셰리 Kuchma, 피터 뉴웰과 그림 1의 이미지를 제공 로버트 샨크츠 내 주셔서 감사합니다. 이 작품은 GAO에 NIH 부여 R01AI083256 지원했습니다

1. Biofilm 성장을 <ol><li> 야생 형 녹농균이나 풍부한 매체 박 이상의 돌연변이 스트레인 (즉, LB)의 문화를 성장 </li><li> biofilm의 assays를위한 새로운 매체로 통해 밤 문화를 희석 1:100. P.위한 표준 biofilm 분석 매체 녹농균이라는 박테리아는 황산 마그네슘, 포도당 및 casamino의 지방산 (표 참조) 보충 M63 최소한의 매체입니다. 대안 biofilm - 증진 적은 planktonic의 성장과보다 강력한 biofilm, 포도당 및 casamino의 지방산을 자극 매체는 유일한 탄소 및 에너지원으로 아르기닌으로 대체 될 수 있듯이. </li><li> 96 잘 접시에 잘 희석 당 100 μL를 추가합니다. 정량 assays을 위해, 우리는 일반적으로 각각의 치료를 위해 4-8 복제 우물을 사용합니다. </li><li> 37 4-24 시간에 대한 microtiter 접시를 품어 ° C. </li></ol> 2. Biofilm 스테 이닝 <ol><li> 부화 후 판을 뒤집어하고 액체를 흔들어하여 세포를 덤프. </li><li> 물이 작은 욕조에 부드럽게 잠수함 접시 (즉, 욕조 등 P1000 pipetmen에 대한 피펫 팁 상자의 바닥을 사용하여). 물을 흔들어 봐. 이 과정을 다시 한 번 반복합니다. 이 단계는 다음 단계에서 스테인드 수있는 무소속의 세포와 미디어 구성 요소를 제거하는 데 도움이, 그리고 크게 배경 얼룩을 절감. </li><li> microtiter 접시 각 잘하기 위해 물에 크리스탈 바이올렛의 0.1 % 용액 125 μL를 추가합니다. 솔루션을 제작하는 동안 장갑과 실험 복을 착용하십시오. 가루가 hydroscopic하고 쉽게 얼룩의 의류, 피부 등을 그대로 CV를 무게 경우주의하시기 바랍니다 </li><li> 10-15 분 상온에서 microtiter 접시를 품어. </li><li> 위에서 설명한대로 물을 욕조에 잠수함이 잠수하여 물 접시 3-4 회 씻어 밖으로 흔들 모든 초과 세포와 염료의 번호판을 제거하기 위해 종이 타월의 스택에 적극적으로 얼룩. </li><li> 거꾸로 microtiter 접시를 켜고 몇 시간 또는 하루에 대한 건조. </li><li> 때 건조 질적 assays 들어, 우물이 사진 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. Biofilm을 Quantifying <ol><li> 이력서 solubilize하는 microtiter 접시 각 잘 물을 30 % 초산 125 μL를 추가합니다. </li><li> 10-15 분 상온에서 microtiter 접시를 품어. </li><li> 새로운 평면 바닥 microtiter 접시에 solubilized CV 125 μL을 전송합니다. </li><li> 빈으로 물 30 % 아세트산을 사용하여 550 nm의에서 플레이트 판독기에서 흡광도를 계량. </li></ol> 4. 대표 결과 : <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2437/2437fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 녹농균, 모나스 fluorescens 및 포도상 구균에 대한 수행 biofilm 형성 assays에 대한 대표적인 결과를 보여줍니다. P.의 녹농균이라는 박테리아 (8 시간, 37 ° C)의 biofilm와 우물 (A) 측면 볼 수 있습니다. P.의 biofilm와 우물 (B) 측면보기 fluorescens (6 시간, 30 ° C). (C) biofilm의 하향식보기 S.에 의해 형성 평면 바닥 microtiter 플레이트의 구균 (투 웰스, 24 시간, 37 ° C). P. 녹농균이라는 박테리아와 P. fluorescens 모두 운동성이있는 유기체이며, 공기 - 액체 인터페이스에서 biofilm을 형성. S. 구균이 아닌 운동성이있는이고 잘 하단에 biofilm을 형성.

<ol>
	<li>O'Toole, G. A., Kolter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+biofilm+formation+in+Pseudomonas+fluorescens+WCS365+proceeds+via+multiple,+convergent+signalling+pathways:+a+genetic+analysis.">Initiation of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 proceeds via multiple, convergent signalling pathways: a genetic analysis.</a> Mol. Microbiol. 28, 449-461 (1998).</li><li>O'Toole, G. A., Doyle, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Enzymology. , 91-109 (1999).</li><li>Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+basis+for+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+antibiotic+resistance.">A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance.</a> Nature. 426, 306-310 (2003).</li><li>Kuchma, S. L., Connolly, J. P., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-component+regulatory+system+regulates+biofilm+maturation+and+type+III+secretion+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">A three-component regulatory system regulates biofilm maturation and type III secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> J Bacteriol. 187, 1441-1454 (2005).</li><li>Caiazza, N. C., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SadB+is+required+for+the+transition+from+reversible+to+irreversible+attachment+during+biofilm+formation+by+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA14.">SadB is required for the transition from reversible to irreversible attachment during biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14.</a> J Bacteriol. 186, 4476-4485 (2004).</li><li>Shanks, R. M., Sargent, J. L., Martinez, R. M., Graber, M. L., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catheter+lock+solutions+influence+staphylococcal+biofilm+formation+on+abiotic+surfaces.">Catheter lock solutions influence staphylococcal biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces.</a> Nephrol Dial Transplant. 21, 2247-2255 (2006).</li><li>Caiazza, N. C., Merritt, J. H., Brothers, K. M., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inverse+regulation+of+biofilm+formation+and+swarming+motility+by+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA14.">Inverse regulation of biofilm formation and swarming motility by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14.</a> J. Bacteriol. 189, 3603-3612 (2007).</li><li>Hinsa, S. M., Espinosa-Urgel, M., Ramos, J. L., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+from+reversible+to+irreversible+attachment+during+biofilm+formation+by+Pseudomonas+fluorescens+WCS365+requires+an+ABC+transporter+and+a+large+secreted+protein.">Transition from reversible to irreversible attachment during biofilm formation by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 requires an ABC transporter and a large secreted protein.</a> Mol Microbiol. 49, 905-918 (2003).</li><li>Mack, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+transposon+mutants+of+biofilm-producing+Staphylococcus+epidermidis+impaired+in+the+accumulative+phase+of+biofilm+production:+genetic+identification+of+a+hexosamine-containing+polysaccharide+intracellular+adhesin.">Characterization of transposon mutants of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis impaired in the accumulative phase of biofilm production: genetic identification of a hexosamine-containing polysaccharide intracellular adhesin.</a> Infect. Immun. 62, 3244-3253 (1994).</li><li>Vidal, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+an+Escherichia+coli+K-12+mutant+strain+able+to+form+biofilms+on+inert+surfaces:+involvement+of+a+new+ompR+allele+that+increases+curli+expression.">Isolation of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant strain able to form biofilms on inert surfaces: involvement of a new ompR allele that increases curli expression.</a> J. Bacteriol. 180, 2442-2449 (1998).</li><li>Junker, L. M., Clardy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+screens+for+small-molecule+inhibitors+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+development.">High-throughput screens for small-molecule inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 51, 3582-3590 (2007).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 방법은 미생물 종의 다양한 사용하기 위해 수정할 수 있습니다. 비 운동성이있는 미생물은 일반적으로 우물의 바닥을 준수하면서 운동성이있는 미생물은 일반적으로, 벽 및 / 또는 우물의 바닥을 준수. biofilm 형성 (즉, 성장 매체, 온도, 부화의 시간)에 대한 최적 조건은 각각의 미생물에 대해 경험적으로 결정되어야합니다. 나는 각각의 접시에 부정적인 컨트롤을 여러 개 수행하는 각각의 변형...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>1 X M63</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Prepare as a 5X M63 stock by dissolving 15g KH2PO4, 35g K2HPO4 and 10g (NH4)2SO4 in 1 L of water. This stock does not need to be autoclaved and can be stored at room temperature. Dilute 5X stock 1:5, autoclave, cool, then add the desired components.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>KH2PO4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>P285-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>K2HPO4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>P288-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>(NH4)2SO4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A5132</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>M63-500</td>
<td>Add to 1 mM final concentration. Prepare as a 1 M stock in water and autoclave.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glucose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>D16-3</td>
<td>Add to 0.2% final concentration. Prepare as a 20% stock in water and autoclave.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Casamino acids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckton-Dickinson</td>
<td>223050</td>
<td>Add to 0.5% final concentration. Prepare as a 20% stock in water and autoclave.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arginine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A5131</td>
<td>Add to 0.4% final concentration. Prepare as a 20% stock in water and filter sterilize. This alternative carbon/energy source can replace glucose and casamino acids</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microtiter plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckton-Dickinson</td>
<td>353911</td>
<td>Falcon 3911, Microtest III, Flexible assay plates, 96 well, U-bottom, non-sterile, non-tissue-culture treated.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microtiter plate lids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckton-Dickinson</td>
<td>353913</td>
<td>The lids can be reused by cleaning with 95% ethanol in water.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Crystal violet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>229641000</td>
<td>Prepare as a 0.1% solution in water.</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

microtiter dish biofilm formation assay

Biofilms, 의료 산업 및 자연 환경 설정에서 찾을 수 표면에 부착된 미생물의 커뮤니티입니다. 사실, biofilm의 생활은 대부분의 환경에서 미생물의 성장의 predominate 모드를 나타냅니다. 성숙 biofilms 몇 가지 뚜렷한 특징이있다. Biofilm의 미생물은 일반적으로 구조와 지역 사회에 보호 기능을 제공합니다 세포외 기질에 둘러싸여 있습니다. biofilm의 성장 미생물은 일반적으로 유체 - 채워진 채널 둘러싸인 macrocolonies (수천개의 세포를 포함)로 구성된 특성 아키텍처를했습니다. Biofilm - 재배 미생물은 또한 임상 관련 항생제를 포함하여 항균 대리인의 범위에 그들의 저항에 대한 악명 있습니다. microtiter 접시 분석은 biofilm 형성의 초기 단계의 연구를위한 중요한 도구이며,이 분석은 또한 곰팡이 biofilm 형성을 연구하는 데 사용되었지만, 세균성 biofilms 연구 주로 적용되었습니다. 이 분석은 정적, 배치 성장 조건을 사용하기 때문에, 그것은 일반적으로 흐름 전지 시스템과 관련된 성숙한 biofilms의 형성에 대한 허용하지 않습니다. 그러나, 분석이 잘 세포외 다당류의 생산에 관련된 유전자와 같은 biofilm 형성의 개시 (즉, flagella, 필리, adhesins, 주기적 - DI - GMP 바인딩과 대사에 관여하는 효소)에 필요한 여러 가지 요인을 식별에 효과가있다. 또한 게시된 작품은 microtiter 요리 재배 biofilms은 면역 시스템 effectors 이러한 항생제 내성 및 저항을 성숙 biofilms의 일부 속성을 개발 할 것을 나타냅니다. 이 간단한 microtiter 접시 분석은 벽 및 / 또는 microtiter 접시의 바닥에 biofilm의 형성 수 있습니다. 분석의 높은 처리량 자연은 유전자 화면에 유용합니다뿐만 아니라, 다양한 성장 조건 하에서 여러 변종에 의해 시험 biofilm 형성합니다. 이 분석의 변종은 미생물을 포함한 다양한위한 초기 biofilm 형성을 평가하는 데 사용되지만 pseudomonads, 비브리오 cholerae, 대장균, staphylocci, enterococci, mycobacteria 및 곰팡이, 이에 국한되지 않음되었습니다. 프로토콜 여기에서 설명한에서, 우리는 모델 유기체 녹농균의 biofilm 형성을 연구하기 위해이 분석의 사용에 초점을 맞출 것이다. 이 분석에서, biofilm 형성의 범위는 염료 크리스탈 바이올렛 (CV)를 사용하여 측정됩니다. 그러나, 다른 colorimetric 및 신진 대사 얼룩의 번호는 microtiter 접시 분석을 사용하여 biofilm 형성의 부량에 대한보고되었습니다. microtiter 접시 분석의 용이성, 저렴한 가격과 유연성은 biofilms 연구를위한 중요한 도구가되었다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay at JoVE.com

Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay

분석은 박테리아와 곰팡이의 초기 biofilm 형성을 측정하는 빠른 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 미생물의 biofilm 형성에 대한 하층으로 microtiter 접시를 사용하고, biofilm은 크리스탈 바이올렛 스트레인을 사용하여 시각입니다. 분석도 초기 biofilm 형성에 대한 질적 양적 분석 또는를 제공합니다.

Microtiter 디시 Biofilm 형성 분석

Biofilms are communities of microbes attached to surfaces, which can be found in medical, industrial and natural settings.  In fact, life in a biofilm ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

107.4K 조회수.  Dartmouth Medical School. 분석은 박테리아와 곰팡이의 초기 biofilm 형성을 측정하는 빠른 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 미생물의 biofilm 형성에 대한 하층으로 microtiter 접시를 사용하고, biofilm은 크리스탈 바이올렛 스트레인을 사용하여 시각입니다. 분석도 초기 biofilm 형성에 대한 질적 양적 분석 또는를 제공합니다.

비디오: Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

Candida albicans remains the most frequent cause of fungal infections in an expanding population of compromised patients and candidiasis is now the third most common infection in US hospitals. Different manifestations of candidiasis are associated with biofilm formation, both on host tissues and/or medical devices (i.e. catheters). Biofilm formation carries negative clinical implications, as cells within the biofilms are protected from host immune responses and from the action of antifungals. We have developed a simple, fast and robust in vitro model for the formation of C. albicans biofilms using 96 well microtiter-plates, which can also be used for biofilm antifungal susceptibility testing. The readout of this assay is colorimetric, based on the reduction of XTT (a tetrazolium salt) by metabolically active fungal biofilm cells. A typical experiment takes approximately 24 h for biofilm formation, with an additional 24 h for antifungal susceptibility testing. Because of its simplicity and the use of commonly available laboratory materials and equipment, this technique democratizes biofilm research and represents an important step towards the standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing of fungal biofilms.

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

We describe a simple, rapid and robust method for the formation of Candida albicans biofilms using 96 well microtiter plates and its utility in antifungal susceptibility testing of cells within biofilms.

모니터링 형성과 Antifungal 자화율 테스트를위한 96 자 Microtiter 플레이트 기반 방법 캔디다 albicans Biofilms

Candida albicans remains the most frequent cause of fungal infections in an expanding population of compromised patients and candidiasis is now the third ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological properties compared to free living microorganisms. Biofilms in nature are often difficult to investigate and reside under poorly defined conditions1. Using a transparent substratum it is possible to device a system where simple biofilms can be examined in a non-destructive way in real-time: here we demonstrate the assembly and operation of a flow cell model system, for in vitro 3D studies of microbial biofilms generating high reproducibility under well-defined conditions2,3.
The system consists of a flow cell that serves as growth chamber for the biofilm. The flow cell is supplied with nutrients and oxygen from a medium flask via a peristaltic pump and spent medium is collected in a waste container. This construction of the flow system allows a continuous supply of nutrients and administration of e.g. antibiotics with minimal disturbance of the cells grown in the flow chamber. Moreover, the flow conditions within the flow cell allow studies of biofilm exposed to shear stress. A bubble trapping device confines air bubbles from the tubing which otherwise could disrupt the biofilm structure in the flow cell.
The flow cell system is compatible with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and can thereby provide highly detailed 3D information about developing microbial biofilms. Cells in the biofilm can be labeled with fluorescent probes or proteins compatible with CLSM analysis. This enables online visualization and allows investigation of niches in the developing biofilm. Microbial interrelationship, investigation of antimicrobial agents or the expression of specific genes, are of the many experimental setups that can be investigated in the flow cell system.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Protocol describing the application of a flow cell system for growing and analyzing microbial biofilms for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

흐름 세포 녹농균 및 Saccharomyces cerevisiae의의 Biofilm

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological ...

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

8 잘 회의소 슬라이드에서 체외의 Biofilm 형성에

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex for First and Second Line Drugs by Broth Dilution in a Microtiter Plate Format

The rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance is important in the effort to control the increase in resistant Mycobacterium 
tuberculosis (Mtb). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Mtb has traditionally been performed by the agar method of proportion or by 
macrobroth testing on an instrument such as the BACTEC (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), VersaTREK (TREK Diagnostics, Cleveland, OH) or BacT/ALERT (bioM&eacute;rieux, Hazelwood, MO). The agar proportion method, while considered the &#x201C;gold&#x201D; standard of AST, is labor intensive and requires calculation of resistance by performing colony counts on drug-containing agar as compared to drug-free agar. If there is &ge;1% growth on the drug-containing medium as compared to drug-free medium, the organism is considered resistant to that drug. The macrobroth methods require instrumentation and test break point ("critical") drug concentrations for the first line drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and pyrazinamide). The method described here is commercially available in a 96 well microtiter plate format [MYCOTB (TREK Diagnostics)] and contains increasing concentrations of 12 antimicrobials used for treatment of tuberculosis including both first (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol) and second line drugs (amikacin, cycloserine, ethionamide, kanamycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, para-aminosalicylic acid, rifabutin, and streptomycin). Pyrazinamide, a first line drug, is not included in the microtiter plate due to its need for acidic test conditions. Advantages of the microtiter system include both ease of set up and faster turn around time (14 days) compared with traditional agar proportion (21 days). In addition, the plate can be set up from inoculum prepared using either broth or solid medium. Since the microtiter plate format is new and since Mtb presents unique safety challenges in the laboratory, this protocol will describe how to safely setup, incubate and read the microtiter plate.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is challenging but critical for patient care. This microtiter plate format offers testing of 12 antimycobacterial drugs and provides minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, which will aid in appropriate treatment.

Microtiter 플레이트 형식의 맛을 희석하여 첫 번째와 두 번째 라인 의약품 Mycobacterium 결핵의 복합 항균 자화율 테스트

The rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance is important in the effort to control the increase in resistant Mycobacterium 
tuberculosis (Mtb). ...

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen interactions.&#160;The ease of obtaining large numbers of embryos, their accessibility due to external development, their optical transparency as well as the availability of a wide panoply of genetic/immunological tools and transgenic reporter line collections, contribute to the versatility of this model.&#160;In this respect, the present manuscript describes the use of zebrafish as an&#160;in vivo&#160;model system to investigate the chronology of Mycobacterium abscessus infection. This human pathogen can exist either as smooth (S) or rough (R) variants, depending on cell wall composition, and their respective virulence can be imaged and compared in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Micro-injection of either S or R fluorescent variants directly in the blood circulation via the caudal vein, leads to chronic or acute/lethal infections, respectively. This biological system allows high resolution visualization and analysis of the role of mycobacterial cording in promoting abscess formation. In addition, the use of fluorescent bacteria along with transgenic zebrafish lines harbouring fluorescent macrophages produces a unique opportunity for multi-color imaging of the host-pathogen interactions. This article describes detailed protocols for the preparation of homogenous M. abscessus inoculum and for intravenous injection of zebrafish embryos for subsequent fluorescence imaging of the interaction with macrophages. These techniques open the avenue to future investigations involving mutants defective in cord formation and are dedicated to understand how this impacts on M. abscessus pathogenicity in a whole vertebrate.

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Optically transparent zebrafish embryos are widely used to study and visualize in real time the interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and the innate immune cells. Micro-injection of Mycobacterium abscessus, combined with fluorescence imaging, is used to scrutinize essential pathogenic features such as cord formation in zebrafish embryos.

영상 병인과의 Cording를 해독하고<em&gt; 미코 농양</em&gt; Zebrafish의 배아에서

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay

Most pathogenic bacteria are able to form biofilms during infection, but due to the difficulty of manipulating and assessing biofilms, the vast majority of laboratory work is conducted with planktonic cells. Here, we describe a peg plate biofilm assay as performed with Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial biofilms are grown on pegs attached to a 96-well microtiter plate lid, washed through gentle submersion in buffer, and placed in a drug challenge plate. After subsequent incubation they are again washed and moved to a final recovery plate, in which the fluorescent dye resazurin serves as a viability indicator. This assay offers greatly increased ease-of-use, reliability, and reproducibility, as well as a wealth of data when conducted as a kinetic read. Moreover, this assay can be adapted to a medium-throughput drug screening approach by which an endpoint fluorescent readout is taken instead, offering a path for drug discovery efforts.

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay

Most bacterial infections produce a biofilm. By virtue of their environment, biofilm associated bacteria are often phenotypically drug resistant. Novel antibacterial molecules that kill bacteria in biofilms are thus a high priority. We establish an assay to quickly screen for antimicrobial compounds that are effective at eradicating biofilms.

바이오 필름 관련 타겟팅<em&gt; 황색 포도상 구균</em&gt; 사용 레사 주린 기반 약물 감수성 분석

Most pathogenic bacteria are able to form biofilms during infection, but due to the difficulty of manipulating and assessing biofilms, the vast majority ...

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)

Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton that is the driving force for plasma membrane extension around the particle. In addition, efficient engulfment of large material relies on focal exocytosis of intracellular compartments. This process is highly dynamic and numerous molecular players have been described to have a role during phagocytic cup formation. The precise regulation in time and space of all of these molecules, however, remains elusive. In addition, the last step of phagosome closure has been very difficult to observe because inhibition by RNA interference or dominant negative mutants often results in stalled phagocytic cup formation. 
We have set up a dedicated experimental approach using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) combined with epifluorescence to monitor step by step the extension of pseudopods and their tips in a phagosome growing around a particle loosely bound to a coverslip. This method allows us to observe, with high resolution the very tips of the pseudopods and their fusion during closure of the phagosome in living cells for two different fluorescently tagged proteins at the same time.

&quot;Phagosome Closure Assay&quot; to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM

We describe an experimental setup to visualize with unprecedented high resolution phagosome formation and closure in three dimensions in living macrophages, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. It allows monitoring of the base of the phagocytic cup, the extending pseudopods, as well as the precise site of phagosome scission.

&quot;Phagosome 폐쇄 분석은&quot;사용하여 입체적으로 Phagosome 형성을 시각화하는 총 내부 반사 형광 현미경 (TIRFM)

Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements ...

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, structured communities of cells attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. albicans biofilms can form on host tissues, such as mucosal layers, and on medical devices, such as catheters, pacemakers, dentures, and joint prostheses. Biofilms pose significant clinical challenges because they are highly resistant to physical and chemical perturbations, and can act as reservoirs to seed disseminated infections. Various in vitro assays have been utilized to study C. albicans biofilm formation, such as microtiter plate assays, dry weight measurements, cell viability assays, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. All of these assays are single end-point assays, where biofilm formation is assessed at a specific time point. Here, we describe a protocol to study biofilm formation in real-time using an automated microfluidic device under laminar flow conditions. This method allows for the observation of biofilm formation as the biofilm develops over time, using customizable conditions that mimic those of the host, such as those encountered in vascular catheters. This protocol can be used to assess the biofilm defects of genetic mutants as well as the inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents on biofilm development in real-time.

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

This protocol describes the use of a customizable automated microfluidic device to visualize biofilm formation in Candida albicans under host physiological conditions.

Candida albicans 자동 미세 장치를 사용 하 여에서 Biofilm 형성의 시각화

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. ...

Bile Salt-induced Biofilm Formation in Enteric Pathogens: Techniques for Identification and Quantification

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, a significant stress response is induced during gastrointestinal transit and upon bile exposure, a normal component of human digestion. To overcome the bactericidal effects of bile, many enteric pathogens form a biofilm hypothesized to permit survival when transiting through the small intestine. Here we present methodologies to define biofilm formation through solid-phase adherence assays as well as extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix detection and visualization. Furthermore, biofilm dispersion assessment is presented to mimic the analysis of events triggering release of bacteria during the infection process. Crystal violet staining is used to detect adherent bacteria in a high-throughput 96-well plate adherence assay. EPS production assessment is determined by two assays, namely microscopy staining of the EPS matrix and semi-quantitative analysis with a fluorescently-conjugated polysaccharide binding lectin. Finally, biofilm dispersion is measured through colony counts and plating. Positive data from multiple assays support the characterization of biofilms and can be utilized to identify bile salt-induced biofilm formation in other bacterial strains.

This protocol enables the reader to analyze bile salt-induced biofilm formation in enteric pathogens using a multifaceted approach to capture the dynamic nature of bacterial biofilms by assessing adherence, extracellular polymeric substance matrix formation, and dispersion.

담 즙 소금 유도 Biofilm 형성 장 병원 체에서: 식별 및 정량화 기술

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, ...

A High-throughput Assay to Assess and Quantify Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. NETs have been demonstrated to serve as an important host defense mechanism that traps and kills microorganisms. On the other hand, they have been implicated in diverse systemic autoimmune diseases. NETs are immunogenic and toxic structures that contain a pool of relevant autoantigens including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Different forms of NETs can be induced depending on the stimulus. The amount of NETs can be quantified using different techniques including measuring DNA release in supernatants, measuring DNA-complexed with NET-molecules like myeloperoxidase (MPO) or neutrophil elastase (NE), measuring the presence of citrullinated histones by fluorescence microscopy, or flow cytometric detection of NET-components which all have different features regarding their specificity, sensitivity, objectivity, and quantity. Here is a protocol to quantify ex vivo NET formation in a highly-sensitive, high-throughput manner by using three-dimensional immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. This protocol can be applied to address various research questions about NET formation and degradation in health and disease.

This protocol describes a highly sensitive and high throughput neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) assay for the semi-automated quantification of ex vivo NET formation by immunofluorescence three-dimensional confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used to evaluate NET formation and degradation after different stimuli and can be used to study potential NET-targeted therapies.

평가 하 고 호 중구 Extracellular 함정 대형 계량 높은 처리량 분석 결과

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. ...