이 작품은 국립 신경 장애 뇌졸중 연구소 (NS - 19108), 아동 건강 및 질병의 국립 연구소 (PO1 - HD09402), 편두통 연구 재단과 화이트 재단의 보조금에 의해 지원되었다. 미스 마샤 P. Kraig 문화 시스템의 준비 및 유지에 도움.

<ol>
	<li>Kunkler, P. E., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+waves+precede+electrophysiological+changes+of+spreading+depression+in+hippocampal+organ+cultures.">Calcium waves precede electrophysiological changes of spreading depression in hippocampal organ cultures.</a> J Neurosci. 18 (9), 3416-3425 (1998).</li><li>Kunkler, P. E., Hulse, R. E., Schmitt, M. W., Nicholson, C., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+current+source+density+analysis+in+hippocampal+organotypic+culture+shows+that+spreading+depression+occurs+with+uniquely+reversing+currents.">Optical current source density analysis in hippocampal organotypic culture shows that spreading depression occurs with uniquely reversing currents.</a> J Neurosci. 25 (15), 3952-3961 (2005).</li><li>Hulse, R. E., Swenson, W. G., Kunkler, P. E., White, D. M., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monomeric+IgG+is+neuroprotective+via+enhancing+microglial+recycling+endocytosis+and+TNF-&#x03B1;lpha.">Monomeric IgG is neuroprotective via enhancing microglial recycling endocytosis and TNF-&#x03B1;lpha.</a> J Neurosci. 28 (47), 12199-12211 (2008).</li><li>Hailer, N. P., Jarhult, J. D., Nitsch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+microglial+cells+in+vitro:+analysis+of+morphology+and+adhesion+molecule+expression+in+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+cultures.">Resting microglial cells in vitro: analysis of morphology and adhesion molecule expression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.</a> Glia. 18 (4), 319-331 (1996).</li><li>Ransohoff, R. M., Perry, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglial+physiology:+unique+stimuli,+specialized+responses.">Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 27, 119-145 (2009).</li><li>Mitchell, H. M., White, D. M., Domowicz, M. S., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cold+pre-conditioning+neuroprotection+depends+on+TNF-&#x03B1;lpha+and+is+enhanced+by+blockade+of+interleukin-11.">Cold pre-conditioning neuroprotection depends on TNF-&#x03B1;lpha and is enhanced by blockade of interleukin-11.</a> J Neurochem DOI. , (2010).</li><li>Mitchell, H. M., White, D. M., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+study+of+neuroprotection+from+cold-preconditioning.">Strategies for study of neuroprotection from cold-preconditioning.</a> J Vis Exp. (43), (2010).</li><li>Kunkler, P. E., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+astrocytosis+from+excitotoxic+injury+in+hippocampal+organ+culture+parallels+that+seen+in+vivo.">Reactive astrocytosis from excitotoxic injury in hippocampal organ culture parallels that seen in vivo.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 17 (1), 26-43 (1997).</li><li>Grinberg, Y. Y., Milton, J. G., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spreading+depression+sends+microglia+on+Lévy+flights.">Spreading depression sends microglia on Lévy flights.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (4), (2011).</li><li>Koroleva, V. I., Oitzl, M. S., Bures, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Threshold+of+synaptically+elicited+cortical+spreading+depression:+drug-induced+changes+in+rats.">Threshold of synaptically elicited cortical spreading depression: drug-induced changes in rats.</a> Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 60 (1), 55-64 (1985).</li><li>Gubern, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+housekeeping+genes+for+quantitative+real-time+PCR+in+in-vivo+and+in-vitro+models+of+cerebral+ischaemia.">Validation of housekeeping genes for quantitative real-time PCR in in-vivo and in-vitro models of cerebral ischaemia.</a> BMC Mol Biol. 10, 57-57 (2009).</li><li>Tian, Y. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+quantification+of+ADAMTS+expression+in+an+animal+model+of+cerebral+ischemia+using+real-time+PCR.">The quantification of ADAMTS expression in an animal model of cerebral ischemia using real-time PCR.</a> Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 51 (2), 158-164 (2007).</li><li>Pfaffl, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+mathematical+model+for+relative+quantification+in+real-time+RT-PCR.">A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (9), e45-e45 (2001).</li><li>Bustin, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MIQE+guidelines:+minimum+information+for+publication+of+quantitative+real-time+PCR+experiments.">The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.</a> Clin Chem. 55 (4), 611-622 (2009).</li><li>Pusic, A. D., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+gene+micro+array+profiling+demonstrates+"T-cell-like"+activation+after+recurrent+spreading+depression+-+implications+for+migraine+pathogenesis.">Inflammatory gene micro array profiling demonstrates "T-cell-like" activation after recurrent spreading depression - implications for migraine pathogenesis.</a> Soc Neurosci abst. , (2010).</li><li>Quinn, B., Graybiel, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+differentiated+silver+intensification+procedure+for+the+peroxidase-diaminobenzidine+reaction.">A differentiated silver intensification procedure for the peroxidase-diaminobenzidine reaction.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 44 (1), 71-74 (1996).</li><li>Caggiano, A. O., Kraig, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eicosanoids+and+nitric+oxide+influence+induction+of+reactive+gliosis+from+spreading+depression+in+microglia+but+not+astrocytes.">Eicosanoids and nitric oxide influence induction of reactive gliosis from spreading depression in microglia but not astrocytes.</a> J Comp Neurol. 369 (1), 93-108 (1996).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

SD 누구의 특성을 높은 모든 수종과 두뇌 지역에서 보존 아르 최신 검사 두뇌의 발작 섭동입니다. SD는 일반적으로 네크로 텍스에서 공부합니다. 그러나,이 구조의 신경 회로 복잡 (해마에 비해),뿐만 아니라 오래 끈 기간 동안 정지 면역 기능을 체외에서 네크로 텍스 유지 케하는 무능력은 장기적인 결과를 정의하는 체외 준비에로 덜 유용하게 SD의 자화율니다. 대조적으로, 해마뿐만 아니라 SD에 가장 민감한 두뇌 구조이며, 그것은 또한 잘 신경 활동은 SD의 자화율 보죠 수있는 neuroimmune 수단을 정의하기에 적합합니다 좀 더 단순화된 신경 회로의 구조와 기능과 archicortical 구조입니다 .

modeling neural immune signaling of episodic and chronic migraine using spreading depression in vitro

만성 편두통으로 두통 및 변환 개선 치료 옵션을 필요로 의료 부담입니다. 우리는 신경 면역 신호는 에피소드 및 만성 편두통에 대한 새로운 치료 표적을 개발하는 수단으로, 확산 우울증 (SD)를 사용하여 체외에서 모델 편두통에 느끼기 쉬운 상태를 modulates 방법을 정의 추구합니다. SD는 편두통의 분위기와 편두통 고통의 원인입니다. 그것은 천천히 민감한 뇌 영역 내에서 전파 초기에 증가의 연결 활동을 계기로의 연결 기능의 발작 손실이다. 정상 뇌 기능에 묘할 정도로 민감하고,에 일치하는 낮은 수준의 면역 신호를 사용합니다. 따라서, 신경 면역 신호 가능성이 SD의 전기 활동에 영향을, 따라서 편두통. 전체 동물 SD의 통증 인식 연구 어려움이 따른 다네지만, 전체 동물이 잘 SD는 삼차 nociceptive 경로를 활성화 이후 편두통의 시스템 생물학 측면을 검토하기 위해 적합합니다. 그러나, 혼자 모든 동물 연구 해독 SD의 세포와 신경 회로 메커니즘을 사용할 수 없습니다. 대신, 환경 조건을 제어할 수 있습니다 체외 준비에 필요합니다. 여기, 급성 조각과 hippocampal 슬라이스 문화의 독특한 장점의 한계를 인식하는 것이 중요합니다. 급성 뇌 조각 트리거 혼자 조각을 준비 이후 면역 신호에 미묘한 변화를 공개할 수 없습니다 : 프로 염증성 변화를 마지막 일, 조각 생기를 불어 넣다에 필요한 산소 장력 높은 수준으로 인해 epileptiform 행동하고, anoxic 슬라이스 센터에서 돌이킬 수없는 세포 손상. 정지 astrocytes, microglia, 그리고 시토킨 수준을 보여,, 문화가 밀접하게 성숙 trisynaptic 기능 생체내의 대응에서를 병렬 때문에 반대로, 우리는 성숙한 hippocampal 슬라이스 문화에 면역 신호를 검토하고 SD 쉽게 unanesthetized 준비 유도합니다. 또한, 조각은 긴되며 SD이 준비 만성 SD의 neuroimmune 결과를 모델링 능력 최신 유일한 의미하고, 부상없이 연속 일 유발 될 수 있으며, 따라서 아마도 만성 편두통. 우리의 연결을 세포와 SD와 일치하는 회로 기능을 측정하는 electrophysiological 기법과 비침습 이미징을 사용합니다. 신경 면역 유전자 발현 변수는 (레이저 해부 현미경을 통해) qPCR 검사, qPCR 배열, 그리고 중요한 것은, 모든 지역, 또는 특정 셀 확장을 사용하는 등 인터페론 - 감마와 같은 초저 수준의 목표의 탐지를위한 cDNA preamplification의 사용과 측정 샘플링. 시토킨 캐스케이드 신호가 더 셀 - 특정 immunostaining 통해 확인 다중 유전자 발현과 phosphoprotein 관련 목표 및 phosphoprotein 변경과 함께 평가합니다. 약리 및 siRNA 전략은 모방 및 SD 면역 신호를 변조하는 데 사용됩니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro at JoVE.com

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

편두통과 만성 편두통하기 위해 변화 개선 치료 옵션을 필요로 엄청난 의료 부담입니다. 우리는 모델로, 신경 면역 신호가 편두통에 느끼기 쉬운 상태를 modulates 방법을 정의하는 추구<em&gt; 체외에서</em&gt; 소설 치료 목표를 개발하기위한 수단으로, hippocampal 슬라이스 문화의 확산 우울증을 사용하여.

스프 레딩 우울증을 사용하여 에피소드와 만성 두통의 신경 면역 신호를 모델링 체외에서</em

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

modeling-neural-immune-signaling-episodic-chronic-migraine-using

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

19.9K 조회수.  The University of Chicago Medical Center. 편두통과 만성 편두통하기 위해 변화 개선 치료 옵션을 필요로 엄청난 의료 부담입니다. 우리는 모델로, 신경 면역 신호가 편두통에 느끼기 쉬운 상태를 modulates 방법을 정의하는 추구 체외에서 소설 치료 목표를 개발하기위한 수단으로, hippocampal 슬라이스 문화의 확산 우울증을 사용하여.

비디오: Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or thinned-skull 3 preparations. While the open-skull technique is very versatile, it is not optimal for studying microglia because it is invasive and can cause microglial activation. Even though the thinned-skull approach is minimally invasive, the repeated re-thinning of skull required for chronic imaging increases the risks of tissue injury and microglial activation and allows for a limited number of imaging sessions. Here we present a chronic thin-skull window method for monitoring murine microglia in vivo over an extended period of time using two-photon microscopy. We demonstrate how to prepare a stable, accessible, thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW) with an apposed glass coverslip that remains translucent over the course of three weeks of intermittent observation. This TSCW preparation is far more immunologically inert with respect to microglial activation than open craniotomy or repeated skull thinning and allows an arbitrary number of imaging sessions during a time period of weeks. We prepare TSCW in CX3CR1 GFP/+ mice 4 to visualize microglia with enhanced green fluorescent protein to &le;150 &mu;m beneath the pial surface. We also show that this preparation can be used in conjunction with stereotactic brain injections of the HIV-1 neurotoxic protein Tat, adjacent to the TSCW, which is capable of inducing durable microgliosis. Therefore, this method is extremely useful for examining changes in microglial morphology and motility over time in the living brain in models of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) and other neurodegenerative diseases with a neuroinflammatory component.

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

We describe a method for repeatedly visualizing murine microglia and circulating monocytes in vivo over hours, days or weeks using transcranial two-photon microscopy. We demonstrate how to prepare a thinned-skull window that allows intermittent observation of quiescent microglia that can be activated by adjacent stereotactic injection of the HIV-1 regulatory protein Tat.

만성 두 광자를위한 박막 해골 창 기법 생체내에서</emNeuroinflammation의 모델 Murine Microglia의> 이미징

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or ...

연구

신경과학

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

행동 내분비학 및 실험 경제학을 결합 : 테스토 스 테론과 사회 의사 결정

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery. Here we provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting electrode systems. We demonstrate the implantation procedure of both a penetrating and a surface electrode. The surgical process is described from start to finish, including detailed descriptions of each step throughout the procedure. It should also be noted that this video guide is focused towards procedures conducted in rodent models and other small animal models. Modifications of the described procedures are feasible for other animal models.

We provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting chronic neural recording electrodes. Techniques for both penetrating and surface electrode systems are described in a rodent animal model.

단일 유닛 활동과 Electrocorticographic 신호를 녹음하기 위해 만성 신경 전극 외과 이식

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery.  Here we provide useful information for ...

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of neural circuits underlying a variety of natural behaviors, including navigation1 , decision making 2,3, and the generation of complex motor sequences4,5,6. Advances in precision machining has allowed for the fabrication of light-weight devices suitable for chronic recordings in small animals, such as mice and songbirds. The ability to adjust the electrode position with small remotely controlled motors has further increased the recording yield in various behavioral contexts by reducing animal handling.6,7
 Here we describe a protocol to build an ultra-light motorized microdrive for long-term chronic recordings in small animals. Our design evolved from an earlier published version7, and has been adapted for ease-of use and cost-effectiveness to be more practical and accessible to a wide array of researchers. This proven design 8,9,10,11 allows for fine, remote positioning of electrodes over a range of ~ 5 mm and weighs less than 750 mg when fully assembled. We present the complete protocol for how to build and assemble these drives, including 3D CAD drawings for all custom microdrive components.

The design, fabrication and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive is described. The device provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution for chronic recordings of single units in small behaving animals.

작은 동물의 만성 신경 레코딩을위한 초경량 동력 Microdrive의 설계 및 조립

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

모델링 성상 세포종 병인<em&gt; 체외</em&gt;와<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 대뇌 피질의 성상이나 조건, 유전자 조작 쥐에서 신경 줄기 세포를 사용하여

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

Flow Cytometry Protocols for Surface and Intracellular Antigen Analyses of Neural Cell Types

Flow cytometry has been extensively used to define cell populations in immunology, hematology and oncology. Here, we provide a detailed description of protocols for flow cytometric analysis of the cluster of differentiation (CD) surface antigens and intracellular antigens in neural cell types. Our step-by-step description of the methodological procedures include: the harvesting of neural in vitro cultures, an optional carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeling step, followed by surface antigen staining with conjugated CD antibodies (e.g., CD24, CD54), and subsequent intracellar antigen detection via primary/secondary antibodies or fluorescently labeled Fab fragments (Zenon labeling). The video demonstrates the most critical steps. Moreover, principles of experimental planning, the inclusion of critical controls, and fundamentals of flow cytometric analysis (identification of target population and exclusion of debris; gating strategy; compensation for spectral overlap) are briefly explained in order to enable neurobiologists with limited prior knowledge or specific training in flow cytometry to assess its utility and to better exploit this powerful methodology.

We provide a detailed description of a protocol for flow cytometric analysis of surface antigens and/or intracellular antigens in neural cell types. Critical aspects of experimental planning, step-by-step methodological procedures, and fundamental principles of flow cytometry are explained in order to enable neurobiologists to exploit this powerful technology.

신경 세포 유형의 표면에 대한 유동 세포 계측법 프로토콜 및 세포 내 항원 분석

Flow cytometry has been extensively used to define cell populations in immunology, hematology and oncology. Here, we provide a detailed description of ...

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These neurotropic cancer cells have a unique ability to migrate unidirectionally along nerves towards the central nervous system (CNS). The dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model is a three dimensional (3D) in vitro model frequently used for studying the interaction between neural stroma and cancer cells. In this model, mouse or human cancer cell lines are grown in ECM adjacent to preparations of freshly dissociated cultured DRG. In this article, the DRG isolation protocol from mice, and implantation in petri dishes for co-culturing with pancreatic cancer cells are demonstrated. Five days after implantation, the cancer cells made contact with the DRG neurites. Later, these cells formed bridgeheads to facilitate more extensive polarized, neurotropic migration of cancer cells.

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

This video article shows the use of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

등쪽 뿌리 신경절 모델 : 암성 신경 침략의 생체 외 모델링에서

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These ...

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like mouse and rat astrocyte monocultures: Brain cells can be isolated from different brain regions, and after a week of cell culture, non-astrocytic cells are shaken off by placing the culture dishes on a shaker for 6 h in the incubator. The remaining astrocytes are then passaged into new plates with an astrocyte-specific medium (termed NB+H). NB+H contains low concentrations of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), which is used in place of serum in medium. After growing in NB+H, AWESAM astrocytes have a stellate morphology and feature fine processes. Moreover, these astrocytes have more in vivo-like gene expression than astrocytes generated by previously published methods. Ca2+ imaging, vesicle dynamics, and other events close to the membrane can thus be studied in the fine astrocytic processes in vitro, e.g., using live cell confocal or TIRF microscopy. Notably, AWESAM astrocytes also exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ signaling similar to astrocytes in vivo.

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

The AWESAM protocol described here is optimal for culturing murine astrocytes in isolation from other brain cells in a fast, simple, and inexpensive manner. AWESAM astrocytes exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ signaling, morphology, and gene expression profiles similar to astrocytes in vivo.

Vivo에서경작-Murine 이다 빠르고, 간단 하 고 저렴 한 AWESAM 프로토콜을 사용 하 여 같은

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

일반적인 마모 셋에 전체 피 질 Electrocorticographic 배열의 만성 이식

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has examined the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory. Here we present a protocol that combines mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to examine how mindfulness meditation changes behavioral performance and the neural correlates of episodic memory. Subjects in a mindfulness meditation experimental group were compared to a waitlist control group. Subjects in the mindfulness meditation experimental group spent four weeks training and practicing mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness was measured before and after training using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Episodic memory was measured before and after training using a source recognition task. During the retrieval phase of the source recognition task, EEG was recorded. The results showed that mindfulness, source recognition behavioral performance, and EEG theta power in right frontal and left parietal channels increased following mindfulness meditation training. In addition, increases in mindfulness correlated with increases in theta power in right frontal channels. Therefore, results obtained from combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG reveal the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

Here we present a protocol for combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to understand the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

행동과 EEG를 결합하여 마음 챙김 명상이 에피소드 기억에 미치는 영향 연구

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has ...