이 작품은 스위스 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation) (PBEZP3 - 131154 CE)에서 부여에 의해 지원되었다

1. 제목 모집 <ol><li> 주제는 약 3000 학생 자원 봉사자의 목록을 포함하는 온라인 데이터베이스 5를 통해 모집하고 있습니다. 이 목록에서 우리는 이전에 유사한 연구에 참여하지 않은 여성에 연락하여 그들이 연구에 참여에 관심이 있는지 여부를 물어보십시오. 급성 테스토 스 테론 관리가 잘 여성 6,7 사이에 설립 후 우리는 neurophysiological 효과의 시간 과정으로 독점적으로 여성을 초대합니다. 남성의 경우이 시간 과정은 아직 잘 이해되지 않습니다. </li><li> 관심 과목은 다음 약물의 섭취, 체세포 질환, 호르몬 피임이나 신경 또는 정신 장애를 제외 전화 인터뷰에서 상영됩니다. </li><li> 성 호르몬의 내생적인 수준은 여성의 월경주기의 첫번째 부분 내에서 낮은 안정적인 경향이 있기 때문에 우리는 안정성과주기의 기간에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 두 번째 전화 인터뷰를 실시합니다. 주제는 그들의 월경주기의 시작 부분부터 10 일 이내에 실험을 초대합니다. 그들은 더 실험 전 24 시간 동안 알코올이나 카페인 섭취와 흡연 기권하도록 지시하고 있습니다. </li><li> 주제는 스위스 취리히에서 경제학 경험 연구소의 실험 연구실 12의 평균 크기의 그룹으로 초대합니다. </li></ol> 2. 실험 절차 <ol><li> 모든 세션은 스테로이드 호르몬 수준에있는 circadian 변화에 대한 제어 오후 1시 시작합니다. </li><li> 우리는 임신을 배제하기 위해 실험 시작 전에 임신 테스트를 실시합니다. </li><li> 실험, 테스토 스 테론과 시각 분간 위약 알약의 준비를 무작위로 달리 실험에 참여하지 않은 사람에 의해 실험실 방에 12-1 표시된 열두 워크 스테이션에 배포됩니다. </li><li> 실험실 입구에, 열두 주제의 각 거기에 숨기고 번호 카드를 그립니다. 번호는 하나에서 정오 다양합니다. </li><li> 과목은 다음 36 컴퓨터 직장 총 둘러 싸인하는 실험실 객실로 이동합니다. 과목 찾아 그들이 입구에 드루 카드에 표시된 것과 같은 번호로 표시된 직장에서 앉아 지시하고 있습니다. </li><li> 모든 과목은 정보 동의서를 읽고 서명. </li><li> 우리는 타액 표본 수집에 대한 IBL SaliCaps 키트 (IBL - 함부르크, 함부르크, 독일)를 사용하여 기본 타액 테스토 스 테론과 cortisol의 농도를 측정합니다. 주제는 다음 즉시 -80에서 냉동하는 테스트 튜브, ° C.에 침을 1 ML을 전송하여 주시기 바랍니다 </li><li> 주제는 자신의 입안에 sublingual 약을 그것을 씹어하고 일분 자신의 입 속에 분해 물질을 계속 요청하고 있습니다. 구강 점막과 함께 HP - β - CD 테스토 스 테론 포함 복합 최대한 연락을 달성하기 위해 과목들은 혓바닥으로 돌고 움직임을하도록 지시하고 있습니다. 일분 후, 물질의 나머지 100 ML 물을 사용하여 삼킨 것입니다. </li><li> 즉시 물질 관리에 따라 과목은 다른 설문 조사를 완료하는 데 필요합니다. 우리는 주 - 뜨헤의 불안 인벤토리 9 주 - 뜨헤의 분노 표현 인벤토리 10를 통해 다차원 무드 설문지 (MDBF) 8과 불안과 분노의 특성과 상태,에 의해 기분과 각성을 측정합니다. 이 설문은 과목 &#39;부수적 분위기, 분노와 불안 상태의 가능한 효과뿐 아니라 성격 특성에 대한 제어의 목적이 있습니다. 또한, 과목들은 심리적 건강을 측정하는 90 항목 증상 체크리스트를 확인 독일어 버전 (개정 버전) 11를 완료하십시오. 매우 높은 점수를 (가난한 심리적 건강을 나타내는 말은 위에 두 표준 편차) 사람들은 데이터 분석에서 제외됩니다. 젊고 건강한 여성 6,7에서 0.5 MG의 테스토 스 테론의 sublingual 신청 후 행동 효과의 모양에 대한 4 시간 기존의 시간 지연으로 인해, 긴 대기 기간은 우리의 연구의 중요한 부분입니다. 이 기간 동안, 우리의 과목은 실험실 방에 있으면서 스스로 조용히 구경하고해야합니다. 이것은 실험실 바깥에서 사회적 상호 작용 혼란 조치를 야기할 수있는 장소도지지 않습니다 않도록하는 것입니다. </li></ol> 3. 최후 통첩 게임 <ol><li> 과목은 다음 게임에서 역할에 대한 지침 및 용지에 돈을 지불할 규칙을 수신하고이를 읽어 달라는 요청을받습니다. 우리는 그들이 지침의 끝에 몇 가지 제어 질문을 완료함으로써 보수 구조의 그들의 이해를 확인하십시오. </li><li> 그러면 구두 실험 절차를 요약합니다. 그 이유는 과목은 다른 사람들이 게임의 구조에 대한 동일한 정보를 가지고 있으며 어떻게 돈세탁 AR 알고 있는지 확인하는 것입니다전자는 또한 &quot;상식&quot;라고하는, 결정. 다음과 같이 요약은 다음과 같습니다 : </li><li> &quot;최후 통첩 게임 10 화폐 단위 (뮤스)의 사업부에 동의해야만 플레이어의 두 종류, 제안자 및 응답과 함께 재생됩니다. 제안자는 10 뮤스의 배포를 결정할 수 있습니다. 본 실험에서는 proposers는 응답 5의 제공, 3, 2, 또는 0 뮤스을 제안하실 수 있습니다. 응답은 다음이 제안을 수락 또는 거부 중 하나입니다. 응답은 제안자의 제안을 수락하면, 제안된 할당을 구현하고 지급됩니다. 그러나, 응답은 또한 제안을 거부할 수 있으며이 경우 어느 당사자는 아무것도 벌고 &quot;. </li><li> 우리는 공정 (5 뮤스)과 같은 인식 아르 제공으로 간주됩니다 제공 사이의 명확한 분리를 위해 부당한 (3, 2 또는 0 뮤스) 5를 제공, 3, 2 또는 0 뮤스을 제한함으로써. 과목은 임의로 밝히고 제안자 또는 응답 중 하나의 역할에 할당된 다음 전체 실험이 역할을 유지하고 있습니다. 세 가지 다른 무작위로 선택된 상호 작용 파트너와 결합하면서 모든 제안자는 뮤스의 배포에 세 개의 제안을합니다. 주제에 대한 두 번 이상 상호 작용하지 않습니다. 그들은이 실험에 일치 누구와 사람의 신원을 배울하지 마십시오. 제안자는 실험이 끝날 때까지 조치 &#39;선택에 대한 피드백을받지 않습니다. 최후 통첩 게임의 모든 결정은 zTree 소프트웨어의 구현 및 컴퓨터 화면 12 제공됩니다. </li><li> 테스토 스 테론은 대중 언론에서 가장 널리 논의 호르몬의 하나이기 때문에 그것은 주제는 효과가 약 13 preformed 믿음을 (true 또는 false)을 수도 있습니다. 또한, 윤리적인 문제는 연구자들이 역시 테스토 스 테론에 대한 사전 지식이 행동에 대한 테스토 스 테론의 가능한 영향을 오염 수있는 위약이나 테스토 스 테론을받을 수 과목을 알려 때문에 필요합니다. 그러므로 우리는 그들이 테스토 스 테론이나 위약 처방을받은 것 여부 과목을 요구하는 인식 그룹 할당을 평가합니다. </li><li> 인식 그룹 할당은 몇 가지 사회 경제적 특성과 함께 최종 설문 조사에 기록됩니다. 지난 설문 동안 우리는 과목 &#39;지불을 준비합니다. </li></ol> 4. 제목 지불 <ol><li> 과목은 실험에 참여하기 위해 백 스위스 프랑의 기본 요금을받을 수 있습니다. 실제 금전적 인센티브의 사용은 크게 잠재적인 사회적 바람직함 바이어스와 편견 자기 인식을 줄여줍니다. 따라서, 각 과목은 최후 통첩 게임에서 얻은 각 MU 한 스위스 프랑 (약 1 미국 $)받습니다. 각 과목은 실험의 끝에 기본 요금 플러스 개인에서 얻은 뮤스 구성된 자신의 수입을받습니다. </li></ol>

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관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

관찰 평균 제공하는 다른 연구 발견 것과 유사한 경​​우 결과가 유효한지 표시됩니다. 일반적으로 평균 제공하는 30 사이 - 40 전체 금액의 %와 대상의 약 절반 동등 공유 14 제공합니다. 50 % 이상의 제공을 관찰하는 경우 반면에, 주제는 게임의 규칙을 이해하지 않았다는 가능성 지표입니다. 그것은 상당한 이질가 제공하는 세계 15 주변의 연구에서 관찰 분포 및 평균에있다는 것?...

combining behavioral endocrinology and experimental economics: testosterone and social decision making

인간뿐만 아니라 동물의 행동 endocrinological 연구는 테스토 스 테론은 사회적 상호 작용에 중요한 역할을 제안합니다. 설치류의 연구는 테스토 스 테론이 반사회적 이기주의의 또는 공격적인 행동 2 유도 제안, 테스토 스 테론하고 공격적인 행동 1 민속 지혜를 인간에게 이러한 결과를 적응 사이의 직접 링크를 표시합니다. 그러나 많은 연구자들은 테스토 스 테론은 주로 상태와 관련된 문제 3,4에 관여되는 대신에 논쟁, 인간의 직접적인 테스토 스 테론 - 공격성 링크를 의심. 높은 지위도 공격적이고 반사회적 방법으로 얻을 수 있듯이 그것은 행동을 추구하는 안티 - 사회적 지위를 구분하기 어려울 수 있습니다. 따라서 상태에서만 prosocial 방법으로 얻을 수있는, 실험 환경을 설정합니다. 두 맹인과 위약 - 제어 실험에서, 우리는 121 여성 테스토 스 테론의 0.5 MG의 단일 sublingual 복용 (히드록시 프로필 - β - 사이클로 덱스트린 캐리어 포함) 관리 및 경제 협상 패러다임에서 사회적 상호 작용 행동을 조사 하였다. 실제 금전적 인센티브는이 패러다임에 걸려있는, 모든 플레이어는 돈을 일정 금액을 받고 돈을 공유하는 방법에있는 다른 플레이어 B에게 제안을한다. B가 받아들인다면, 그녀는 제공했는지지고 플레이어가 나머지를 유지합니다. B는 제안을 거부하면 아무 아무것도 도착하지 않습니다. 플레이어를 요구하는 상태가 즉 높은 제공함으로써, prosocial 방식으로 행동에 의해 거부되지 않도록 예정입니다. 결과는 호르몬에 대한 기대가에 대한 제어하는​​ 경우, 테스토 스 테론 관리가 위약에 비해 공정한 협상에서 상당한 증가로 연결 제공하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 기대의 역할은 그들이 테스토 스 테론을받은 믿는 걸보고 과목 그들은 위약과 치료 있다고 믿는다고 사람보다 낮은 제공을 사실에 반영됩니다. 이러한 결과는 실험 경제학 접근 호르몬의 관리에 의해 달성 것과 같은 미묘한으로 신경 생물학 효과를 검출 구별하는 것이 좋습니다. 또한, 연구 결과는 인간의 사회적 행동에 대한 테스토 스 테론의 영향을 결정하는 두 psychosocial뿐만 아니라 neuroendocrine 요인의 중요성을 향해 가리 킵니다.

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Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

이 프로토콜에서 설명하는 절차는 테스토 스 테론 관리 및 테스토 스 테론에 대한 민속 신앙 직접 반대 사회적 행동에 연결되어있을 수 있습니다 보여준다.

행동 내분비학 및 실험 경제학을 결합 : 테스토 스 테론과 사회 의사 결정

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

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15.0K 조회수.  University of Zurich. 이 프로토콜에서 설명하는 절차는 테스토 스 테론 관리 및 테스토 스 테론에 대한 민속 신앙 직접 반대 사회적 행동에 연결되어있을 수 있습니다 보여준다.

비디오: Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they yield data relevant to the cognitive processing that occurs under ecologically valid conditions. These two goals often are at odds, since well controlled stimuli often are too repetitive to sustain subjects' motivation. Studies employing electroencephalography (EEG) are often especially sensitive to this dilemma between ecological validity and experimental control: attaining sufficient signal-to-noise in physiological averages demands large numbers of repeated trials within lengthy recording sessions, limiting the subject pool to individuals with the ability and patience to perform a set task over and over again. This constraint severely limits researchers' ability to investigate younger populations as well as clinical populations associated with heightened anxiety or attentional abnormalities. Even adult, non-clinical subjects may not be able to achieve their typical levels of performance or cognitive engagement: an unmotivated subject for whom an experimental task is little more than a chore is not the same, behaviourally, cognitively, or neurally, as a subject who is intrinsically motivated and engaged with the task. A growing body of literature demonstrates that embedding experiments within video games may provide a way between the horns of this dilemma between experimental control and ecological validity. The narrative of a game provides a more realistic context in which tasks occur, enhancing their ecological validity (Chaytor &amp; Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003). Moreover, this context provides motivation to complete tasks. In our game, subjects perform various missions to collect resources, fend off pirates, intercept communications or facilitate diplomatic relations. In so doing, they also perform an array of cognitive tasks, including a Posner attention-shifting paradigm (Posner, 1980), a go/no-go test of motor inhibition, a psychophysical motion coherence threshold task, the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, 1950, 1954) and a theory-of-mind (Wimmer &amp; Perner, 1983) task. The game software automatically registers game stimuli and subjects' actions and responses in a log file, and sends event codes to synchronise with physiological data recorders. Thus the game can be combined with physiological measures such as EEG or fMRI, and with moment-to-moment tracking of gaze. Gaze tracking can verify subjects' compliance with behavioural tasks (e.g. fixation) and overt attention to experimental stimuli, and also physiological arousal as reflected in pupil dilation (Bradley et al., 2008). At great enough sampling frequencies, gaze tracking may also help assess covert attention as reflected in microsaccades - eye movements that are too small to foveate a new object, but are as rapid in onset and have the same relationship between angular distance and peak velocity as do saccades that traverse greater distances. The distribution of directions of microsaccades correlates with the (otherwise) covert direction of attention (Hafed &amp; Clark, 2002).

Procedures for recording high-density EEG and gaze data during computer game-based cognitive tasks are described. Using a video game to present cognitive tasks enhances ecological validity without sacrificing experimental control.

결합 컴퓨터 게임 기반 고밀도 뇌파와 적외선 가즈 추적 Behavioural 실험

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

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신경과학

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

가상 사회 상호 작용을 관찰의 신경 상호의 두뇌 이미징 조사

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Most of the choices we make have uncertain consequences. In some cases the probabilities for different possible outcomes are precisely known, a condition termed "risky". In other cases when probabilities cannot be estimated, this is a condition described as "ambiguous". While most people are averse to both risk and ambiguity1,2, the degree of those aversions vary substantially across individuals, such that the subjective value of the same risky or ambiguous option can be very different for different individuals. We combine functional MRI (fMRI) with an experimental economics-based method3 to assess the neural representation of the subjective values of risky and ambiguous options4. This technique can be now used to study these neural representations in different populations, such as different age groups and different patient populations.
In our experiment, subjects make consequential choices between two alternatives while their neural activation is tracked using fMRI. On each trial subjects choose between lotteries that vary in their monetary amount and in either the probability of winning that amount or the ambiguity level associated with winning. Our parametric design allows us to use each individual's choice behavior to estimate their attitudes towards risk and ambiguity, and thus to estimate the subjective values that each option held for them. Another important feature of the design is that the outcome of the chosen lottery is not revealed during the experiment, so that no learning can take place, and thus the ambiguous options remain ambiguous and risk attitudes are stable. Instead, at the end of the scanning session one or few trials are randomly selected and played for real money. Since subjects do not know beforehand which trials will be selected, they must treat each and every trial as if it and it alone was the one trial on which they will be paid. This design ensures that we can estimate the true subjective value of each option to each subject. We then look for areas in the brain whose activation is correlated with the subjective value of risky options and for areas whose activation is correlated with the subjective value of ambiguous options.

Using functional MRI and behavioral methods to determine the neural representation of the subjective value of risky and ambiguous options in the human brain.

실험 경제 기능 MRI 방법을 사용하여 위험하고 모호한 옵션의 주관적 가치를 측정

Most of the choices we make have uncertain consequences. In some cases the probabilities for different possible outcomes are precisely known, a condition ...

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

We have developed instrumentation, image processing, and data analysis techniques to quantify the locomotory behavior of C. elegans as it crawls on the surface of an agar plate. For the study of the genetic, biochemical, and neuronal basis of behavior, C. elegans is an ideal organism because it is genetically tractable, amenable to microscopy, and shows a number of complex behaviors, including taxis, learning, and social interaction1,2. Behavioral analysis based on tracking the movements of worms as they crawl on agar plates have been particularly useful in the study of sensory behavior3, locomotion4, and general mutational phenotyping5. Our system works by moving the camera and illumination system as the worms crawls on a stationary agar plate, which ensures no mechanical stimulus is transmitted to the worm. Our tracking system is easy to use and includes a semi-automatic calibration feature. A challenge of all video tracking systems is that it generates an enormous amount of data that is intrinsically high dimensional. Our image processing and data analysis programs deal with this challenge by reducing the worms shape into a set of independent components, which comprehensively reconstruct the worms behavior as a function of only 3-4 dimensions6,7. As an example of the process we show that the worm enters and exits its reversal state in a phase specific manner.

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

We have developed a video-rate tracking microscope system that can record and quantify C. elegans behavior at high resolution and high speeds. We have also developed computational methods to reduce the dimensionality of the worm images to a fundamental set of measurements that completely describe the shape of the worm.

C. elegans 추적 및 행동 측정

We have developed instrumentation, image processing, and data analysis techniques to quantify the locomotory behavior of C. elegans as it crawls on the ...

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the experiments. Such parameters may be physiological response characteristics of the auditory pathway, e.g. via brainstem audiometry (BERA). But these methods allow only indirect and uncertain extrapolations about the auditory percept that corresponds to these physiological parameters. To assess the perceptual level of hearing, behavioral methods have to be used. A potential problem with the use of behavioral methods for the description of perception in animal models is the fact that most of these methods involve some kind of learning paradigm before the subjects can be behaviorally tested, e.g. animals may have to learn to press a lever in response to a sound. As these learning paradigms change perception itself 1,2 they consequently will influence any result about perception obtained with these methods and therefore have to be interpreted with caution. Exceptions are paradigms that make use of reflex responses, because here no learning paradigms have to be carried out prior to perceptual testing. One such reflex response is the acoustic startle response (ASR) that can highly reproducibly be elicited with unexpected loud sounds in na&iuml;ve animals. This ASR in turn can be influenced by preceding sounds depending on the perceptibility of this preceding stimulus: Sounds well above hearing threshold will completely inhibit the amplitude of the ASR; sounds close to threshold will only slightly inhibit the ASR. This phenomenon is called pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) 3,4, and the amount of PPI on the ASR gradually depends on the perceptibility of the pre-pulse. PPI of the ASR is therefore well suited to determine behavioral audiograms in na&iuml;ve, non-trained animals, to determine hearing impairments or even to detect possible subjective tinnitus percepts in these animals. In this paper we demonstrate the use of this method in a rodent model (cf. also ref. 5), the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), which is a well know model species for startle response research within the normal human hearing range (e.g. 6).

A fast and inexpensive method for the behavioral determination of hearing parameters like hearing thresholds, hearing impairments or phantom perceptions (subjective tinnitus) is described. It uses pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and can be easily implemented in a personal computer using a programmable AD/DA-converter and a piezo sensor.

쥐의 행동 Audiometry를위한 저비용 설정

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

Hippocampal 인슐린 Microinjection 및<em&gt; 생체에</em공간 메모리 테스트 기간 동안&gt; Microdialysis

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their consequences. This process is integral to the normal human behavior and has been shown to be disrupted by neurological and psychiatric disorders such as addiction, schizophrenia, and depression. Rodents have long been used to uncover the neurobiology of human cognition. To this end, several behavioral tasks have been developed; however, most are non-automated and are labor-intensive. The recent development of the open-source microcontroller has enabled researchers to automate operant-based tasks for assessing a variety of cognitive tasks, standardizing the stimulus presentation, improving the data recording and consequently, improving the research output. Here, we describe an automated delay-based reinforcement-guided decision-making task, using an operant T-maze controlled by custom-written software programs. Using these decision-making tasks, we show the changes in the local field potential activities in the anterior cingulate cortex of a rat whilst it performs a delay-based cost-and-benefit decision-making task.

A cost-benefit analysis is a weighing-scale approach that the brain performs during the course of decision making. Here, we propose a protocol to train rats on an operant-based decision-making paradigm where rats choose higher rewards at the expense of waiting for 15 s to receive them.

설치류에 의해 강화 결정 시 비용-이익 분석을 평가 하기 위한 작동 프로토콜

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

In a constantly aging population, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is expected to rise. Understanding disease mechanisms is the key to find preventive and curative measures. The most effective way to achieve this is through direct examination of diseased and healthy brain tissue. The authors present a protocol to obtain, process, characterize and store good quality brain tissue donated by individuals registered in an antemortem brain donation program. The donation program includes a face-to-face empathic approach to people, a collection of complementary clinical, biological, social and lifestyle information and serial multi-dimensional assessments over time to track individual trajectories of normal aging and cognitive decline. Since many neurological diseases are asymmetrical, our brain bank offers a unique protocol for slicing fresh specimens. Brain sections of both hemispheres are alternately frozen (at -80 &#176;C) or fixed in formalin; a fixed slice on one hemisphere corresponds to a frozen one on the other hemisphere. With this approach, a complete histological characterization of all frozen material can be obtained, and omics studies can be performed on histologically well-defined tissues from both hemispheres thus offering a more complete assessment of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. Correct and definite diagnosis of these diseases can only be achieved by combining the clinical syndrome with the neuropathological evaluation, which often adds important etiological clues necessary to interpret the pathogenesis. This method can be time consuming, expensive and limited as it only covers a limited geographical area. Regardless of its limitations, the high degree of characterization it provides can be rewarding. Our ultimate goal is to establish the first Italian Brain Bank, all the while emphasizing the importance of neuropathologically verified epidemiological studies.

This protocol describes a method to track individual brain-aging trajectories through a brain donation program and proper characterization of brains. Brain donors are involved in a long-term longitudinal study including serial multi-dimensional assessments. The protocol contains a detailed description of brain processing and an accurate diagnostic methodology.

노화 뇌 수집, 처리 및 특성화를 위한 Abbiategrasso 브레인 뱅크 프로토콜

In a constantly aging population, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is expected to rise. Understanding disease mechanisms is the key to find ...

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

New knowledge is continuously gained from a social environment that can influence how people respond to each other. Such responses often occur implicitly, at a subliminal perceptual level, and related brain mechanisms can be experimentally isolated by presenting the stimuli quickly. Subliminal presentation of faces that belong to different ethnicity groups, races, or gender has been shown to be successful in investigating social implicit responses. However, many implicit responses are based on knowledge previously gained about the faces (e.g., sexual orientation, political views, and socioeconomic status) and not solely on physical appearance. Here, a novel method called post-movie subliminal measurement (PMSM) is presented. When watching a socially engaging movie, a spectator gains knowledge about the protagonist and becomes familiar with his/her identity and world views. When the face of the protagonist is presented subliminally after the movie, it evokes an implicit neural response depending on what is learned about the protagonist. With a vast number of movies available, each depicting a variety of people with different identities, the PMSM method enables investigation of the brain&#39;s complex implicit biases in a manner that resembles real-life social perceptions.

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

This protocol describes the use of movies to investigate brain mechanisms underlying implicit social biases during functional magnetic resonance imaging. When the face of a protagonist is presented after a movie subliminally, it evokes an implicit response based on knowledge of the protagonist gained during the movie.

암시적 사회적 편견 을 조사하기 위한 영화 후 잠재 측정(PMSM)

New knowledge is continuously gained from a social environment that can influence how people respond to each other. Such responses often occur implicitly, ...