (2007).</li></ol>

랍스터 위 우리의 실험실 해부에서 stomatogastric 신경계, 위장의 리듬 수축을 제어 네트워크를 액세스하기위한 것입니다. 랍스터 위장의 해부 잘 이전에 5-7 설명하고 있으며, 우리는 해부학에 익숙한되고 좋습니다. 이렇게하면 섬세한 신경 및 근육 손상의 위험을 줄일 수 있습니다. 위 절개 완료되면, STNS의 다양한 부분 추가​​를 해부 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 신경근?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Homarus americanus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Commercial Lobster</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Can be purchased from any lobster supplier, We specifically request &#x201C;chicken&#x201D; lobsters.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Black Sylgard 170</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>170</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Preparation Dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fischer </td>
<td>08-807</td>
<td>Fill 2" with Black Sylgard 170.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine Scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>14090-09</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insect Pins size 6</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>26000-65</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mayo Scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>This is a common product offered by many suppliers of dissecting tools.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Micro-Spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ward Sci.</td>
<td>15 V 4313</td>
<td>This is a very common product offered by many suppliers of lab tools.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rongeurs</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>16000-14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Plastic hemostat</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>This is a common product offered by many suppliers of dissecting or jewelry making tools.</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
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gross dissection of the stomach of the lobster, homarus americanus

미국의 바닷가재의 위 (<i&gt; Homarus americanus</i&gt;)는 연단과 경추 홈 사이 cephalothorax에 위치하고 있습니다. 복부 앞쪽에 끝은 pylorus 하단으로 입을 열고 뒷부분 끝에 의해 정의됩니다. 복부 등의 측면을 따라 stomatogastric 신경계 (STNS)가 자리잡고 있습니다. 수유 동작을 기초 리듬 네트워크를 포함하고이 신경 시스템, 리듬 창출 네트워크 및 neuromodulation 공부를 위해 설립된 모델 시스템입니다<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;. 그것은이 시스템을 연구 할 수있는 동안<i&gt; 생체내에</i<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt; STNS가 고립되면 그 리듬 활동을 생산하기 위해 계속<i&gt; 체외에서</i&gt;. 이 시스템을 연구하기 위해서는<i&gt; 체외에서</i&gt; 위는 동물에서 제거되어야합니다. 이 비디오 문서에서는 위는 미국의 바닷가재에서 해부하는 방법을 설명합니다. 수반 동영상 문서<sup&gt; 4</sup&gt; 우리는 STNS이 위장으로부터 격리 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus at JoVE.com

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

우리는 미국의 바닷가재의 뱃속의 총 절개를 설명 (<i&gt; Homarus americanus</i&gt;).

랍스터의 뱃속의 총 해부, Homarus Americanus</em

The stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is located in the cephalothorax, between the rostrum and the cervical groove. The anterior end of ...

gross-dissection-of-the-stomach-of-the-lobster-homarus-americanus

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Biology

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

14.4K 조회수.  Brandeis. 우리는 미국의 바닷가재의 뱃속의 총 절개를 설명 ( Homarus americanus).

비디오: Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

Micro-dissection of Rat Brain for RNA or Protein Extraction from Specific Brain Region

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

RNA 또는 특정 뇌 영역에서 단백질 추출에 대한 쥐 두뇌의 마이크로 해부

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates ...

연구

생물학

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

With the goal of understanding how nervous systems produce activity and respond to the environment, neuroscientists turn to model systems that exhibit the activity of interest and are accessible and amenable to experimental methods. The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the American lobster (Homarus americanus; also know was the Atlantic or Maine lobster) has been established as a model system for studying rhythm generating networks and neuromodulation of networks. The STNS consists of 3 anterior ganglia (2 commissural ganglia and an oesophageal ganglion), containing modulatory neurons that project centrally to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). The STG contains approximately 30 neurons that comprise two central pattern generating networks, the pyloric and gastric networks that underlie feeding behaviors in crustaceans1,2. While it is possible to study this system in vivo3, the STNS continues to produce its rhythmic activity when isolated in vitro. Physical isolation of the STNS in a dish allows for easy access to the somata in the ganglia for intracellular electrophysiological recordings and to the nerves of the STNS for extracellular recordings. Isolating the STNS is a two-part process. The first part, dissecting the stomach from the animal, is described in an accompanying video article4. In this video article, fine dissection techniques are used to isolate the STNS from the stomach. This procedure results in a nervous system preparation that is available for electrophysiological recordings.

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

We describe the fine dissection of the stomatogastric nervous system from the stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric 신경계의 해부

With the goal of understanding how nervous systems produce activity and respond to the environment, neuroscientists turn to model systems that exhibit the ...

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Neurosensory epithelia in the inner ear are the crucial structures for hearing and balance functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular features of the epithelia, which are mainly composed of two types of cells: hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs). Here we choose to study the inner ear sensory epithelia in adult zebrafish not only because the epithelial structures are highly conserved in all vertebrates studied, but also because the adult zebrafish is able to regenerate HCs, an ability that mammals lose shortly after birth. We use the inner ear of adult zebrafish as a model system to study the mechanisms of inner ear HC regeneration in adult vertebrates that could be helpful for clinical therapy of hearing/balance deficits in human as a result of HC loss.
Here we demonstrate how to do gross and fine dissections of inner ear sensory epithelia in adult zebrafish. The gross dissection removes the tissues surrounding the inner ear and is helpful for preparing tissue sections, which allows us to examine the detailed structure of the sensory epithelia. The fine dissection cleans up the non-sensory-epithelial tissues of each individual epithelium and enables us to examine the heterogeneity of the whole epithelium easily in whole-mount epithelial samples.

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish Danio rerio

The inner ear sensory epithelium of adult zebrafish is a good model system for understanding the mechanisms of hair cell regeneration in adult vertebrates. This protocol demonstrates the fine dissection of the epithelia, through which we can get tissue samples for studying the regenerative events at cellular and subcellular levels.

성인 Zebrafish에서 내이 (内耳) 감각 상피 조직의 총과 파인 해부 ( Danio rerio)

Neurosensory epithelia in the inner ear are the crucial structures for hearing and balance functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the ...

Dissection of Organs from the Adult Zebrafish

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental analysis of the embryo and larva is extensive and the morphology has been well documented, descriptions of adult zebrafish anatomy and studies of development of the adult structures and organs, together with techniques for working with adults are lacking. The organs of the larva undergo significant changes in their overall structure, morphology, and anatomical location during the larval to adult transition.  Externally, the transparent larva develops its characteristic adult striped pigment pattern and paired pelvic fins, while internally, the organs undergo massive growth and remodeling.  In addition, the bipotential gonad primordium develops into either testis or ovary.  This protocol identifies many of the organs of the adult and demonstrates methods for dissection of the brain, gonads, gastrointestinal system, heart, and kidney of the adult zebrafish. The dissected organs can be used for in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, histology, RNA extraction, protein analysis, and other molecular techniques.  This protocol will assist in the broadening of studies in the zebrafish to include the remodeling of larval organs, the morphogenesis of organs specific to the adult and other investigations of the adult organ systems.

This protocol describes a procedure for identifying and dissecting organs from the adult zebrafish.

성인 Zebrafish에서 기관의 해부

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental ...

Using SCOPE to Identify Potential Regulatory Motifs in Coregulated Genes

SCOPE is an ensemble motif finder that uses three component algorithms in parallel to identify potential regulatory motifs by over-representation and motif position preference1. Each component algorithm is optimized to find a different kind of motif. By taking the best of these three approaches, SCOPE performs better than any single algorithm, even in the presence of noisy data1. In this article, we utilize a web version of SCOPE2 to examine genes that are involved in telomere maintenance. SCOPE has been incorporated into at least two other motif finding programs3,4 and has been used in other studies5-8. 
The three algorithms that comprise SCOPE are BEAM9, which finds non-degenerate motifs (ACCGGT), PRISM10, which finds degenerate motifs (ASCGWT), and SPACER11, which finds longer bipartite motifs (ACCnnnnnnnnGGT). These three algorithms have been optimized to find their corresponding type of motif. Together, they allow SCOPE to perform extremely well.
Once a gene set has been analyzed and candidate motifs identified, SCOPE can look for other genes that contain the motif which, when added to the original set, will improve the motif score. This can occur through over-representation or motif position preference. Working with partial gene sets that have biologically verified transcription factor binding sites, SCOPE was able to identify most of the rest of the genes also regulated by the given transcription factor.
Output from SCOPE shows candidate motifs, their significance, and other information both as a table and as a graphical motif map. FAQs and video tutorials are available at the SCOPE web site which also includes a "Sample Search" button that allows the user to perform a trial run. 
Scope has a very friendly user interface that enables novice users to access the algorithm's full power without having to become an expert in the bioinformatics of motif finding. As input, SCOPE can take a list of genes, or FASTA sequences. These can be entered in browser text fields, or read from a file. The output from SCOPE contains a list of all identified motifs with their scores, number of occurrences, fraction of genes containing the motif, and the algorithm used to identify the motif. For each motif, result details include a consensus representation of the motif, a sequence logo, a position weight matrix, and a list of instances for every motif occurrence (with exact positions and "strand" indicated). Results are returned in a browser window and also optionally by email. Previous papers describe the SCOPE algorithms in detail1,2,9-11.

A straight-forward and robust method to identify potential regulatory motifs in co-regulated genes is presented. SCOPE does not require any user parameters and returns motifs that represent excellent candidates for regulatory signals. The identification of such regulatory signals helps to understand the underlying biology.

Coregulated 진스 잠재적인 규제 모티브를 식별하기 위해 범위를 사용하여

SCOPE is an ensemble motif finder that uses three component algorithms in parallel to identify potential regulatory motifs by over-representation and ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

성인 Zebrafish의 신장의 해부

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology of the fish branchial skeleton is matched to a species' diet. Threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have emerged as a model system to study the genetic and developmental basis of evolved differences in a variety of traits. Marine populations of sticklebacks have repeatedly colonized countless new freshwater lakes and creeks. Adaptation to the new diet in these freshwater environments likely underlies a series of craniofacial changes that have evolved repeatedly in independently derived freshwater populations. These include three major patterning changes to the branchial skeleton: reductions in the number and length of gill raker bones, increases in pharyngeal tooth number, and increased branchial bone lengths. Here we describe a detailed protocol to dissect and flat-mount the internal branchial skeleton in threespine stickleback fish. Dissection of the entire three-dimensional branchial skeleton and mounting it flat into a largely two-dimensional prep allows for the easy visualization and quantification of branchial skeleton morphology. This dissection method is inexpensive, fast, relatively easy, and applicable to a wide variety of fish species. In sticklebacks, this efficient method allows the quantification of skeletal morphology in genetic crosses to map genomic regions controlling craniofacial patterning.

The branchial skeleton, including gill rakers, pharyngeal teeth, and branchial bones, serves as the primary site of food processing in most fish. Here we describe a protocol to dissect and flat-mount this internal skeleton in threespine sticklebacks. This method is also applicable to a variety of other fish species.

해부와 큰가시 고기 아가미 해골의 평면 장착

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology ...

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Lipids are essential for animal development and physiological homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in various developmental defects and diseases, such as obesity and fatty liver. Usually, lipids are stored in lipid droplets, which are the multifunctional lipid storage organelles in cells. Lipid droplets vary in size and number in different tissues and under different conditions. It has been reported that lipid droplets are tightly controlled through regulation of its biogenesis and degradation. In Drosophila melanogaster, the oenocyte is an important tissue for lipid metabolism and has been recently identified as a human liver analogue regarding lipid mobilization in response to stress. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid droplet metabolism in oenocytes remain elusive. To solve this problem, it is of utmost importance to develop a reliable and sensitive method to directly visualize lipid droplet dynamic changes in oenocytes during development and under stressful conditions. Taking advantage of the lipophilic BODIPY 493/503, a lipid droplet-specific fluorescent dye, described here is a detailed protocol for the dissection and subsequent lipid droplet staining in the oenocytes of Drosophila larvae in response to starvation. This allows for qualitative analysis of lipid droplet dynamics under various conditions by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, this rapid and highly reproducible method can also be used in genetic screens for indentifying novel genetic factors involving lipid droplet metabolism in oenocytes and other tissues.

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Presented here are detailed methods for the dissection and lipid droplet staining of oenocytes in Drosophila larvae using BODIPY 493/503, a lipid droplet-specific fluorescent dye.

초파리 유충에 있는 Oenocytes의 해부 그리고 지질 물방울 염색

Lipids are essential for animal development and physiological homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in various developmental defects and ...

Dissection of the Endolymphatic Sac from Mice

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the human phenotypes. Although important progress has been done in the understanding of the development and function of the neurosensory epithelia of the cochlea and vestibula, limited knowledge is available regarding the development, cellular composition, molecular pathways and functional characteristics of the endolymphatic sac. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty of visualizing and microdissecting this tissue, which is an epithelium comprised of only one cell layer. The study presented here describes an approach to access and microdissect the endolymphatic sac from the wild-type mouse inner ear at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in a pendrin-deficient mouse model of enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent endolymphatic sac is presented. This reporter mouse can be used to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac with limited dissection and determine its size. It can also be used as an educational tool to teach how to dissect the endolymphatic sac. These dissection procedures should facilitate further characterization of this understudied part of the inner ear.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>생쥐의 내림프낭 해부

This study describes how to dissect the endolymphatic sac from the inner ear of the mouse at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in an Slc26a4-null mouse model of enlargement of the endolymphatic sac. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent reporter expressed in the endolymphatic sac is presented as a model to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac, and educational tool.

생쥐의 내림프낭 해부

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the ...