1) 준비 <ol><li> 시작하려면, NeuroStar 시스템을 시작에 로그 인한 후 자동 코일 테스트를 수행합니다. </li><li> 다음 사용 가능한 목록 (NeuroStar 시스템을 사용하여 치료 모든 환자가 중앙 컴퓨터에 로그 인한)에서 해당 환자 파일에 액세스 </li><li> 마지막으로, 의자 설정이 제한되지 않도록하고 쉽게 환자가 입​​력하고 앉을 있도록 의자 팔을 리프트. </li></ol> 2) 좌석과 환자를 정렬 <ol><li> 환자가 도착, 그 좌석 / 의자에 편안하게 그녀. </li><li> 환자와 기술자 삽입 이어 플러그 모두 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 접착제 스트립을 사용, 단지 환자의 눈썹 위에 머리 위치 스트랩을 연결합니다. 중앙 지점이 nasion 위에있는 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 의자를 뒤로 젖혀도하고, 필요에 따라 머리 지원을 조정합니다. </li><li> 가볍게 환자 nasion 위의 벨크로 가기 머리 스트랩을 연결합니다. </li><li> 레이저를 활성화하고 환자의 nasion을 양분하는 길이야 보장합니다. </li><li> 그 시선과 수준 때까지 A / P 표시줄을 벽에 시점에서 응시하고 조정하는 주제를 물어보십시오. </li><li> 환자가 완전히 중심 확인하고 치료 의자에 사이드 헤드 위치 스트랩을 확보하기 위해 벨크로를 사용합니다. </li><li> 가볍게 모터 임계값 결정 중에 두개골 안정성을 보장하기 위해 측면 헤드 패드와 교전. </li><li> 마지막으로, 터치 스크린 인터페이스를 사용하여 머리 지원 시스템 설정을 기록합니다. </li></ol> 3) 모터 임계값을 결정 <ol><li> 모터 임계값을 확인하려면, 코일이 정점에 있으며 SenStar 탭이 귀의 맨 위에 정렬되어 같은 환자의 머리에 코일을 이동합니다. </li><li> 이 코일의 측면과 정렬 때까지 앞으로 A / P 막대를 이동합니다. </li><li> 코일 각도 표시기에 0도 표시가있는 코일의 센터 라인을 정렬하고 A / P 표시줄을 다시 이동합니다. </li><li> 연락처 및 위치가 설립되면, 히치 하이 커의 위치를​​ 제정하기 위해 주제를 물어 팔을 팔꿈치에서 90도 구​​부린, 주먹이, 느슨하게 엄지 연장 바깥쪽을 가졌다. </li><li> 자극과 엄지의 움직임에 초점을 시작합니다. </li><li> 엄지 또는 조화된 손가락의 움직임을 볼 때까지 점차적으로 0.68에서 1.10로 MT 수준을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. </li><li> 일단 움직임이 설립, 모터 핫스팟을 찾고 시작합니다. 필요에 따라 MT 수준을 조정, 패턴처럼 그리드에 주변의 코일을 이동합니다. 당신이 10 연속 펄스 밖으로 정확히 5 엄지 기라도을 elicits 위치와 전력 레벨 설정을 찾을 때까지이 검색을 계속합니다. </li><li> 모터 핫스팟이 결정되면 그것이 다시 한번, 코일의 측면과 정렬하기 전까지, 앞으로 A / P 표시줄을 이동합니다. </li><li> A / P 위치, 코일 각도, SOA의 위치, 및 전원 수준을 기록하기 위해 터치 스크린 인터페이스를 사용합니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 발견 MT 버튼을 누르십시오. 우리는 지금 치료를위한 준비가되어 있습니다. </li></ol> 4) 환자의 치료 <ol><li> 시작하려면, MT 위치에 앞쪽에 코일 5.5 cm를 이동합니다. 이것은 치료를 위치합니다. </li><li> 코일은 환자의 머리와 접촉을하고있다 확인하고 치료 기간 동안 남아로 환자를 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 처리 매개 변수는 장치에 미리 수 있습니다. 자극은 26초 조용한 기간 뒤에 사초 10 Hz의 펄스 시퀀스 120 %의 모터 임계값에서 생성됩니다. 치료는이 3000 펄스의 총이다 37.5 분 총 마지막 것입니다. </li><li> 확인 펄스 시퀀스의 버튼을 누르면 다음 시작 버튼을 누릅니다. </li><li> 치료하는 동안 환자와 함께 방안에 남아 정기적으로 코일은 환자와 접촉을하고되도록 확인합니다. </li><li> 펄스 시퀀스가​​ 완료되면 코일을 이동하고 멀리 떨어진 환자의 머리에서 그리고 측면 헤드 지원 패드를 멀리 이동합니다. </li><li> 의자의 뒷면을 올려과 의자의 팔을 올립니다. </li><li> 그 / 그녀가 버틴다로 환자를 도와드립니다. </li><li> 귀 플러그를 제거하고 치료 세션을 종료 버튼을 누르면 로그아웃. </li></ol> 5) 대표 결과 TMS는 일반적으로 4~6주의 기간 동안 매일 적용됩니다. 최근 데이터가 일부 환자 4~6개월 후 증상 재발하는 경향이있을 수 있습니다. 8이 발생하면 실무자들이 효과를 연장하기 위해 유지 보수 세션을 고려할 수 있습니다 제안합니다. 이 치료는 치료 환자의 약 60 %에 효과가있다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2345/2345fig1.jpg" alt="표 5" />

<ol>
	<li>Pascual-Leone, A., Davey, M., Wassermann, E. M., Rothwell, J., Puri, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. , (2002).</li><li>Walsh, V., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neurochronometrics of Mind. , (2005).</li><li>Horvath, J. C., Perez, J., Forrow, L., Fregni, F., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation:+An+Historical+Evaluation+and+Future+Prognosis+of+Therapeutically+Relevant+Ethical+Concerns.">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: An Historical Evaluation and Future Prognosis of Therapeutically Relevant Ethical Concerns.</a> , .</li><li>O'Reardon, J. P., Solvason, H. B., Janicak, P. G., Sampson, S., Isenberg, K. E., Nahas, Z., McDonald, W. M., Avery, D., Fitzgerald, P. B., Loo, C., Demitrack, M. A., George, M. S., Sackheim, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+and+safety+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+in+the+acute+treatment+of+major+depression:+a+multisite+randomized+control+trial.">Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized control trial.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 62, 1208-1216 (2007).</li><li>George, M. S., Lisanby, S. H., Avery, D., McDonald, W. M., Durkalski, V., Pavlicova, M., Anderson, B., Nahas, Z., Bulow, P., Zarkowski, P., Holtzheimer, P. D., Schwartz, T., Sackheim, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Daily+prefrontal+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+therapy+for+major+depressive+disorder:+a+sham-controlled+randomized+study.">Daily prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized study.</a> Arch Gen Psychiatry. 67, 507-516 (2010).</li><li>Lisanbym, S. H., Husain, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Daily+Left+Prefrontal+Repetitive+Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation+(rTMS)+in+the+Acute+Treatment+of+Major+Depression:+Clinical+Predictors+of+Outcome+in+a+Multisite,+Randomized+Controlled+Clinical+Trial.">Daily Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Acute Treatment of Major Depression: Clinical Predictors of Outcome in a Multisite, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 34, 522-534 (2008).</li><li>Thase, M., Demitrack, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+clinical+significance+of+treatment+outcomes+in+studies+of+resistant+major+depression.">Evaluating clinical significance of treatment outcomes in studies of resistant major depression.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 63, 138-138 (2008).</li><li>Demirtas-Tatlidede, A., Mechanic-Hamilton, D., Press, D. Z., Pearlman, C., Stern, W. M., Thall, M., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+open-label,+prospective+study+of+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(rTMS)+in+the+long-term+treatment+of+refractory+depression:+reproducibility+and+duration+of+the+antidepressant+effect+in+medication-free+patients.">An open-label, prospective study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the long-term treatment of refractory depression: reproducibility and duration of the antidepressant effect in medication-free patients.</a> Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 69, 930-934 (2008).</li></ol>

이 문서의 비디오 제작은 이러한 연구에 사용되는 악기를 생산 Neuronetics에 의해 후원되었다.

우울증에 대한 잠재적인 치료의 개입으로 TMS를​​ 고려할 때, 그것은 FDA 승인 프로토콜이 높은 지정 인식하는 것이 중요합니다. 콘크리트하기 위해서, FDA의 승인은 10 Hz에서 suprathreshold의 자극 하나에서 만족 향상을 달성하기 위해 실패한 환자에 따라 NeuroStar 장치를 사용 4~6주 매일 적용에 한정하지만,있는 현재의 우울증 동안 더 이상보다, 적절한 우울증 치료 약물의 재판 일화. 이 시점에서, 어떤 다른 자극 패턴, 대체 시간 코스, 대체 장치, 또는 다른 환자 인구의 활용도는 오프 레이블로 간주됩니다. 결과는 TMS 치료 5,6,7의 효능을 지원 생성 계속으로, 새로운 데이터가 치료 중단 후 4-6개월 발생하는 증상 재발의 가능성을 드러내는 것입니다. 이 간행물의로, 어떤 승인 관리 프로토콜이 없습니다. 개인 실무자들에 의해 따라서, 추가적인 치료 및 / 또는 효과 유지 보수에 관한 문제는 고려되어야하며 긴밀히 모니터링.

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<td>Neuronetics Neurostar TMS Device</td>
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<td>SenStar Treatment Link</td>
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<td>Ear Plugs</td>
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<td>Head Pad Sanitary Sheets</td>
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<td>Alignment Head Strap</td>
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the neurostar tms device: conducting the fda approved protocol for treatment of depression

Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial 자석 자극 (TMS) 시스템은 짧은 기간을 생성하는 클래스 II 의료 장치, 마그네틱 필드를 펄스. 이러한 급속하게 교류 분야는 다양한 생리 기능적인 뇌 변화와 관련된 피질의 언어, 대상 지역 내에 전기 전류를 유도. 1,2,3은 2007 년 O&#39;Reardon 외., NeuroStar 장치를 활용이 이전에 실패했다 주요 우울증 301 환자에서에 응답할 수있는 업계 후원 multisite, 무작위, 사기 - 자극 임상 시험 관리의 결과를 발표 하나 이상의 적절한 약은 치료 재판은, 왼쪽 dorsolateral 전두엽 피질 (DLPFC)를 통해 활성 또는 가짜 TMS 중 하나를 받았습니다. 연구의 당시 약을 무료 있던 환자는 4-6 주 동안 TMS에게 일주일에 다섯 번이나받은 4. 결과는 환자 (자세한 아니보다 두 좋은 pharmacologic의 시련 실패가 발생, 약물 치료를 상대적으로 덜 강한 자들)의 하위 인구 몽고메리 Asberg 우울증 스케일 (MADRS), 해밀턴 우울증 평가에서 통계적으로 의미있는 향상을 보여주 시연 스케일 (HAMD) 및 기타 다양한 결과 조치. 2008년 10월, 이러한 및 기타 유사한 결과를 5,6,7 지원, Neuronetics은 (TMS 치료 장치를 사용하여 약물 치료 - 내화물 우울증의 특정 형태의 임상 치료를 위해 처음이자 유일한 식품 의약청 (FDA) 승인을 획득 FDA의 승인 K061053). 본 논문에서 우리는 (하나의 또는 외래 설정에만 처방전 미만 면허 의료 직업 실시 예정) 지정된 FDA 승인 NeuroStar 우울증 치료 프로토콜을 모색할 것입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression at JoVE.com

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

이 문서에서는, 우리는 Neuronetics NeuroStar TMS 장치를 사용하여 FDA 승인을 우울증 치료 프로토콜과 관련된 방법론과 고려 사항을 검토하십시오.

NeuroStar TMS 장치 : FDA를 실시는 우울증 치료 프로토콜을 승인

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

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39.4K 조회수.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. 이 문서에서는, 우리는 Neuronetics NeuroStar TMS 장치를 사용하여 FDA 승인을 우울증 치료 프로토콜과 관련된 방법론과 고려 사항을 검토하십시오.

비디오: The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS : 연약한 X 증후군 및 자폐증과 개인의 소성의 Mechasnism를 탐험하는 세타 - 버스트 프로토콜을 사용하여

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

연구

신경과학

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers. 
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic and modulate SD immune signaling.

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are immense healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression in hippocampal slice cultures, as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets.

스프 레딩 우울증을 사용하여 에피소드와 만성 두통의 신경 면역 신호를 모델링 체외에서</em

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and lifespan. In addition, telomerase protects the mitochondria from oxidative stress and confers resistance to apoptosis, suggesting its possible importance for the surviving of non-mitotic, highly active cells such as neurons. We previously demonstrated the ability of novel telomerase activators to increase telomerase activity and expression in the various mouse brain regions and to protect motor neurons cells from oxidative stress. These results strengthen the notion that telomerase is involved in the protection of neurons from various lesions. To underline the role of telomerase in the brain, we here compare the activity of telomerase in male and female mouse brain and its dependence on age. TRAP assay is a standard method for detecting telomerase activity in various tissues or cell lines. Here we demonstrate the analysis of telomerase activity in three regions of the mouse brain by non-denaturing protein extraction using CHAPS lysis buffer followed by modification of the standard TRAP assay.
In this 2-step assay, endogenous telomerase elongates a specific telomerase substrate (TS primer) by adding TTAGGG 6 bp repeats (telomerase reaction). The telomerase reaction products are amplified by PCR reaction creating a DNA ladder of 6 bp increments. The analysis of the DNA ladder is made by 4.5% high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis followed by staining with highly sensitive nucleic acid stain.
Compared to the traditional TRAP assay that utilize 32P labeled radioactive dCTP&#39;s for DNA detection and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for resolving the DNA ladder, this protocol offers a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for evaluating telomerase activity in the mouse brain, demonstrating the ability to detect differences in telomerase activity in the various female and male mouse brain region.

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

마우스 뇌의 다양한 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활동 : 비 방사성 텔로 머라 제는 증폭 프로토콜을 반복 (TRAP) 분석

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

최적화 된 N를 사용 하 여 급성 뇌 조각의 준비-메 틸-D-glucamine 보호 복구 방법

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Protocol for Isolating the Mouse Circle of Willis

The cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri) or circle of Willis (CoW) is a circulatory anastomosis surrounding the optic chiasma and hypothalamus that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures. It has been implicated in several cerebrovascular disorders, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-associated vasculopathies, intracranial atherosclerosis and intracranial aneurysms. Studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases for the identification of novel drug targets for their prevention require animal models. Some of these models may be transgenic, whereas others will involve isolation of the cerebro-vasculature, including the CoW.The method described here is suitable for CoW isolation in any mouse lineage and has considerable potential for screening (expression of genes, protein production, posttranslational protein modifications, secretome analysis, etc.) studies on the large vessels of the mouse cerebro-vasculature. It can also be used for ex vivo studies, by adapting the organ bath system developed for isolated mouse olfactory arteries.

We describe here a reproducible protocol for isolating the mouse circle of Willis.

윌리스의 마우스 원을 분리하는 프로토콜

The cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri) or circle of Willis (CoW) is a circulatory anastomosis surrounding the optic chiasma and ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

간단한 한 단계 성인의 전체 마운트 준비에 대한 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 두뇌

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control neuroplastic processes and correct abnormal function, or even shift functions from damaged tissue to physiologically healthy brain regions, hold the potential to dramatically improve overall health. Of the current neuroplastic interventions in development, neurofeedback training (NFT) from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has the advantages of being completely non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and spatially localized to target brain regions, as well as having no known side effects. Furthermore, NFT techniques, initially developed using fMRI, can often be translated to exercises that can be performed outside of the scanner without the aid of medical professionals or sophisticated medical equipment. In fMRI NFT, the fMRI signal is measured from specific regions of the brain, processed, and presented to the participant in real-time. Through training, self-directed mental processing techniques, that regulate this signal and its underlying neurophysiologic correlates, are developed. FMRI NFT has been used to train volitional control over a wide range of brain regions with implications for several different cognitive, behavioral, and motor systems. Additionally, fMRI NFT has shown promise in a broad range of applications such as the treatment of neurologic disorders and the augmentation of baseline human performance. In this article, we present an fMRI NFT protocol developed at our institution for modulation of both healthy and abnormal brain function, as well as examples of using the method to target both cognitive and auditory regions of the brain.

The ability to induce and/or control neural plasticity may be critical in future treatments for neurologic disorders and the recovery from brain injury. In this paper, we present a protocol on the use of neurofeedback training with functional magnetic resonance imaging to modulate human brain function.

관리의 실시간 fMRI Neurofeedback 훈련에 대 한 프로토콜

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the influence of mechanical stress on cellular function is still poorly understood. In part, this knowledge gap exists because few tools enable simultaneous deformation of tissue and cells, imaging of cellular activity in live animals, and efficient restriction of motility in otherwise highly mobile model organisms, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The small size of C. elegans makes them an excellent match to microfluidics-based research devices, and solutions for immobilization have been presented using microfluidic devices. Although these devices allow for high-resolution imaging, the animal is fully encased in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass, limiting physical access for delivery of mechanical force or electrophysiological recordings. Recently, we created a device that integrates pneumatic actuators with a trapping design that is compatible with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The actuation channel is separated from the worm-trapping channel by a thin PDMS diaphragm. This diaphragm is deflected into the side of a worm by applying pressure from an external source. The device can target individual mechanosensitive neurons. The activation of these neurons is imaged at high-resolution with genetically-encoded calcium indicators. This article presents the general method using C. elegans strains expressing calcium-sensitive activity indicator (GCaMP6s) in their touch receptor neurons (TRNs). The method, however, is not limited to TRNs nor to calcium sensors as a probe, but can be expanded to other mechanically-sensitive cells or sensors.

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

New tools for mechanobiology research are needed to understand how mechanical stress activates biochemical pathways and elicits biological responses. Here, we showcase a new method for selective mechanical stimulation of immobilized animals with a microfluidic trap allowing high-resolution imaging of cellular responses.

기계적 자극 및 높은 해상도 C. 선 충 의 이미징에 대 한 마이크로 장치를 사용 하 여

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the ...

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.

Photobiomodulation therapy is an innovative noninvasive modality for the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders and can also improve healthy brain function. This protocol includes a step-by-step guide to performing brain photobiomodulation in mice by transcranial light delivery, which can be adapted for use in other laboratory rodents.

마우스에 Transcranial Photobiomodulation 치료에 대 한 프로토콜

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

성인 소뇌 슬라이스에 장기 우울증 유도의 평가

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...