호박 사우는 장치를 설정하고 사용중인 작가들을 훈련시켰습니다. 기금은 NINDS의 폴 패터슨에게 부여에 의해 제공되었다.

1. 이 프로토콜은 사우 스웰 동부 표준시의 사람에 따라 달라집니다. 알. (2009)와 카터 동부 표준시. 알. (2001). <ol><li> 빔 장치는 평면 12mm의 표면 또는 6mm 폭 1 미터 광선으로 구성되어 있습니다) 휴식이 기둥에있는 테이블 톱 위에 50cm. 블랙 박스는 마무리 지점으로 광선의 끝에 배치됩니다. (합판과 대들보, 기둥, 그리고 상자 나무의 다른 유형은 대부분의 하드웨어 매장에서 찾을 수 있습니다.) 홈 케이지에서 중첩 자료는 마무리 지점에 마우스를 창출할 수있는 블랙 박스에 저장됩니다. 램프 (60 와트 전구 포함)의 시작 지점 위에 빛을 사용 aversive의 자극 역할을합니다. 타이머를 중지 80cm에서 타이머 하나를 시작 0cm 한 : 중앙 80cm를 건너 시간은 두 개의 동작 감지기 (Visopia에 의해 조작)에 의해 측정됩니다. 나일론 그물이 있습니다 (이 지역의 직물 가게에서 구할 수 있습니다) 빔 아래에 뻗어있다, 어떤 폭포 쿠션하는 테이블 톱 위에 ~ 7.5 cm. 비디오 카메라의 성능을 기록 삼각대에 자리잡고 있습니다. 이 예제에 사용되는기구는 사이트에 지어졌습니다. </li><li> 각 조건에 대해 적어도 10 생쥐의 코호트이 테스트를 권장합니다. 생쥐는 12 시간 빛을 그룹 가능 (오전 7시부터 오후 7시까지) / 어두운 사이클로 보관되어 사전 테스트의 시작에 최소한 2 주 동안 행동 시설에서 연습장 acclimated 있습니다. 사전 교육 / 시험하기 위해 약 10 분, 생쥐는 빔 장치가있는 방에로 이송 수 있습니다. </li><li> 교육 일에 각 마우스 12mm 빔에게 3 회 다음 6mm 빔 3 번 교차. 넓은 너비 (예 : 28mm)의 들보는 좁은 범위의 것들을 교차 수없는 쥐 또는 큰 쥐를 사용할 수 있습니다. 생쥐는 광선의 한쪽에 위치하고 시간이 (80cm 거리) 모션 감지기에 의해 측정되는 다른 끝에 탈출 상자에 교차해야합니다. 타이머는 센터에게 80cm를 입력하는 마우스의 코로 시작하고, 동물이 80cm의 끝에 도달하면 중지됩니다. 두 대들보에 대한 교육 세션 사이에 자신의 홈 새장에서 10 분 쥐 나머지. 이 intertrial 기간 동안, 또 다른 생쥐는 3-4 시간을 효율적으로 사용할 수 있도록 훈련을하실 수 있습니다. C57BL / 6 마​​우스는 일반적으로 중지하거나 연기의 최소 금액으로 광선을 교차. 그러나, 그들이 실속을 할 때, 도청이나 앞으로 절차없이 주위를 둘러 봐, 탐정은 마우스가 괴롭히는 파고, 또는 장갑 낀 손가락으로 뒤에서 그것을 밀어 전진을 계속하도록 권장한다. 생쥐가 안전 상자에되면, 그들은 다음 재판 전에 휴식 시간이 좀 (~ 15 초) 사용할 수 있습니다. 각 훈련 세션 후, 생쥐들은 홈 케이지에 직접 반환하고 자신의 주택 방으로 다시 이동. 그들은 이상의 훈련을하며 작업 및 장치와도 잘 될 경우, 그 생쥐는 더 오래 기다릴 수 있습니다. 생쥐가 여전히 교육 2 일 후에 성공적으로 전체 빔을 통과하지 않으면 반면에, 교육은 추가적인 일 동안 계속하실 수 있습니다. 치료는 생쥐에 적용하는 경우, 성능의 기준 척도가 치료하기 전에받을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 시험 당일 각 광선을 건너 시간이 기록됩니다. 마우스 빔에 스톨 안되는 두 개의 성공적인 재판이 평균입니다. 비디오 레코딩은 줄어 드의 미세한 분석 및 기타 띄는 모터 적자 사용할 수 있습니다. 빔 산책을 평가하기 위해 다른 방법은 &quot;1&quot;의 점수로 빔을 교차하는 무능력과 빔 표면에 두 발톱과 함께 정상적으로 광선을 통과하는 능력과 미만 요금 신경 점수 시스템 1,2, 것입니다 같이 두 개의 도보 전표 &quot;7.&quot; 슬립은 광선의 상단을 오는 도보로 정의됩니다. 이 색인 시스템에서, &quot;3&quot;의 점수는 팔다리를 드래그하여 광선을 횡단에 해당하는 것입니다. 이 실험에 대한 점수 1 retested 아니라는 것을 동물. 다른 점수에 관련된 광선의 성능에 대한 설명은 피니 외., (1982)와 카터 외., (2001)에서 찾을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 광선과 상자는 마우스 배설물 청소하고 다음 빔이 장비에 배치되기 전에 70 %의 에탄올과 다음 물로 묻은 타월로 닦아 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. 대표 결과 : <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2376/2376fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 6mm와 12mm 들보에 남성과 여성 C57Bl6의 전형적인 교차 배. 9-11주 오래된 C57BL/6-NCRL WT 마우스의 일대가 교육 2 일 후에 양쪽 대들보에서 테스트되었습니다. 12mm 빔을 건너 평균 시간은 4.6 ± 0.4되었습니다 남성을위한 초 (n은 = 14)과 3.3 ± 여성을위한 0.3 초​​ (n은 = 11). 6mm 빔에 시간이 6.8 ± 0.7되었습니다 남성을위한 초 (n은 = 13) 및 5.9 ± 여성을위한 0.5 초 (N = 10) (오류가 SEM으로보고됩니다.)

<ol>
	<li>Feeney, D. M., Gonzalez, A., Law, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amphetamine,+haloperidol,+and+experience+interact+to+affect+rate+of+recovery+after+motor+cortex+injury.">Amphetamine, haloperidol, and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury.</a> Science. 217, 855-857 (1982).</li><li>Carter, R. J., Morton, J., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+coordination+and+balance+in+rodents.">Motor coordination and balance in rodents.</a> Curr Protoc Neurosci. Chapter 8, (2001).</li><li>Wallace, J. E., Krauter, E. E., Campbell, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+and+reflexive+behavior+in+the+aging+rat.">Motor and reflexive behavior in the aging rat.</a> J Gerontol. 35, 364-370 (1980).</li><li>Brooks, S. P., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+to+assess+motor+phenotype+in+mice:+a+user's+guide.">Tests to assess motor phenotype in mice: a user's guide.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 10, 519-529 (2009).</li><li>Fox, G. B., Fan, L., Levasseur, R. A., Faden, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+sensory/motor+and+cognitive+deficits+with+neuronal+apoptosis+following+controlled+cortical+impact+brain+injury+in+the+mouse.">Sustained sensory/motor and cognitive deficits with neuronal apoptosis following controlled cortical impact brain injury in the mouse.</a> J Neurotrauma. 15, 599-614 (1998).</li><li>Buccafusco, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods of behavioral analysis in neuroscience. , (2009).</li><li>Southwell, A. L., Ko, J., Patterson, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrabody+gene+therapy+ameliorates+motor,+cognitive,+and+neuropathological+symptoms+in+multiple+mouse+models+of+Huntington's+disease.">Intrabody gene therapy ameliorates motor, cognitive, and neuropathological symptoms in multiple mouse models of Huntington's disease.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 13589-13602 (2009).</li><li>Carter, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+progressive+motor+deficits+in+mice+transgenic+for+the+human+Huntington's+disease+mutation.">Characterization of progressive motor deficits in mice transgenic for the human Huntington's disease mutation.</a> J Neurosci. 19, 3248-3257 (1999).</li><li>Gulinello, M., Chen, F., Dobrenis, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+deficits+in+motor+coordination+and+cognitive+dysfunction+in+a+mouse+model+of+the+neurodegenerative+lysosomal+storage+disorder,+Sandhoff+disease.">Early deficits in motor coordination and cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model of the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder, Sandhoff disease.</a> Behav Brain Res. 193, 315-319 (2008).</li><li>Stanley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+beam+walking+assay+offers+improved+sensitivity+over+the+mouse+rotarod+in+determining+motor+coordination+deficits+induced+by+benzodiazepines.">The mouse beam walking assay offers improved sensitivity over the mouse rotarod in determining motor coordination deficits induced by benzodiazepines.</a> J Psychopharmacol. 19, 221-227 (2005).</li></ol>

동물 실험은 Caltech 기관 애니멀 케어 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에서 정한 지침과 규정에 따라 수행되었다.

평균대 위에서 성능은 잘 조정과 균형의 유용한 측정하고 이전 작업에 의해 검증되었습니다. 빔 시험은 젊은 세 이상 설치류 2,3,4에 연령에 의한 모터 적자, 중추 신경 syst`병변, 그리고 유전 및 약리 조작을 검색할 수 있습니다. 피질 충격 병변와 마우스는 종종 빔 5,6에서 미끄러지고 contralateral 나타냅니다. 빔 테스트는 시간이 지남에 따라 야생 타입의 모터 기술 (WT)와 헌팅턴 병 (...

assessment of motor balance and coordination in mice using the balance beam

뇌 손상, 유전 조작 및 약리 치료 생쥐의 모터 기술의 변경이 발생할 수 있습니다. 파인 모터 조정 및 균형은 빔 도보 분석에 의해 평가하실 수 있습니다. 이 테스트의 목표는 직립 유지 및 안전 플랫폼으로 높은 좁은 빔에 걸쳐 도보로 마우스입니다. 교육 및 시험 1 일 2 일 :이 테스트는 연속 3 일 동안 이루어진다. 빔의 성능 그것이 빔을 그 과정에서 발생하는 포 전표의 번호를 통과하는 마우스에 대한 걸리는 시간을 측정하여 계량입니다. 여기서 우리는 우리 실험실에서 사용되는 프로토콜 및 C57BL / 6 마​​우스의 일대에서 대표적인 결과를보고합니다. 이 작업에는 Rotarod 같은 다른 자동차 검사에 의해 감지되지 않을 수 있습니다 모터 기술과 균형 미묘한 적자를 탐지에 특히 유용합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Motor Balance and Coordination in Mice using the Balance Beam at JoVE.com

Assessment of Motor Balance and Coordination in Mice using the Balance Beam

미세 모터 조정에 적자가 균형 빔 테스트와 평가를하실 수 있습니다. 빔의 성능은 광선이 통과하는 속도와 마우스이 빔을에 미끄러져 횟수에 의해 계량입니다.

마우스에 모터 밸런스 조정의 평가는 밸런스 빔을 사용하여

Brain injury, genetic manipulations, and pharmacological treatments can result in alterations of motor skills in mice.  Fine motor coordination and ...

assessment-motor-balance-coordination-mice-using-balance

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

46.0K 조회수.  California Institute of Technology. 미세 모터 조정에 적자가 균형 빔 테스트와 평가를하실 수 있습니다. 빔의 성능은 광선이 통과하는 속도와 마우스이 빔을에 미끄러져 횟수에 의해 계량입니다.

비디오: Assessment of Motor Balance and Coordination in Mice using the Balance Beam

Measuring Motor Coordination in Mice

Mice are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, largely replacing rats as the behaviorist's animal of choice. Before aspects of behavior such as emotionality or cognition can be assessed, however, it is vital to determine whether the motor capabilities of e.g. a mutant or lesioned mouse allow such an assessment. Performance on a maze task requiring strength and coordination, such as the Morris water maze, might well be impaired in a mouse by motor, rather than cognitive, impairments, so it is essential to selectively dissect the latter from the former. For example, sensorimotor impairments caused by NMDA antagonists have been shown to impair water maze performance2. 
Motor coordination has traditionally been assessed in mice and rats by the rotarod test, in which the animal is placed on a horizontal rod that rotates about its long axis; the animal must walk forwards to remain upright and not fall off. Both set speed and accelerating versions of the rotarod are available.
The other three tests described in this article (horizontal bar, static rods and parallel bars) all measure coordination on static apparatus. The horizontal bar also requires strength for adequate performance, particularly of the forelimbs as the mouse initially grips the bar just with the front paws. 
Adult rats do not perform well on tests such as the static rods and parallel bars (personal observations); they appear less well coordinated than mice. I have only tested male rats, however, and male mice seem generally less well coordinated than females. Mice appear to have a higher strength:weight ratio than rats; the Latin name, Mus musculus, seems entirely appropriate. The rotarod, the variations of the foot fault test12 or the Catwalk (Noldus)15 apparatus are generally used to assess motor coordination in rats.

Protocols are presented for two established motor coordination tasks, the accelerating rotarod and horizontal bar, also two tests developed in Oxford recently, the static rods and parallel bars. These tests can detect motor impairments potentially of interest in their own right, as well as being possible variables in tests of other areas of behavior.

마우스에 모터 조정을 측정

Mice are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, largely replacing rats as the behaviorist's animal of choice. Before aspects of behavior such ...

연구

신경과학

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance severely impact the clinical efficacy of opiates as pain relievers in animals and humans. The molecular mechanisms underlying both phenomena are not well understood and their elucidation should benefit from the study of animal models and from the design of appropriate experimental protocols. 
We describe here a methodological approach for inducing, recording and quantifying morphine-induced hyperalgesia as well as for evidencing analgesic tolerance, using the tail-immersion and tail pressure tests in wild-type mice. As shown in the video, the protocol is divided into five sequential steps. Handling and habituation phases allow a safe determination of the basal nociceptive response of the animals. Chronic morphine administration induces significant hyperalgesia as shown by an increase in both thermal and mechanical sensitivity, whereas the comparison of analgesia time-courses after acute or repeated morphine treatment clearly indicates the development of tolerance manifested by a decline in analgesic response amplitude. This protocol may be similarly adapted to genetically modified mice in order to evaluate the role of individual genes in the modulation of nociception and morphine analgesia. It also provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to improve opiate analgesic efficacy.

We describe a protocol to examine the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance in mice. Based on the measurement of thermal and mechanical nociceptive responses of na&#239;ve and morphine-treated animals, it allows to quantify the increase in pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia) and decrease in analgesia (tolerance) associated with chronic opiate administration.

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance severely impact the clinical efficacy of opiates as pain relievers in animals and humans. The molecular ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. Structural changes at the NMJ can result in neurotransmission failure, resulting in weakness, atrophy and even death of the muscle fiber. Many studies have investigated how genetic modifications or disease can alter the structure of the mouse NMJ. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to directly compare findings from these studies because they often employed different parameters and analytical methods. Three protocols are described here. The first uses maximum intensity projection confocal images to measure the area of acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-rich postsynaptic membrane domains at the endplate and the area of synaptic vesicle staining in the overlying presynaptic nerve terminal. The second protocol compares the relative intensities of immunostaining for synaptic proteins in the postsynaptic membrane. The third protocol uses Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to detect changes in the packing of postsynaptic AChRs at the endplate. The protocols have been developed and refined over a series of studies. Factors that influence the quality and consistency of results are discussed and normative data are provided for NMJs in healthy young adult mice.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is altered in a variety of conditions that can sometimes culminate in synaptic failure. This report describes fluorescence microscope-based methods to quantify such structural changes.

신경 근육 접합 : 측정 시냅스 크기, 공 초점 형광 현미경을 사용하여 시냅스 단백질 농도의 분열 및 변경

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

쥐의 해마 영역의 치아 이랑 (dentate gyrus)에서 수지상 Arborization의 평가

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing delivery of oxygen and nutrients. About half of the stroke survivors are left with some degree of disability. Innovative methodologies for restorative neurorehabilitation are urgently required to reduce long-term disability. The ability of the nervous system to reorganize its structure, function and connections as a response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli is called neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is involved in post-stroke functional disturbances, but also in rehabilitation. Beneficial neuroplastic changes may be facilitated with non-invasive electrotherapy, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and sensory electrical stimulation (SES). NMES involves coordinated electrical stimulation of motor nerves and muscles to activate them with continuous short pulses of electrical current while SES involves stimulation of sensory nerves with electrical current resulting in sensations that vary from barely perceivable to highly unpleasant. Here, active cortical participation in rehabilitation procedures may be facilitated by driving the non-invasive electrotherapy with biosignals (electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG)) that represent simultaneous active perception and volitional effort. To achieve this in a resource-poor setting, e.g., in low- and middle-income countries, we present a low-cost human-machine-interface (HMI) by leveraging recent advances in off-the-shelf video game sensor technology. In this paper, we discuss the open-source software interface that integrates low-cost off-the-shelf sensors for visual-auditory biofeedback with non-invasive electrotherapy to assist postural control during balance rehabilitation. We demonstrate the proof-of-concept on healthy volunteers.

A novel low-cost human-machine interface for interactive post-stroke balance rehabilitation system is presented in this article. The system integrates off-the-shelf low-cost sensors towards volitionally driven electrotherapy paradigm. The proof-of-concept software interface is demonstrated on healthy volunteers.

후 스트로크 균형 재활을위한 신경 근육 전기 자극 시스템과 저가 센서를 통합하는 인간 - 기계 인터페이스

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing ...

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

This protocol specifically focuses on tools for assessing phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) innervation of the diaphragm at both the electrophysiological and morphological levels. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) recording following phrenic nerve stimulation can be used to quantitatively assess functional diaphragm innervation by PhMNs of the cervical spinal cord in vivo in anesthetized rats and mice. Because CMAPs represent simultaneous recording of all myofibers of the whole hemi-diaphragm, it is useful to also examine the phenotypes of individual motor axons and myofibers at the diaphragm NMJ in order to track disease- and therapy-relevant morphological changes such as partial and complete denervation, regenerative sprouting and reinnervation. This can be accomplished via whole-mount immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the diaphragm, followed by detailed morphological assessment of individual NMJs throughout the muscle. Combining CMAPs and NMJ analysis provides a powerful approach for quantitatively studying diaphragmatic innervation in rodent models of CNS and PNS disease.

Compound muscle action potential recording quantitatively assesses functional diaphragm innervation by phrenic motor neurons. Whole-mount diaphragm immunohistochemistry assesses morphological innervation at individual neuromuscular junctions. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how these two powerful methodologies can be used in various rodent models of spinal cord disease.

횡격막 모터 뉴런에 의해 다이어프램 신경 분포의 기능 및 형태 학적 평가

This protocol specifically focuses on tools for assessing phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) innervation of the diaphragm at both the electrophysiological and ...

Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching variations of the neuronal dendrites within the hippocampus are implicated in cognition and memory formation. There are several approaches to Golgi staining, all of which have been useful for determining the morphological characteristics of dendritic arbors and produce a clear background. The present Golgi-Cox method, (a slight variation of the protocol that is provided with a commercial Golgi staining kit), was designed to assess how a relatively low dose of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-flurouracil (5-Fu) would affect dendritic morphology, the number of spines, and the complexity of arborization within the hippocampus. The 5-Fu significantly modulated the dendritic complexity and decreased the spine density throughout the hippocampus in a region-specific manner. The data presented show that the Golgi staining method effectively stained the mature neurons in the CA1, the CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. This protocol reports the details for each step so that other researchers can reliably stain tissue throughout the brain with high quality results and minimal troubleshooting.

Here we present a Golgi-Cox protocol in extensive detail. This reliable tissue stain method allows for a high-quality assessment of the cytoarchitecture in the hippocampus, and throughout the entire brain, with minimal troubleshooting.

골지 - 콕스 방법을 이용한 고령의 해마 상피 세포의 수지상 돌기 복잡성 평가

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching ...

Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice

Phrenic motor neurons are cervical motor neurons originating from C3 to C6 levels in most mammalian species. Axonal projections converge into phrenic nerves innervating the respiratory diaphragm. In spinal cord slices, phrenic motor neurons cannot be identified from other motor neurons on morphological or biochemical criteria. We provide the description of procedures for visualizing phrenic motor neuron cell bodies in mice, following intrapleural injections of cholera toxin subunit beta (CTB) conjugated to a fluorophore. This fluorescent neuroanatomical tracer has the ability to be caught up at the diaphragm neuromuscular junction, be carried retrogradely along the phrenic axons and reach the phrenic cell bodies. Two methodological approaches of intrapleural CTB delivery are compared: transdiaphragmatic versus transthoracic injections. Both approaches are successful and result in similar number of CTB-labeled phrenic motor neurons. In conclusion, these techniques can be applied to visualize or quantify the phrenic motor neurons in various experimental studies such as those focused on the diaphragm-phrenic circuitry.

Here, we describe a protocol for identifying phrenic motor neurons in mice after intrapleural delivery of fluorophore conjugated cholera toxin subunit beta. Two techniques are compared to inject the pleural cavity: transdiaphragmatic versus transthoracic approaches.

마우스에 인할지 모터 신경의 퇴행 성 신경 해부학 추적

Phrenic motor neurons are cervical motor neurons originating from C3 to C6 levels in most mammalian species. Axonal projections converge into phrenic ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of sciatic nerve injury rodent models. In this protocol, we describe a novel kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture apparatus for functional evaluations using a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. First, the rat is familiarized with treadmill walking. Markers are then attached to the designated bone landmarks and the rat is made to walk on the treadmill at the desired speed. Meanwhile, the posterior limb movements of the rat are recorded using four cameras. Depending on the software used, marker tracings are created using both automatic and manual modes and the desired data are produced after subtle adjustments. This method of kinematic analysis, which uses a 3D motion capture apparatus, offers numerous advantages, including superior precision and accuracy. Many more parameters can be investigated during the comprehensive functional evaluations. This method has several shortcomings that require consideration: The system is expensive, can be complicated to operate, and may produce data deviations due to skin shifting. Nevertheless, kinematic analysis using a 3D motion capture apparatus is useful for performing functional anterior and posterior limb evaluations. In the future, this method may become increasingly useful for generating accurate assessments of various traumas and diseases.

We introduce a kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional motion capture apparatus containing four cameras and data processing software for performing functional evaluations during fundamental research involving rodent models.

Sciatic 신경 호감 상해의 쥐 모형에 있는 기능 평가를 위한 3D 운동학 분석

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Laser-Induced Brain Injury in the Motor Cortex of Rats

A common technique for inducing stroke in experimental rodent models involves the transient (often denoted as MCAO-t) or permanent (designated as MCAO-p) occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using a catheter. This generally accepted technique, however, has some limitations, thereby limiting its extensive use. Stroke induction by this method is often characterized by high variability in the localization and size of the ischemic area, periodical occurrences of hemorrhage, and high death rates. Also, the successful completion of any of the transient or permanent procedures requires expertise and often lasts for about 30 minutes. In this protocol, a laser irradiation technique is presented that can serve as an alternative method for inducing and studying brain injury in rodent models.
When compared to rats in the control and MCAO groups, the brain injury by laser induction showed reduced variability in body temperature, infarct volume, brain edema, intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality. Furthermore, the use of a laser-induced injury caused damage to the brain tissues only in the motor cortex unlike in the MCAO experiments where destruction of both the motor cortex and striatal tissues is observed.
Findings from this investigation suggest that laser irradiation could serve as an alternative and effective technique for inducing brain injury in the motor cortex. The method also shortens the time for completing the procedure and does not require expert handlers.

The protocol presented here shows a technique to create a rodent model of brain injury. The method described here uses laser irradiation and targets motor cortex.

쥐의 모터 피질에서 레이저 유도 된 뇌 손상

A common technique for inducing stroke in experimental rodent models involves the transient (often denoted as MCAO-t) or permanent (designated as MCAO-p) ...