이 작품은 DKOD에 NIH 부여 NS27501에 의해 지원되었다. HHMI 교수 부여에서 DKOD이 작업에 대한 추가 지원합니다.

I. Drosophila의 배아 컬렉션 <ol><li> 달걀 수집 번호판을 준비 <ol><li> 8g의 한천과 함께 삶아 200 ML DH 2 O </li><li> 50 쿨 ° C </li><li> 2 ML EtOH 2 ML 초산 추가 </li><li> 35mm 플라스틱 배양 접시, 정상에 따르다 </li><li> 4 쿨 공기 꽉 컨테이너에 가게 ° C </li><li> 약 80 접시를 만듭니다 </li></ol></li><li> 효모 붙여넣기 준비 <ol><li> 붙여넣기 양식 물에 Fleishmans 적극적인 제빵 효모를 디졸브 </li><li> 누룩을 죽일 20-30초에 대한 마이크 로파 (끓어에 대한 조심) </li><li> 4 ° C에 대한 이주 10 CC 주사기 (바늘없이)에 저장 </li></ol></li><li> 파리 : 달걀 수집에 사용되는 어른들이 신선한 음식에 접근할 수 있었 것을 제공하고, 3시 사이에 14 일 신흥 후 일반적으로 가장 비옥한 있습니다. 대부분의 돌연변이 주식 계란 누워있는 그들이 가장 생산되는의 시대에 변화의 인하 속도에 자신을 매니 페스트 수 있습니다 다산을 감소했습니다. 일반적으로, 수백 성인은 좋은 계란 - 누워있는 인구에 대한합니다. </li><li> 절차 : 달걀 수집 접시에 붙여넣 효모의 얇은 레이어를 펴. 이것은 계란의 부설을위한 유리한 기판을 제공합니다. 전송 성인 병의 입구에 깨끗한 달걀 수거 용기 및 테이프 수집 판을 난다. 습도가 상승하고 파리가 붙여넣기와 병의 양쪽에 붙어가는대로 더 이상 3~4시간보다 이런 병에 파리를 두지 마십시오. </li></ol> II. 블리치와 함께 배아 Dechorionation <ol><li> 흡인기에 부착된 필터 플라스크에 연결된 부흐너 퍼널을 설정합니다. 퍼널의 왓먼 # 1 종이를 넣어. 흡입을 실행으로 멸균 증류수로 종이가 젖었어. </li><li> 세척 병의 물 흐름으로 여과지에 수집 접시에서 배아를 씻어. </li><li> 멸균 물 몇 권에서 그들을 린스, 흡인기를 해제하고, 다음 50 % 표백제의 퍼널 볼륨을 추가합니다. 계란 5-10 분 정도 앉아 보자. chorions는 1-2분에 녹아있는,하지만 더 이상 당신이 훼손 효모의 이상이 파괴되는 표백제의 배아를 떠날 것입니다. 접시를 씻어서 갖고있는 성인이나 애벌레를 선택하십시오. </li><li> 멸균 증류수와 멸균 페트리 접시 (조직 배양되지 않음)에 배아를 씻어. 그것이 미리 침수되지 않은 경우 배아의 많은 접시의 바닥에 붙어 것입니다. 이 접시에 멸균 물을 여러 번 씻어. </li><li> 중간 gastrula 단계 배아를 선택할 전송 빛의와 태아를 검사합니다. </li></ol> III. 단일 배아 문화의 준비 <ol><li> DDM1를 (섹션 IV의 요리법 참조) 확인 </li><li> 직전 culturing에 배아의 그릇에서 물을 붓다. 무균 미디어와 배아를 커버. </li><li> 3, 35mm 배양 접시를 설정합니다. 각 접시 4 autoclaved 원형 coverslips 넣어. 각 coverslip에 중간 5 μl를 넣어. Bellco coverslips - 낮은 납 유리 coverlips을 사용합니다. Bellco 생물 유리 800-257-7043 고양이 # 1943-00012 </li><li> 몇 가지 매우 좋은 pipets을 당기세요. 우리가 사용하는 pipets는 Narishige PP - 83의 풀러에 뽑아 있습니다. pipet의 정확한 크기는 중요하지 않습니다 우리는 보통 우리가 원하는보다 세밀한들을 뽑아 그들의 크기를 측정하기 위해 배아로보기 같은 분야의 팁을를 끊다. 한 가지의 배아를 모두 빨아 싶지 않다, 그리고 그것이 조직을 빨아 5 분 정도 소요되는 끝 이렇게 작은 싶지 않아요. 어딘가 사이에 목표. 전송 빛의와 배아를 검사하고 배아의 내용을 제거 pipet에 연결된 입 흡입 튜브를 사용합니다. 가능한 coverslip 가까운 부드럽게 세포를 추방하여 준비 coverslip에 세포를 해산. 당신은 높은 전력에서 coverslips을 검사할 더 나아가 같은 방법으로 세포를 흩어 수 있습니다. </li><li> 전지은 10 분이다 위해 앉아 보자. 홍수는 미디어와 접시와 인큐베이터에 넣어 4-5 %의 CO 2 환경 정의 매체를 사용하는 경우. 22-24 사이의 온도 ° C. 우리는 일상적으로 23 ° C와 95 %의 습도를 사용합니다. 습도는 증발을 피하기 위해 원하는만큼 중요합니다. 당신은 23으로 설정 온도 제어와 coldroom에 배치 표준 포유 동물 배양기 ° C.를 사용할 수 있습니다 </li></ol> IV. 문화를 성장을위한 DDM1 정의 매체 <ol><li> 100 햄의 F12/DME 미디어 (DMEM) (어바인 과학 # 9052)의 MLS :. DMEM 만들기 <ol><li> 0.476 g Hepes (20mM) (시그마 #은 H - 3375)를 추가합니다. 섞는다. </li><li> 1.25 ML L - 글루타민 200 MM을 (# 9317 어바인 과학) 추가합니다. 섞는다. </li><li> 0.2 μm의 아세테이트 주사기 필터 (2 필터가 필요)와 후드 필터. </li><li> 산도는 6.64 및 Osm 288입니다. </li><li> 15ml 원심 튜브에 10ml의 aliquots하십시오. </li><li> 4 스토어 ° C 이상의 이주되지 않습니다. 참고 : 항상 미디어와 보조제만을 위해 예약된 용기에 autoclaved 필터링된 물을 사용합니다. 아래 추가 보조 : 산도 전극을 넣어하거나 Media.To 다른 목적을 위해 사용 막대를 저어 쓰지 DDM1을culturing에 DMEM하기 직전. </li></ol></li><li> DMEM 추가의 10 MLS : <ul><li> 100 μl 트랜스페린 </li><li> 100 μl Putrescine </li><li> 100 μl 셀레늄 </li><li> 100 μl Progesterone </li><li> 50 μl 인슐린 </li></ul></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rohrbough, J., O'Dowd, D. K., Baines, R. A., Broadie, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+bases+of+behavioral+plasticity:+Establishing+and+modifying+synaptic+circuits+in+the+Drosophila+Genetic+System.">Cellular bases of behavioral plasticity: Establishing and modifying synaptic circuits in the Drosophila Genetic System.</a> J. Neurobiol. 54, 254-271 (2003).</li><li>O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage-gated+currents+and+firing+properties+of+embryonic+Drosophila+neurons+grown+in+a+chemically+defined+medium.">Voltage-gated currents and firing properties of embryonic Drosophila neurons grown in a chemically defined medium.</a> J. Neurobiol. 27, 113-126 (1995).</li><li>Lee, D., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+excitatory+synaptic+transmission+mediated+by+nAChR+in+cultured+Drosophila+neurons.">Fast excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by nAChR in cultured Drosophila neurons.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, 5311-5321 (1999).</li><li>Lee, D., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic-AMP-dependent+plasticity+at+excitatory+cholinergic+synapses+in+Drosophila+neurons:+Alterations+in+the+memory+mutant+dunce.">Cyclic-AMP-dependent plasticity at excitatory cholinergic synapses in Drosophila neurons: Alterations in the memory mutant dunce.</a> J. Neurosci. 20, 2104-2111 (2000).</li><li>Hodges, D. D., Lee, D., Boswell, K., Preston, C. F., Hall, L. M., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=tipE+regulates+sodium-dependent+repetitive+firing+in+Drosophila+neurons.">tipE regulates sodium-dependent repetitive firing in Drosophila neurons.</a> Mol. Cell Neurosci. 19, 402-416 (2002).</li><li>Lee, D., Su, H., Dowd, O., K, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABA+receptors+containing+Rdl+subunits+mediate+fast+inhibitory+synaptic+transmission+in+Drosophila+neurons.">GABA receptors containing Rdl subunits mediate fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in Drosophila neurons.</a> J. Neurosci. 23, 4625-4634 (2003).</li></ol>

midgastrula 스테이지 배아에서 준비 Drosophila 문화에서 뉴런은 체외에서 분화하기 전에 분할 많은 중 neuroblast의 엽 성의 전구 물질에서 발생. 이 시스템의 연결을 따라서 개발의 매우 초기 단계 (로보어 외., 2003)에서 중요한 유전과 환경 요인의 탐험에 대한 독특한 기회를 제공합니다. 우리는 간단한 정의 매체 성장 뉴런도 (; 리 O 다우드, 1999 O 다우드, 1995) 기능 시냅스 연결을 형성 전기 고르기 뉴런으로 차별화하는 ...

이 미디어에서 만든 문화는 약 22-24 ° C.에서 5 % CO2 배양기에서 유지되어야합니다 우리는 인큐베이터가 추운 방에 배치 표준 포유류의 조직 문화를 사용하여 23 ° C.으로 가열 항상 autoclaved 여과 물, 미디어 및 보충만을 위해 예약된 컨테이너에서 확인를 사용합니다. 산도 측정기를 넣어하거나 미디어에 다른 목적으로 사용되는 막대를 저어 마십시오.

preparation of neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage drosophila embryos

이 동영상은 midgastrula 무대 Drosophila의 배아에서 기본의 연결을 문화를 만들기위한 절차를 설명합니다. 표백제를 사용하는 배아하고 dechorionation를 수집하기 위해 방법은 증명하고 있습니다. 입 흡입 튜브에 부착된 유리 pipet을 사용하여, 우리는 하나의 배아에서 세포의 제거를 보여줍니다. uncoated 유리 coverslip에 대한 매체의 작은 (5 L) 드롭으로 각 embyro에서 세포를 분산하는 방법을 시연합니다. 도금 후 1 시간에 현미경을 통해보기 원하는 세포 밀도를 보여줍니다. 정의 매체 자라면 생존 세포의 대부분은 12-24시간로 neuritic 프로세스를 확장하기 전에 문화를 한 번 이상 나누어 neuroblasts 있습니다. 현미경을 통해 볼 수 neurite 가지의 수준을 보여줍니다과 체외에서 이일에 건강한 문화의 예상 분기. 문화가 22-24 ° C.에서 5 % CO 2 배양기에서 정의된 매체를 기반으로 간단한 중탄산염에서 재배 Neuritic 프로세스는 문화의 첫 번째 주 동안 정교한 계속하고 그들은 종종 기능 시냅스 연결을 형성 인접 세포에서 neurites과 접촉을 때. 이러한 문화의 뉴런 전압 - 게이 티드 나트륨, 칼슘, 그리고 칼륨 채널을 표현하고 전기 고르기가 있습니다. 이 문화 시스템의 연결을 차별화, 흥분, 그리고 버렸네 형성 / 기능을 조절 분자 유전과 환경 요인을 공부하는 데 유용합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

이 동영상은 midgastrula 무대 Drosophila의 배아에서 기본의 연결을 문화의 준비를 보여줍니다. 라이브 문화의 전망 중탄산염 기반 정의 매체 성장 2 일 후에 도금과 차별화된 뉴런 후 세포를 1 시간 보여줍니다. 뉴런은 전기 고르기하고 시냅스 연결을 형성합니다.

Midgastrula 스테이지 Drosophila의 태아에서 문화의 연결 준비

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

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8.7K 조회수.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). 이 동영상은 midgastrula 무대 Drosophila의 배아에서 기본의 연결을 문화의 준비를 보여줍니다. 라이브 문화의 전망 중탄산염 기반 정의 매체 성장 2 일 후에 도금과 차별화된 뉴런 후 세포를 1 시간 보여줍니다. 뉴런은 전기 고르기하고 시냅스 연결을 형성합니다.

비디오: Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

Primary Neuronal Cultures from the Brains of Late Stage Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the removal of brains from animals at 70-78 hrs after puparium formation. The isolated brains are shown after brief incubation in papain followed by several washes in serum-free growth medium. The process of mechanical dissociation of each brain in a 5 ul drop of media on a coverslip is illustrated. The axons and dendrites of the post-mitotic neurons are sheered off near the soma during dissociation but the neurons begin to regenerate processes within a few hours of plating. Images show live cultures at 2 days. Neurons continue to elaborate processes during the first week in culture. Specific neuronal populations can be identified in culture using GAL4 lines to drive tissue specific expression of fluorescent markers such as  GFP or RFP. Whole cell recordings have demonstrated the cultured neurons form functional, spontaneously active cholinergic and GABAergic synapses. A short video segment illustrates calcium dynamics in the cultured neurons using Fura-2 as a calcium indicator dye to monitor spontaneous calcium transients and nicotine evoked calcium responses in a dish of cultured neurons. These pupal brain cultures are a useful model system in which genetic and pharmacological tools can be used to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence formation and function of central synapses.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. Views of live cultures show neurite outgrowth and imaging of calcium levels using Fura-2.

늦은 단계 Drosophila Pupae의 두뇌에서 기본의 연결을 문화

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the ...

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Placing Growth Factor-Coated Beads on Early Stage Chicken Embryos

The neural tube expresses many proteins in specific spatiotemporal patterns during development. These proteins have been shown to be critical for cell fate determination, cell migration, and formation of neural circuits. Neuronal induction and patterning involve bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), sonic hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), among others. In particular, the expression pattern of Fgf8 is in close proximity to regions expressing BMP4 and SHH. This expression pattern is consistent with developmental interactions that facilitate patterning in the telencephalon.

Here we provide a visual demonstration of a method in which an in ovo preparation can be used to test the effects of Fgfs in the formation of the forebrain. Beads are coated with protein and placed in the developing neural tube to provide sustained exposure. Because the procedure uses small, carefully placed beads, it is minimally invasive and allows several beads to be placed within a single neural tube. Moreover, the method allows for continued development so that embryos can be analyzed at a more mature stage to detect changes in anatomy and in neural patterning. This simple but useful protocol allows for real time imaging. It provides a means to make spatially and temporally limited changes to endogenous protein levels.

A variety of growth factors and proteins interact to induce cells to take on different cell fates during development. Here we demonstrate the use of an in ovo preparation to address possible interactions between different proteins in development by placing beads on E2.5 chick embryos.

초기 치킨 태아의 성장 팩터 - 코팅 비즈 배치

The neural tube expresses many proteins in specific spatiotemporal patterns during development.   These proteins have been shown to be critical for cell ...

In Ovo Electroporations of HH Stage 10 Chicken Embryos

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of molecular biological techniques, the chick has become a useful system in which to study gene regulation and function.  By electroporating DNA or RNA constructs into the developing chicken embryo, genes can be expressed or knocked down in order to analyze in vivo gene function.  Similarly, reporter constructs can be used for fate mapping or to examine putative gene regulatory elements.  Compared to similar experiments in mouse, chick electroporation has the advantages of being quick, easy and inexpensive.  This video demonstrates first how to make a window in the eggshell to manipulate the embryo.  Next, the embryo is visualized with a dilute solution of India ink injected below the embryo.  A glass needle and pipette are used to inject DNA and Fast Green dye into the developing neural tube, then platinum electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator.  Finally, the egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development.  Additionally, the video shows proper egg storage and handling and discusses possible causes of embryo loss following electroporation.

Chick in ovo electroporation is a technique which allows genetic manipulation of the avian embryo. Common applications of this technique include functional analysis of genes and putative enhancer elements. This video demonstrates neural tube electroporation in HH 10 chick embryos. Injection technique and proper egg handling are discussed.

HH 스테이지 10 치킨 태아의 비켜 Electroporations에서

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of ...

Neuronal Cell Cultures from Aplysia for High-Resolution Imaging of Growth Cones

Neuronal growth cones are the highly motile structures at the tip of axons that can detect guidance cues in the environment and transduce this information into directional movement towards the appropriate target cell. To fully understand how guidance information is transmitted from the cell surface to the underlying dynamic cytoskeletal networks, one needs a model system suitable for live cell imaging of protein dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolution. Typical vertebrate growth cones are too small to quantitatively analyze F-actin and microtubule dynamics. Neurons from the sea hare Aplysia californica are 5-10 times larger than vertebrate neurons, can easily be kept at room temperature and are very robust cells for micromanipulation and biophysical measurements. Their growth cones have very defined cytoplasmic regions and a well-described cytoskeletal system. The neuronal cell bodies can be microinjected with a variety of probes for studying growth cone motility and guidance. In the present protocol we demonstrate a procedure for dissection of the abdominal ganglion, culture of bag cell neurons and setting up an imaging chamber for live cell imaging of growth cones.

Aplysia californica neurons develop large growth cones in culture that are excellent for high-resolution imaging of growth cone motility and guidance. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and plating of Aplysia bag cell neurons as well as for setting up a chamber for live cell imaging.

성장 콘스의 고해상도 이미징을위한 Aplysia에서의 연결을 셀 문화

Neuronal growth cones are the highly motile structures at the tip of axons that can detect guidance cues in the environment and transduce this information ...

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as tissue morphogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, or cell death. Drosophila embryos expressing GFP are readily imaged using either stereoscopic or confocal microscopy. A goal of any live-imaging protocol is to minimize detrimental effects such as dehydration and hypoxia. Previous protocols for preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis have involved placing dechorionated embryos in halocarbon oil and sandwiching them between a halocarbon gas-permeable membrane and a coverslip1-3. The introduction of compression through mounting embryos in this manner represents an undesirable complication for any biomechanical-based analysis of morphogenesis. Our method, which we call the hanging drop protocol, results in excellent viability of embryos during live imaging and does not require that embryos be compressed. Briefly, the hanging drop protocol involves the placement of embryos in a drop of halocarbon oil that is suspended from a coverslip, which is, in turn, fixed in position over a humid chamber. In addition to providing gas exchange and preventing dehydration, this arrangement takes advantage of the buoyancy of embryos in halocarbon oil to prevent them from drifting out of position during timelapse acquisition. This video describes in detail how to collect and prepare Drosophila embryos for live imaging using the hanging drop protocol. This protocol is suitable for imaging dechorionated embryos using stereomicroscopy or any upright compound fluorescence microscope.

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

A simple, inexpensive, and effective method of preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis is presented. Our protocol provides humidity and gas exchange and does not compress the Drosophila embryo. This method is suitable for GFP-based live imaging of Drosophila embryos using a stereomicroscope or upright compound microscope.

의 준비 Drosophila</em공중 드롭 프로토콜을 사용하여 라이브 영상을위한> 태아

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

The nervous system of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica is relatively simple, consisting of approximately 20,000 neurons. The neurons are large (up to 1 mm in diameter) and identifiable, with distinct sizes, shapes, positions and pigmentations, and the cell bodies are externally exposed in five paired ganglia distributed throughout the body of the animal. These properties have allowed investigators to delineate the circuitry underlying specific behaviors in the animal1. The monosynaptic connection between sensory and motor neurons is a central component of the gill-withdrawal reflex in the animal, a simple defensive reflex in which the animal withdraws its gill in response to tactile stimulation of the siphon. This reflex undergoes forms of non-associative and associative learning, including sensitization, habituation and classical conditioning. Of particular benefit to the study of synaptic plasticity, the sensory-motor synapse can be reconstituted in culture, where well-characterized stimuli elicit forms of plasticity that have direct correlates in the behavior of the animal2,3. Specifically, application of serotonin produces a synaptic strengthening that, depending on the application protocol, lasts for minutes (short-term facilitation), hours (intermediate-term facilitation) or days (long-term facilitation). In contrast, application of the peptide transmitter FMRFamide produces a synaptic weakening or depression that, depending on the application protocol, can last from minutes to days (long-term depression). The large size of the neurons allows for repeated sharp electrode recording of synaptic strength over periods of days together with microinjection of expression vectors, siRNAs and other compounds to target specific signaling cascades and molecules and thereby identify the molecular and cell biological steps that underlie the changes in synaptic efficacy.
An additional advantage of the Aplysia culture system comes from the fact that the neurons demonstrate synapse-specificity in culture4,5. Thus, sensory neurons do not form synapses with themselves (autapses) or with other sensory neurons, nor do they form synapses with non-target identified motor neurons in culture. The varicosities, sites of synaptic contact between sensory and motor neurons, are large enough (2-7 microns in diameter) to allow synapse formation (as well as changes in synaptic morphology) with target motor neurons to be studied at the light microscopic level.
In this video, we demonstrate each step of preparing sensory-motor neuron cultures, including anesthetizing adult and juvenile Aplysia, dissecting their ganglia, protease digestion of the ganglia, removal of the connective tissue by microdissection, identification of both sensory and motor neurons and removal of each cell type by microdissection, plating of the motor neuron, addition of the sensory neuron and manipulation of the sensory neurite to form contact with the cultured motor neuron.

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

Primary cultures of Aplysia sensory-motor neurons provide a model preparation for studying synapse formation and synaptic plasticity in vitro. This video demonstrates the identification and microdissection of sensory and motor neurons from Aplysia ganglia as well as the methods for establishing and maintaining sensory-motor neurons in culture.

의 준비 Aplysia 감각 - 모터의 연결을 셀 문화

The nervous system of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica is relatively simple, consisting of approximately 20,000 neurons.  The neurons are large (up ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

의 전자 현미경을위한 배아의 준비 Drosophila 태아의 심장 관

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in buoyant density. However, when cells are disrupted prior to centrifugation, proteins and organelles in this non-native environment often inappropriately stick to each other. Here we describe a method to separate organelles by density in intact, living Drosophila embryos. Early embryos before cellularization are harvested from population cages, and their outer egg shells are removed by treatment with 50% bleach. Embryos are then transferred to a small agar plate and inserted, posterior end first, into small vertical holes in the agar. The plates containing embedded embryos are centrifuged for 30 min at 3000g. The agar supports the embryos and keeps them in a defined orientation. Afterwards, the embryos are dug out of the agar with a blunt needle. Centrifugation separates major organelles into distinct layers, a stratification easily visible by bright-field microscopy. A number of fluorescent markers are available to confirm successful stratification in living embryos. Proteins associated with certain organelles will be enriched in a particular layer, demonstrating colocalization. Individual layers can be recovered for biochemical analysis or transplantation into donor eggs. This technique is applicable for organelle separation in other large cells, including the eggs and oocytes of diverse species.

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

We describe a method to separate organelles by density in living Drosophila embryos. Embryos are embedded in agar and centrifuged. This technique yields reproducible separation of major organelles along the anterior-posterior embryo axis. This method facilitates colocalization experiments and yields organelle fractions for biochemical analysis and transplantation experiments.

Drosophila의 배아들 중에서 - 생체내의 원심 분리

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

의 입식 이미징 Drosophila 태아

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

에서 기본 셀 문화 Drosophila Gastrula의 태아

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...