이 작품은 NIH R01 CA104757 그랜트 (MH Manjili)에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 기꺼이 VCU 메시 암 센터의 지원과 암 연구에 대한 연방 재단 인정합니다.

1. Lymphocytes 5 분리 <ol><li> 격리 종양 - 배수 림프절이나 종양 - 베어링 FVBN202 유전자 변형 생쥐의 spleens과 얼음처럼 차가운 RPMI1640에서 단일 세포 현탁액을 준비 10 % FBS와 함께 보충. 큰 T 세포 수율 50 - ML 폴리 프로필렌 원뿔 튜브 결과에서 B / I 활성화 폴리스티렌 튜브에 비해. 마취제와 Xylazine는 마취에 대한 IP를 주입하고 있습니다. 자궁 경부 전위는 안락사의 방법으로 사용됩니다. </li><li> 문화 16 H.에 대한 IL - 2 (Peprotech) 80 U / ML과 함께 bryostatin - 1 (5 NM)와 ionomycin (1 μm의)와 15% FBS를 포함하는 완전한 매체 전지 (10 6 세포 / ML) </li><li> 24 H에 대한 IL - 7 (10 NG / ML)와 IL - 15 (10 NG / ML) (Peprotech)와 완전한 매체 10 6 세포 / ML에서 따뜻한 매체 (37 ° C)와 문화 셀에 세 번 씻어 . </li><li> 24 H.에 대한 IL - 2 (40 U / ML)와 세포 펄스 </li><li> 4 일간 IL - 7과 IL - 15 세포와 문화를 (10 NG / ML) 분할. 매체 변경 2 일마다 필요한 경우 세포를 분리. </li></ol> 2. 셀 카운트 및 유동세포계측법 분석 5 T 세포의 폴드 확장 결정 <ol><li> 가벼운 현미경으로 세포 카운트 <ol><li> trypan 파란색으로 적절한 세포 희석 (1:100)을 준비하고 hemocytometer로 몇 μL를 추가 </li><li> 9 사각형을 계산하고 희석 계수를 곱한 챔버의 숫자로 셀 계산을 나누어 총 휴대폰 번호를 확인합니다. 결과는 숫자 X 10 4 셀 / ML를 제공합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 유동세포계측법하여 확장 세포의 CD8 +와 CD4 + T 세포의 비율을 결정 <ol><li> 얼음 20 분 anti-CD16/CD32 항체 (Biolegend)과 culturing에 의해 FC 수용체에 항체가 아닌 특정 바인딩 세포를 차단하고 얼음처럼 차가운 PBS 2 ML있는 셀에 두 번 씻어 1 %의 나트륨 azide와 보충 . </li><li> 얼음 20 분 FITC - CD4 및 CD8 PE - 항체와 culturing하여 세포를 얼룩 후 1% FBS와 0.1 %의 나트륨 azide와 보충 얼음처럼 차가운 PBS 2 ML있는 셀에 두 번 씻는다. </li><li> 1 % paraformaldehyde로 세포를 고정하고 베크맨 쿨터 FC 500 샘플을 실행하고 서밋 버전 4.3 소프트웨어를 사용하여 분석할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 예 VIVO의 종양 - 특이성 결정 T 세포를 확대 <ol><li> 문화 예 생체내 24 H. 5 반구 뉴 긍정 MMC 종양 세포와 10시 1분 비율 (15,000 방사선)에서 완전한 매체 lymphocytes 확대 </li><li> 사용하기 전까지 -80 ° C에서 수확 supernatants 및 저장합니다. 5,6 </li><li> 검색 IFN - γ 제조 업체의 프로토콜에 따라 마우스 IFN - γ 엘리사 세트 (BD Pharmingen)를 사용합니다. 5,6 </li></ol> 4. 전 VIVO 확장 T 셀 5,6의 안티 종양 기능을 결정 <ol><li> 3 ML 전체 매체 (RPMI - 1640 페니실린의 100U / ML, 100μg / ML 스트렙토 마이신, 글루타민 및 β 10% FBS와 보충에 완전한 매체 48 시간 동안 대상 비율 : 10시 1분 이펙터에 종양 세포와 함께 품어 T 세포 - 메르 캅 토 에탄올) 6 잘 문화 요리 37 ° C / 5 % CO 2에서 IL - 2 (Peprotech)의 20U / ML. </li><li> 제조 업체의 프로토콜에 따라 PE - 방지 마우스 IgG, Annexin V - FITC와 Propidium의 이우 (PI) (BD Pharmingen) 다음 뉴 세 컬러 항체 얼룩 (anti-c-Erb2/c-neu, 클론 - 4, Calbiochem)을 수행 </li><li> 종양 세포의 뉴 긍정적인 종양 세포에서 게이트 및 분석 생존 (Annexin V-/PI-) </li></ol> 5. 유방암의 마우스 모델 FVBN202 형질 여성 생쥐 (찰스 리버 연구소)는 종양 반응 T 세포의 출처에 사용될 수 있습니다. 이 마우스는 MMTV업자의 규정에 따라 unactivated 쥐 뉴 transgene을 overexpress 그 결과 연령 7 40~10개월 간의 자발적인 내유 암종을 개발합니다. 이 마우스는 자연 carcinoma8 개발하기 전에 원래의 장소에 ductal 암종 (DCIS)과 비슷 premalignant 내유 증식을 개발합니다. 자발적인 종양 - 베어링 생쥐는 T 세포의 기증자으로 사용됩니다. 6. 대표 결과 : 생체내에있는 종양에 sensitized 없습니다 나이브 T 세포의 살해 16 시간 결과에 대한 B / I와 T 세포의 활성화. 그들은 감마 체인 크린 시토킨 (그림 1)과 함께 6 일 문화 이내에 2.8 배까지 확대 종양 반응 T 세포의 B / I 선택성 후. CD8 +와 CD4 + T 세포가 균일하게 감마 체인 크린 시토킨 (그림 2)로 확장되는 모두. 전 생체내 - 확장 T 세포는 뉴 긍정적인 마우스 내유 암종 (MMC) 종양 세포 (그림 3)의 면전에서 IFN - γ의 생산에 의해 평가 등 기증자 쥐가에 sensitized다고 종양에 대한 높은 반응을 보여줍니다. 전 생체내는 확장 T 세포는 뉴 긍정 MMC 종양의 셀에 apoptosis을 일으킬 수종양 세포의 생존과 같은 것을인가 92 %에서 48 시간 이내 61% (그림 4) 방울. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig1.jpg" alt="누락된 그림" /> 그림 1. B / I 활성화 (1 일) 및 감마 체인 크린 시토킨로 전직 생체내 확장 (일 3, 5, 7) 다음과 같은 서로 다른 시간 시점에서 lymphocytes의 폴드 확장 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig2.jpg" alt="누락된 그림" /> 그림 2. CD4 +와 CD8 + T 세포의 총 비율 전에 감마 체인 크린 시토킨와 함께 7 일 이후에 확장. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig3.jpg" alt="누락된 그림" /> 그림 3. IFN - γ를 사용하기 전에 감마 체인 크린 시토킨와 함께 7 일 확장과 후 종양 베어링 생쥐에서 분리된 T 세포에 의해 생산, IFN - γ 엘리사 종양 자극 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig4.jpg" alt="누락된 그림" /> 그림 4. 뉴 긍정적인 마우스 내유 암종 (MMC) 종양 세포에 대한 감마 체인 크린 시토킨와 T 세포를 확장 전 생체내 세포 독성의 기능

<ol>
	<li>Goodell, V., Waisman, J., Salazar, L. G., de la Rosa, C., Link, J., Coveler, A. L., Childs, J. S., Fintak, P. A., Higgins, D. M., Disis, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Level+of+HER-2/neu+protein+expression+in+breast+cancer+may+affect+the+development+of+endogenous+HER-2/neu-specific+immunity.">Level of HER-2/neu protein expression in breast cancer may affect the development of endogenous HER-2/neu-specific immunity.</a> Mol Cancer Ther. 7, 449-454 (2008).</li><li>Disis, M. L., Knutson, K. L., Schiffman, K., Rinn, K., McNeel, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-existent+immunity+to+the+HER-2/neu+oncogenic+protein+in+patients+with+HER-2/neu+overexpressing+breast+and+ovarian+cancer.">Pre-existent immunity to the HER-2/neu oncogenic protein in patients with HER-2/neu overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 62, 245-252 (2000).</li><li>Liu, S., Riley, J., Rosenberg, S., Parkhurst, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+common+gamma-chain+cytokines,+interleukin-2,+interleukin-7,+and+interleukin-15+for+the+in+vitro+generation+of+human+tumor-reactive+T+lymphocytes+for+adoptive+cell+transfer+therapy.">Comparison of common gamma-chain cytokines, interleukin-2, interleukin-7, and interleukin-15 for the in vitro generation of human tumor-reactive T lymphocytes for adoptive cell transfer therapy.</a> J. Immunother. 29, 284-293 (2006).</li><li>Bear, H. D., Roberts, J., Cornell, D., Tombes, M. B., Kyle, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+immunotherapy+of+cancer+with+pharmacologically+activated+lymph+node+lymphocytes:+a+pilot+clinical+trial.">Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with pharmacologically activated lymph node lymphocytes: a pilot clinical trial.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 5, 269-274 (2001).</li><li>Morales, J. K., Kmieciak, M., Graham, L., Feldmesser, M., Bear, H. D., Manjili, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+transfer+of+HER2/neu-specific+T+cells+expanded+with+alternating+gamma+chain+cytokines+mediate+tumor+regression+when+combined+with+the+depletion+of+myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells.">Adoptive transfer of HER2/neu-specific T cells expanded with alternating gamma chain cytokines mediate tumor regression when combined with the depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 58, 941-953 (2009).</li><li>Cha, E., Graham, L., Manjili, M. H., Bear, H. D., Guy, C. T., Webster, M. A., Schaller, M., Parsons, T. J., Cardiff, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-7+++IL-15+are+superior+to+IL-2+for+the+ex+vivo+expansion+of+4T1+mammary+carcinoma-specific+T+cells+with+greater+efficacy+against+tumors+in+vivo.">IL-7 + IL-15 are superior to IL-2 for the ex vivo expansion of 4T1 mammary carcinoma-specific T cells with greater efficacy against tumors in vivo.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 89, 10578-10582 (2009).</li><li>Kmieciak, M., Morales, J. K., Morales, J., Bolesta, E., Grimes, M., Manjili, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Danger+signals+and+nonself+entity+of+tumor+antigen+are+both+required+for+eliciting+effective+immune+responses+against+HER-2/neu+positive+mammary+carcinoma:+implications+for+vaccine+design.">Danger signals and nonself entity of tumor antigen are both required for eliciting effective immune responses against HER-2/neu positive mammary carcinoma: implications for vaccine design.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 57, 1391-1398 (2008).</li><li>Stern, J. B., Smith, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-2+induction+of+T-cell+G1+progression+and+c-myb+expression.">Interleukin-2 induction of T-cell G1 progression and c-myb expression.</a> Science. 233, 203-206 (1986).</li><li>Kittipatarin, C., Khaled, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ex+vivo+expansion+of+memory+CD8+T+cells+from+lymph+nodes+or+spleen+through+in+vitro+culture+with+interleukin-7.">ex vivo expansion of memory CD8 T cells from lymph nodes or spleen through in vitro culture with interleukin-7.</a> J Immunol Methods. 344, 45-57 (2009).</li><li>Kokaji, A. I., Hockley, D. L., Kane, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-15+transpresentation+augments+CD8++T+cell+activation+and+is+required+for+optimal+recall+responses+by+central+memory+CD8++T+cells.">IL-15 transpresentation augments CD8+ T cell activation and is required for optimal recall responses by central memory CD8+ T cells.</a> J Immunol. 180, 4391-4401 (2008).</li><li>Le, H. K., Graham, L., Miller, C. H., Kmieciak, M., Manjili, M. H., Bear, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incubation+of+antigen-sensitized+T+lymphocytes+activated+with+bryostatin+1+++ionomycin+in+IL-7+++IL-15+increases+yield+of+cells+capable+of+inducing+regression+of+melanoma+metastases+compared+to+culture+in+IL-2.">Incubation of antigen-sensitized T lymphocytes activated with bryostatin 1 + ionomycin in IL-7 + IL-15 increases yield of cells capable of inducing regression of melanoma metastases compared to culture in IL-2.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 58, 1565-1576 (2009).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

효과기 안티 종양 기능으로 종양 반응 T 세포의 선택적 확장은 B를 사용하여 제안된 프로토콜에 의해 얻을 수있는 I / 활성화 및 감마 체인 크린 시토킨 IL - 2, IL - 7과 IL - 15 예 생체내 확장. IL - 2 항원에 특정한 T 세포의 분화와 확장을 지원할 수 T 세포 성장 인자이지만, IL - 7은 T 세포의 apoptosis를 억제하고 확장하는 동안 그들의 생존을 지원할 수 있습니다. IL - 15은 T 세포 입양 요법 9-11시...

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Bryostatin 1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>B7431-10ug</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ionomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Calbiochem</td>
<td>407950</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouse IL-7</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>PeproTech</td>
<td>217-17</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouse IL-15</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>PeproTech</td>
<td>210-15</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Human IL-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>PeproTech</td>
<td>200-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI1640</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>11875</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gemini</td>
<td>100-106</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cellgro</td>
<td>30-002-CI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L- glutamine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25030081</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>&beta;- mercaptoethanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M7522</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>anti-CD16/32 antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Biolegend</td>
<td>101302</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
<td>556547</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FITC-CD4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Biolegend</td>
<td>100406</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE-CD8</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Biolegend</td>
<td>100708</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>anti-c-Erb2/c&#x2013;Neu</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Calbiochem</td>
<td>OP16</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE- anti mouse IgG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Biolegend</td>
<td>405307</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>formaldehyde</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Polysciences</td>
<td>04018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hemocytometer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hycor</td>
<td>87144</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Light microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>V200073</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouse IFN-&gamma; ELISA set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
<td>555138</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cell culture flasks</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Greiner</td>
<td>658175</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

ex vivo expansion of tumor-reactive t cells by means of bryostatin 1/ionomycin and the common gamma chain cytokines formulation

이것은 유방암 환자들은 종양의 1,2에 대한 기존의 면역 반응을보고했다. 그러나, 이러한 면역 반응은 유방암의 개발이나 재발에 대한 완벽한 보호를 제공하기 위해 실패합니다. 종양 반응 T 세포의 빈도를 증가하여이 문제를 극복하기 위해 입양 immunotherapy가 채용되었습니다. 프로토콜의 다양한 종양 관련 T 세포의 확장을 위해 사용되었습니다. 이러한 프로토콜은, 그러나, 항원에 특정한 T 세포의 활성화를위한 종양 항원의 전의 생체내의 사용을 제한하고 있습니다. 아주 최근에, 이러한 IL - 2, IL - 7, IL - 15, IL - 21과 같은 일반 감마 체인 크린 시토킨는 안티 종양 면역 반응 3의 강화를 위해 단독으로 또는 조합하여 사용되었습니다. 그러나 제제는 종양 반응 T 세포의 확장에 가장 적합한 것이 무엇인지에 대해서는 아직 알려진 바가 없다. 여기서 우리는 선택 활성화 및 유방암의 입양 T 세포 치료에 사용하기 위해 HER-2/neu 양성 유방 암종의 FVBN202 유전자 변형 마우스 모델에서 종양 반응 T 세포의 확장을위한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 프로토콜은 16 시간 동안 종양 항원의 부재에서 bryostatin-1/ionomycin (B / I)와 IL - 2와 T 세포의 활성화를 포함하고 있습니다. B / I 활성화 세포내 신호를 모방 것을 각각 4, 단백질 키나제 C의 활동과 세포 내 칼슘을 증가시켜 T 세포 활성화의 결과. 없는 T 세포를 죽이는 동안이 프로토콜은 특히 종양 특정 T 세포를 활성화한다. B / I - 활성 T 세포는 24 시간 동안 IL - 7과 IL - 15과 교양 그리고 IL - 2 펄스입니다. 24 시간 후에, T 세포가와 분할을 씻어하고, 양식 아르 IL - 7 + 추가 4 일간 IL - 15. 전 생체내 확대 T 세포의 종양 - 특이성 및 안티 종양 효능이 결정됩니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation at JoVE.com

Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

에 대한 효율적인 프로토콜<em&gt; 예 생체내</em종양 - 배수 림프절이나 종양 베어링 호스트의 다른 이차 림프​​ 조직에서 종양 반응 T 세포의&gt; 확장을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜은 선택 유방암의 입양 immunotherapy에 사용하기 위해 종양 특정 T 세포를 확장합니다.

Bryostatin의 1/Ionomycin에 의해 종양 반응 T 세포의 생체내 전 확장 및 일반 감마 체인 크린 시토킨 제제

It was reported that breast cancer patients have pre-existing immune responses against their tumors1,2. However, such immune responses fail to provide ...

ex-vivo-expansion-tumor-reactive-t-cells-means-bryostatin-1ionomycin

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

14.6K 조회수.  Virginia Commonwealth University- Massey Cancer Center. 에 대한 효율적인 프로토콜 예 생체내 확장을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜은 선택 유방암의 입양 immunotherapy에 사용하기 위해 종양 특정 T 세포를 확장합니다.

비디오: Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

CTL with optimal effector function play critical roles in mediating protection against various intracellular infections and cancer. However, individuals may exhibit suppressive immune microenvironment and, in contrast to activating CTL, their autologous antigen presenting cells may tend to tolerize or anergize antigen specific CTL. As a result, although still in the experimental phase, CTL-based adoptive immunotherapy has evolved to become a promising treatment for various diseases such as cancer and virus infections. In initial experiments ex vivo expanded CMV (cytomegalovirus) specific CTL have been used for treatment of CMV infection in immunocompromised allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. While it is common to have life-threatening CMV viremia in these patients, none of the patients receiving expanded CTL develop CMV related illness, implying the anti-CMV immunity is established by the adoptively transferred CTL1. Promising results have also been observed for melanoma and may be extended to other types of cancer2. 
While there are many ways to ex vivo stimulate and expand human CTL, current approaches are restricted by the cost and technical limitations. For example, the current gold standard is based on the use of autologous DC. This requires each patient to donate a significant number of leukocytes and is also very expensive and laborious. Moreover, detailed in vitro characterization of DC expanded CTL has revealed that these have only suboptimal effector function 3. 
Here we present a highly efficient aAPC based system for ex vivo expansion of human CMV specific CTL for adoptive immunotherapy (Figure 1). The aAPC were made by coupling cell sized magnetic beads with human HLA-A2-Ig dimer and anti-CD28mAb4. Once aAPC are made, they can be loaded with various peptides of interest, and remain functional for months. In this report, aAPC were loaded with a dominant peptide from CMV, pp65 (NLVPMVATV). After culturing purified human CD8+ CTL from a healthy donor with aAPC for one week, CMV specific CTL can be increased dramatically in specificity up to 98% (Figure 2) and amplified more than 10,000 fold. If more CMV-specific CTL are required, further expansion can be easily achieved by repetitive stimulation with aAPC. Phenotypic and functional characterization shows these expanded cells have an effector-memory phenotype and make significant amounts of both TNF&alpha; and IFN&gamma; (Figure 3).

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

A new DC independent method for induction and expansion of antigen-specific T cells is described. HLA A2-Ig based artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPC) are loaded with HLA-A2 restricted peptides to efficiently expand CTL of diverse antigen specificity. This technology holds great potential for CTL-based adoptive immunotherapy.

효율에 대한 HLA - IG 기반 인공 항원 제시 세포 예 생체내</em인간 CTL의> 확장

CTL with optimal effector function play critical roles in mediating protection against various intracellular infections and cancer. However, individuals ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration of T cells into lymph nodes is a complex process which involves both cellular and chemical factors including chemokines. Recently, the use of two-photon microscopy has permitted to track T cells in intact lymph nodes and to derive some quantitative information on their behavior and their interactions with other cells. While there are obvious advantages to an in vivo system, this approach requires a complex and expensive instrumentation and provides limited access to the tissue. To analyze the behavior of T cells within murine lymph nodes, we have developed a slice assay 
1, originally set up by neurobiologists and transposed recently to murine thymus 2. In this technique, fluorescently labeled T cells are plated on top of an acutely prepared lymph node slice. In this video-article, the localization and migration of T cells into the tissue are analyzed in real-time with a widefield and a confocal microscope. The technique which complements in vivo two-photon microscopy offers an effective approach to image T cells in their natural environment and to elucidate mechanisms underlying T cell migration.

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

This protocol describes a method to image fluorescent T cells introduced into lymph node slices. The technique permits real-time analyses of T cell migration with traditional widefield fluorescence or confocal microscopes.

위드 필드와 공촛점 현미경과 Murine 림프절의 조각에서 T 세포의 생체내 이미징 전

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration ...

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

Zoledronate를 사용하는 사람 말초혈의 확장 γδ T 세포

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of T cells that display markers characteristic of both natural killer (NK) cells and T cells1. Unlike classical T cells, NKT cells recognize lipid antigen in the context of CD1 molecules2. NKT cells express an invariant TCR&alpha; chain rearrangement: V&alpha;14J&alpha;18 in mice and V&alpha;24J&alpha;18 in humans, which is associated with V&beta; chains of limited diversity3-6, and are referred to as canonical or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Similar to conventional T cells, NKT cells develop from CD4-CD8- thymic precursor T cells following the appropriate signaling by CD1d 7. The potential to utilize NKT cells for therapeutic purposes has significantly increased with the ability to stimulate and expand human NKT cells with &alpha;-Galactosylceramide (&alpha;-GalCer) and a variety of cytokines8. Importantly, these cells retained their original phenotype, secreted cytokines, and displayed cytotoxic function against tumor cell lines. Thus, ex vivo expanded NKT cells remain functional and can be used for adoptive immunotherapy. However, NKT cell based-immunotherapy has been limited by the use of autologous antigen presenting cells and the quantity and quality of these stimulator cells can vary substantially. Monocyte-derived DC from cancer patients have been reported to express reduced levels of costimulatory molecules and produce less inflammatory cytokines9,10. In fact, murine DC rather than autologous APC have been used to test the function of NKT cells from CML patients11. However, this system can only be used for in vitro testing since NKT cells cannot be expanded by murine DC and then used for adoptive immunotherapy. Thus, a standardized system that relies on artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPC) could produce the stimulating effects of DC without the pitfalls of allo- or xenogeneic cells12, 13. Herein, we describe a method for generating CD1d-based aAPC. Since the engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) by CD1d-antigen complexes is a fundamental requirement of NKT cell activation, antigen: CD1d-Ig complexes provide a reliable method to isolate, activate, and expand effector NKT cell populations.

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Here we describe a method for activating and expanding human NKT cells from bulk T cell populations using artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC). The use of CD1d-based aAPC provides a standardized method for generating high numbers of functional NKT cells.

인공 항원은 세포 (aAPC) 중재의 활성화와 자연 킬러 T 세포의 확장을 제시

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of T cells that display markers characteristic of both natural killer (NK) cells and T cells1. Unlike ...

Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the &asymp;40% limit, the investigator usually keeps the percentage at around 10%. In many cases it is necessary to isolate the parasite-containing red blood cells (RBCs) from the uninfected ones, to enrich the culture and proceed with a given experiment. 
When P. falciparum infects the erythrocyte, the parasite degrades and feeds from haemoglobin 2, 3. However, the parasite must deal with a very toxic iron-containing haem moiety 4, 5. The parasite eludes its toxicity by transforming the haem into an inert crystal polymer called haemozoin 6, 7. This iron-containing molecule is stored in its food vacuole and the metal in it has an oxidative state which differs from the one in haem 8. The ferric state of iron in the haemozoin confers on it a paramagnetic property absent in uninfected erythrocytes. As the invading parasite reaches maturity, the content of haemozoin also increases 9, which bestows even more paramagnetism on the latest stages of P. falciparum inside the erythrocyte.
Based on this paramagnetic property, the latest stages of P. falciparum infected-red blood cells can be separated by passing the culture through a column containing magnetic beads. These beads become magnetic when the columns containing them are placed on a magnet holder. Infected RBCs, due to their paramagnetism, will then be trapped inside the column, while the flow-through will contain, for the most part, uninfected erythrocytes and those containing early stages of the parasite.
Here, we describe the methodology to enrich the population of late stage parasites with magnetic columns, which maintains good parasite viability 10. After performing this procedure, the unattached culture can be returned to an incubator to allow the remaining parasites to continue growing.

Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

The paramagnetic properties of hemozoin are used to isolate late stages of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells growing in culture. The method is simple and fast and does not affect the subsequent invasive capabilities of the parasites.

의 분리<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em자기 수단으로&gt; 늦은 단계에 감염된 적혈구

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

HIV-1 감염 CD4의 타고난 감지 평가<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;를 사용하여 형질 수지상 세포에 의한 T 세포<em&gt; 예 생체 내</em&gt; 공동 문화 시스템.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter lesions in inflammatory demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). In these disorders, mainly CD8+ T-cells of putative specificity for myelin- and oligodendrocyte-related antigens are found, so that neuronal apoptosis in grey matter lesions may be a collateral effect of these cells. Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanisms of the mentioned pathophysiological processes. However, although they mimic some aspects of MS, it is impossible to dissect the exact mechanism and time course of &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal cell death. To address this course, here we show a protocol to study the mechanisms and time response of neuronal damage following an oligodendrocyte-directed CD8+ T cell attack. To target only the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocytes, in vitro activated oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells are transferred into acutely isolated brain slices. After a defined incubation period, myelin and neuronal damage can be analysed in different regions of interest. Potential applications and limitations of this model will be discussed.

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 급성 뇌 조각의 희소 돌기 아교 세포 지시 T 세포 공격의 모델

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic cells (DCs) by a process called transinfection. Here, we describe the analysis of the transinfection process, which occurs during the course of antigen presentation. This process was unveiled by using CD4+ T cells from transgenic OTII mice, which bear a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a peptide of ovoalbumin (OVAp), which therefore can form stable immune complexes with infected dendritic cells loaded with this specific OVAp. The dynamics of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria during DC-T cell transmission can be monitored by live-cell imaging and the quantification of bacterial transinfection can be performed by flow cytometry. In addition, transinfection can be quantified by a more sensitive method based in the use of gentamicin, a non-permeable aminoglycoside antibiotic killing extracellular bacteria but not intracellular ones. This classical method has been used previously in microbiology to study the efficiency of bacterial infections. We hereby explain the protocol of the complete process, from the isolation of the primary cells to the quantification of transinfection.

Here a protocol is presented to measure bacterial capture by CD4+ T cells which occurs during antigen presentation via transinfection from pre-infected dendritic cells (DC). We show how to perform the necessary steps: isolation of primary cells, infection of DC, DC/T cell conjugate formation, and measurement of bacterial T cell transfection.

T 세포는 수지상 세포에서 Transinfection에 의해 박테리아를 캡처

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic ...

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of V&#948;1+CD4+&#947;&#948; T Cells, an Extrathymic &#945;&#946;T-cell Progenitor

The thymus, the primary organ for the generation of &#945;&#946; T cells and backbone of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, has long been considered as the only source of &#945;&#946;T cells. Yet, thymic involution begins early in life leading to a drastically reduced output of na&#239;ve &#945;&#946;T cells into the periphery. Nevertheless, even centenarians can build immunity against newly acquired pathogens. Recent research suggests extrathymic &#945;&#946;T cell development, however our understanding of pathways that may compensate for thymic loss of function are still rudimental. &#947;&#948; T cells are innate lymphocytes that constitute the main T-cell subset in the tissues. We recently ascribed a so far unappreciated outstanding function to a &#947;&#948; T cell subset by showing that the scarce entity of CD4+ V&#948;1+&#947;&#948; T cells can transdifferentiate into &#945;&#946;T cells in inflammatory conditions. Here, we provide the protocol for the isolation of this progenitor from peripheral blood and its subsequent cultivation. V&#948;1 cells are positively enriched from PBMCs of healthy human donors using magnetic beads, followed by a second step wherein we target the scarce fraction of CD4+ cells with a further magnetic labeling technique. The magnetic force of the second labeling exceeds the one of the first magnetic label, and thus allows the efficient, quantitative and specific positive isolation of the population of interest. We then introduce the technique and culture condition required for cloning and efficiently expanding the cells and for identification of the generated clones by FACS analysis. Thus, we provide a detailed protocol for the purification, culture and ex vivo expansion of CD4+ V&#948;1+&#947;&#948; T cells. This knowledge is prerequisite for studies that relate to this &#945;&#946;T cell progenitor`s biology and for those who aim to identify the molecular triggers that are involved in its transdifferentiation.

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of V&amp;#948;1+CD4+&amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells, an Extrathymic &amp;#945;&amp;#946;T-cell Progenitor

Here, we provide an optimized protocol for the isolation and cloning of the scarce T-cell entity of peripheral V&#948;1+CD4+ T cells that is, as we showed recently, an extrathymic &#945;&#946; T-cell progenitor. This technique allows to quantitatively isolate, clone and efficiently expand these cells in ex vivo culture.

분리 및<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</emVδ1의&gt; 문화<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; γδ T 세포, Extrathymic αβT 세포 선조

The thymus, the primary organ for the generation of &#945;&#946; T cells and backbone of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, has long been ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Gamma Delta T Cells

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore essential for understanding pathogenicity of different pathogens including HIV. Gamma delta (GD) T cells are the prototype of &#39;unconventional&#39; T cells and represent a relatively small subset of T cells defined by their expression of heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) composed of gamma and delta chains. This sets them apart from the classical and much better known CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that are defined by alpha-beta TCRs. GD T cells often show tissue-specific localization and are enriched in epithelium. GD T cells orchestrate immune responses in inflammation, tumor surveillance, infectious disease, and autoimmunity.
Here, we present a method to reproducibly isolate and analyze human endocervical intraepithelial GD T lymphocytes. We have used endocervical cytobrush samples from women participating in the Women&#39;s Interagency HIV Infection Study (WIHS). Knowledge about GD T cells interactions during conditions in which there is an insult to the vaginal mucosal could be applied to any clinical study in which mucosal vulnerability is addressed, including the development of vaginal microbicides.In addition, knowledge about mucosal GD T cell responses has potential for application of GD T cell-based immune therapy in treating infectious diseases.

We describe here an isolation method to obtain human endocervical intraepithelial lymphocytes for the analysis of intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. This protocol can be extended for the purification of endocervical gamma delta T cells by magnetic beads or by cell sorting.