이 연구 프로젝트가 CSG 솔라 Pty. 공사 징 라오와 연동 보조금을 통해 오스트 레일 리아 연구위원회가 지원하는 것은 뉴사우스 웨일즈 대학 부총장 박사 과정 이수의 원정 그녀의 대학 인정한다. SEM 이미지는 뉴사우스 웨일즈 대학의 전자 현미경 단위에서 제공하는 장비를 사용하여 공원을 Jongsung에게 납치되었다.

1. 다결정 실리콘 태양 전지의 제작 (애니메이션 3) <ol><li> 실리콘 필름 증착 <ol class="lalpha"><li> ~ 100에서 그것을 베이킹하여 e-빔 증발 도구를 준비 ° C &lt;3E-8 토르의 기본 압력에 도달하기 위해 하룻밤 사이에. 150 ° C 대기 온도 프리셋 샘플 히터. </li><li> 5x5 cm 2 (또는 10 x10 cm 2) 기판의 borosilicate 유리 (SCHOTT Borofloat33)와 ~ 실리콘 질화물의 80 nm의 (N 2와 SiH 4 혼합 가스로부터 PECVD에 의해 준비된) 코팅 두께가 1.1 또는 3.3 mm, 만들어진 기판을 사용합니다. </li><li> 먼지를 제거하고 샘플 홀더에 배치하기 위해 건조 질소로 기판의 표면을 불어. , 부하 잠금을 빼낼 샘플을로드, 압력 &lt;1E5 토르로 다운로드 고정 펌프 및 메인 챔버로 샘플을 전송합니다. 250 ° C의 집합 점에 히터를 시작합니다 압력 8E-8 토르 이하에 도달하면 약 20 분 동안 빨리 움직이고. </li><li> 체크 그 도펀트소스 및 실리콘 소스 셔터가 닫혀 있습니다. 대기 온도 프리셋 도펀트 소스 온도는, 700에서 인 소스 온도 즉 ° 1250에서 C와 붕소 소스 온도 ° C. 전자 총을 시작하고 천천히 전자 총기 전류를 증가시켜 도가니에 실리콘을 용융. </li><li> 필요한 P의 농도와 B에 취해 실리콘 레이어 증발 : P의 -3 1E20 cm 35 nm의 방출을 : 필요한 전류 (이 전류는 전자 총과시 원본 조건에 따라 달라질 수 이전 교정에서)에 도달하면 , 2 B의 -3 5E15 cm시 ~ 3 μm의 흡수기, B. 정확한 도펀트 농도의 -3 4E19 cm 100 nm의 백 - 표면 필드 (BSF)는 같은 석영 크리스탈 모니터로 측정, 특정시 증착 속도를 일치에 의해 달성된다 (QCM), 특정 도펀트 소스 온도와 심즈 교정에서 설립 관계를 사용합니다. </li><li> 증발은 히터를 끄고 완료되면 ~ 10 분 동안 샘플을 식다. 트랜스부하 자물쇠 샘플 하기까지, 게이트 밸브를 닫으로드 잠금을 빼낼하고 실리콘 필름으로 샘플을 언로 드합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 실리콘 crystallisation 예제는 10x10 cm 2면, 그것은 crystallisation에 앞서 4 개의 5x5 cm 2 셀 크기 조각으로 절단 할 수 있습니다. roughened 및 실리콘 질화물 코팅 SCHOTT Robax 유리 (고집 방지하기 위하여)으로 만들어진 홀더에 유리 (최대시 필름)에 입금 실리콘 필름을 넣으십시오. 질소 정화 오븐에 부하는 200-300로 preheated ° C. ° C에서 3 ~ 5 ° C / 분 600으로 온도를 최대 진입로를 30 시간 동안 어닐링. 오븐 히터의 전원을 켜고 ~ 200 ~ 자연스럽게 아래로 오븐은 식지 ° C (2 ~ 3 시간) 샘플을 내리기 전에. 샘플 crystallisation 동안 실리콘 수축에 의한 오목 모양을 가질 수 있습니다. 그것은 다음과 빠른 열 처리하는 동안 평평합니다. </li><li> 어닐링 도펀트 활성화 및 결함 (RTA) pyrolytic 흑연하고 내가 만든 홀더에 크리스털 필름으로 샘플을 놓으십시오아르곤과 정화 ​​신속한 열 프로세서에 oad. ° C 1에서 ° C / S, 그 후 최대 1000 ° C ~ 20 ° C / S, ~ 100로 자연스럽게 다음 쿨 1 분 동안 길게 ° C와 언로 600 온도를 램프. </li><li> 표면 산화물 제거 바로 전에 수소에​​ 대한 crystallisation과 RTA 동안 실리콘 필름에 형성된 표면 산화가 베어 실리콘 필름 표면이 수소에 노출되도록 제거해야합니다. 실리콘 표면이 소수성 나타나기 전까진 5퍼센트 HF 용액에 annealed 샘플 젖어 (30 ~ 100들). deionised 물로 헹굼과 질소 총을 들고 건조시키십시오. </li><li> 결함 패시베이션 리모트 수소 플라즈마 소스가 장착된 진공 챔버에 시료를로드합니다. 아래로 움직이고 &lt;1E-4 토르, 최대 ~ 620까지 가열 샘플 ° C, (50:150 sccm) 아르곤 / 수소 혼합물 흐름을 설정, 압력 50-100 mTorr 설정 3.5 kW 급에서 플라즈마 소스를 시작합니다 마이크 로파 전력과 ~ 10 분 프로세스를 계속합니다. 히터를 끄고 잠시 mainta온도가 플라즈마를 끄고 가스 흐름을 중단하기 전에 350 ° C 이하로 아래로 떨어져 때까지 다른 10-15 분 플라즈마를 ining. 온도 이하 200 ° C. 때 샘플을 언로 드 </li><li> 세포 metallisation 세포 metallisation는 연속 photolithographic patterning, 알 필름 증착 및 11 년 세부에서 설명하는 단계를 에칭 일련 실시하고 있습니다. 애니메이션 3의 마지막 슬라이드에 표시된 것처럼 최종 세포 같습니다. metallised 세포의 클로즈업 전망은 그림 1에 표시됩니다. </li><li> metallised 세포의 EQE을 측정합니다. </li></ol> 2. Plasmonic 자세의 Nanoparticle (애니메이션 4)의 제조 <ol><li> 먼지를 제거하고 자세의 과립 (0.3-0.5 G)로 가득 승 보트를 포함하는 열 증발기로 샘플을로드하는 건조 질소로 metallised 세포 표면을 불어. 2 기본 압력 ~ 3E-5 토르로 증발기 챔버를 높여. 자세에 대한 매개 변수가있는 프로그램 QCM : 밀도 10.50와 Z 비율 0.529. </li><li> 샘플 셔터가 닫혀 있는지, (같은 전망이 포트를 통해 휴일) W 보트 히터를 켜고 자세의 과립이 녹아 때까지 8E-5 토르 이상 압력 상승을 피하기 위해 천천히 충분한 전류를 증가 확인하십시오. 압력은 0.1-0.2 A / S (교정에서)의 자세 증착 속도를 해당 세트 포인트에 전류를 설정하고 증착 프로세스를 시작하려면 셔터를 엽니다. 안정화 후 </li><li> QCM을 사용하여 성장하는 자세 필름 두께 14 nm의 모니터의 두께에 도달하면 셔터를 닫습니다. W 보트는 약 15 분 동안 식혀 허용, 샘플을 언로 드합니다. 영화는 자세 산화를 피하기 위해 가능한 한 빨리 증착 후 nanoparticles을 형성 annealed해야합니다. </li><li> 갓 입금 자세 필름과 세포는 230 0.1-0.2 50 분 동안 annealed ° C에 preheated 질소 정화 오븐에 배치하고 언로 드됩니다. nanoparticles에 의한 표면 외관의 변화를 확인합니다. 자세의 nanoparticles의 전자 현미경 이미지를 스캔하는 것은 슈입니다그림에서 wn. 2. </li><li> nanoparticle 어레이와 셀 EQE을 측정합니다. </li></ol> 3. 리어 리플렉터의 제작 후면 반사판은 MgF 2 (RI 1.38) 상업 하얀 천장 페인트 (Dulux)의 코트 유전체 cladding 두께 ~ 300 nm의 구성되어 있습니다. <ol><li> 후면 반사판을 fabricating 전에 세포 연락처가 그들 검은색 마커 잉크를 적용하여 보호해야하는 리프트 오프 공정에 의한 유전체 미만의 연락처를 노출하실 수 있습니다. </li><li> NP 배열 및 먼지를 제거하는 그린 연락처와 함께 샘플을 날려 질소 총을 사용합니다. 멀리 nanoparticles를 늦추지 않도록 겸손한 질소 압력 및 운동 치료를 사용합니다. MgF 2 개 가득한 승 보트를 포함하는 열 증발기로 샘플을 놓습니다. 2 ~ 3E-5 토르의 압력에 증발기를 높여. 밀도 3.05와 Z 비율은 0.637 : MgF 2 QCM 매개 변수를 설정합니다. </li><li> 확인 그 샘플 shutteR가 닫혀, 보트 히터 켜고 천천히 MgF 2와 같은 전망이 포트를 통해 본 녹아까지 과도한 압력 상승을 방지하기 위해 전류를 증가시킵니다. 압력은 0.3 nm의 / s의 MgF이 증착 속도를 해당 세트 포인트에 전류를 설정하고 샘플 셔터를 엽니다. 안정화 후 </li><li> QCM을 사용하여 침전 두께를 모니터 300 nm의에 도달하면 셔터를 닫습니다. </li><li> 히터의 전원을 끕니다. W 보트는 약 15 분 동안 식혀하도록 허용, 샘플을 언로 드합니다. MgF 2 cladding과 세포 모양의 변화를 확인합니다. </li><li> 셀 연락처에서 잉크 마스크를 제거하기 위해서는 유전체가 아세톤에 cladding과 세포 젖어. 잉크 위에 유전체가 균열 및 해제 리프팅 시작할 때까지 기다립니다. 유전체 모든 잉크를 제거하고 금속 접점이 완전히 노출되는 때까지 아세톤에 세포 보관. 아세톤에서 시료를 제거, 신선한 아세톤으로 씻어 질소 총을 들고 건조시키십시오. </li><li> 의 레이어를 적용전체 세포 표면에 좋은 부드러운 브러쉬와 흰색 페인트 (Dulux 하나 코트 천정 페인트)는 조심스럽게 금속 접촉을 피하고. 페인트 레이어는 밝은 광원에서 그려진 전지를 통해 검색할 때 더 빛을 보지 수 있도록 완전히 불투명 (~&gt; 0.5 ㎜)이 될만큼 두께가되어야합니다. 하루 동안 건조 페인트하자. </li><li> 흰색 페인트 후면에 반사기로 세포의 EQE을 측정합니다. </li></ol> 4. 대표 결과 태양 전지 단락 전류는 표준 글로벌 태양광 스펙트럼여 EQE 곡선 (공기 질량 1.5) 통합하여 계산됩니다. 가벼운 트래핑에 의한 세포의 현재와 그 개선 모두 세포 흡수체 층의 두께에 따라 달라집니다 : 자체 전류가 두꺼운 세포에 대한 높은 있지만 현재의 강화가 얇은 장치, EQE에 대한 각각의 데이터와 애니메이션 5 표 1 참조 높은입니다 곡선. 가벼운 트래핑, H없이 원래 2 μm의 두께 세포,번가 JSC 단계 1.7에서 측정). ~ 15mA / ㎝ 2로. nanoparticle 어레이의 제조 후, JSC는 32 %의 향상은 약 20 mA / cm 2까지 증가합니다. 그것은 후면 확산 반사판에 의해서만 25-30%의 개선 효과보다 약간 더 좋다. plasmonic nanoparticle 어레이와 셀로 cladding MgF 2 후면 확산 반사를 추가한 후, JSC는 22.3 mA / cm 2로 더욱 증가, 또는 약 45 % 향상된다. 상대적인 강화가 약간 낮은 반면 3 μm의 두께 세포에 대한 모든 전류가 25.7 mA / cm 2, 높은 것을 참고, 42 % 가벼운 트래핑은 얇은 장치에 상대적으로 더 큰 효과가 있습니다. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 셀 두께 : </td><td colspan="2"> 2 μm의 </td><td colspan="2"> 3 μm의 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> JSC, MA / cm 2 </td><td><s<html> trong&gt; + % </td><td> JSC, MA / cm 2 </td><td> + % </td></tr><tr><td> 원래 세포 </td><td> 15.4 </td><td></td><td> 18.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 후면 확산 반사기 (R) </td><td> 20.1 </td><td> 30.5 </td><td> 21.5 </td><td> 18.8 </td></tr><tr><td> Nanoparticles (NP) </td><td> 20.3 </td><td> 31.8 </td><td> 21.9 </td><td> 21.0 </td></tr><tr><td> NP / MgF 2 / R </td><td> 22.3 </td><td> 45.3 </td><td> 25.7 </td><td> 42.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 1. Plasmonic 세포 단락 회로 전류와 원래의 세포에 비해 그 향상. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092fig1.jpg" /> metallisation 그리드와 폴리 - 네 박막 태양 전지의 그림 1. 클로즈업 볼 수 있습니다. / ftp_upload/4092/4092fig2.jpg &quot;/&gt; 그림 2. 실리콘 표면에 자세에 nanoparticles의 전자 현미경 이미지를 스캔. <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092fig3.jpg" /> 그림 3. plasmonic 결정 실리콘 박막 태양 전지 (없는 규모)의 개략도 볼 수 있습니다. <img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092fig4.jpg" /> 그림 4 확산 반사와 plasmonic nanoparticles과 다결정 실리콘 박막 전지에 대한 현재의 외부 양자 효율과 단락 회로 : 점선-블랙 - 오리지널 2 μm의 두께 셀 라이트 - 트래핑, JSC 15.36 mA / cm 2이없는, 파란 - 세포. 확산 페인트 반사기와 JSC 20.08 mA / cm 2; 적색 - plasmonic 자세를 nanoparticles와 세포, JSC 20.31 mA / cm 2; 녹색 - nanoparticles와 세포, MgF 2 및 확산 페인트 반사기, JSC </eM&gt; 22.32 mA / cm 2. 퍼플 - 3 μm의 두께 셀 (3mm 두께 유리에서) nanoparticles와 MgF 2 및 확산 반사판, JSC 25.7 mA / cm 2 (때문에 AR 레이어와 에미터 두께 무심코 차이 낮은 청색 반응을합니다.) 솔리드 블랙 - 플라즈마 강화된 화학 기상 증착 (3mm 두께 유리에서), 비교를 위해 표시 JSC 26.4 mA / cm 2, 준비한 2 μm의 두께 질감 세포. 애니메이션은 1. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092animation1.pptx" target="_blank">애니메이션을 보려면 여기를 누르십시오</a> . 애니메이션 2. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092animation2.pptx" target="_blank">애니메이션을 보려면 여기를 누르십시오</a> . 애니메이션 3. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092animation3.pptx" target="_blank">애니메이션을 보려면 여기를 누르십시오</a>. 애니메이션 4. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092animation4.pptx" target="_blank">애니메이션을 보려면 여기를 누르십시오</a> . 애니메이션 5. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4092/4092animation5.pptx" target="_blank">애니메이션을 보려면 여기를 누르십시오</a> .

<ol>
	<li>Henley, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kerf-free+wafering.">Kerf-free wafering.</a> , 1184-1192 (2010).</li><li>Kunz, O., Wong, J., Janssens, J., Bauer, J., Breitenstein, O., Aberle, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shunting+problems+due+to+sub-micron+pinholes+in+evaporated+solid-phase+crystallised+poly-Si+thin-film+solar+cells+on+glass.">Shunting problems due to sub-micron pinholes in evaporated solid-phase crystallised poly-Si thin-film solar cells on glass.</a> Progress Photovoilt.: Res. Appl. 17, 35-46 (2009).</li><li>Kunz, O., Ouyang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5%+Efficient+evaporated+solid-phase+crystallised+polycrystalline+silicon+solar+cells.">5% Efficient evaporated solid-phase crystallised polycrystalline silicon solar cells.</a> Progress Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 17, 567-573 (2009).</li><li>Van Nieuwenhuysen, K., Payo, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epitaxially+grown+emitters+for+thin+film+silicon+solar+cells+result+in+16%+efficiency.">Epitaxially grown emitters for thin film silicon solar cells result in 16% efficiency.</a> Thin Solid Films. 518, S80-S82 (2008).</li><li>Lee, B. G., Stradin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-trapping+by+a+dielectric+nanoparticle+back+reflector+in+film+silicon+solar+cells.">Light-trapping by a dielectric nanoparticle back reflector in film silicon solar cells.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 064101 (2011).</li><li>Catchpole, K. R., Polman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonic+solar+cells.">Plasmonic solar cells.</a> Optics Express. 16, 21793-21800 (2008).</li><li>Ouyang, Z., Zhao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticle+enhanced+light-trapping+in+thin-film+silicon+solar+cells.">Nanoparticle enhanced light-trapping in thin-film silicon solar cells.</a> Progress Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 19, 917-926 (2011).</li><li>Catchpole, K. R., Polman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+principle+for+particle+plasmon+enhanced+solar+cells.">Design principle for particle plasmon enhanced solar cells.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 191113 (2008).</li><li>Beck, F. J., Mokkapati, S., Polman, A., Catchpole, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetry+in+photocurrent+enhancement+by+plasmonic+nanoparticle+arrays+located+on+the+front+or+on+the+rear+of+solar+cells.">Asymmetry in photocurrent enhancement by plasmonic nanoparticle arrays located on the front or on the rear of solar cells.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 033113 (2008).</li><li>Beck, F. J., Verhagen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resonant+SPP+modes+supported+bt+discrete+metal+nanoparticles+on+high+index+substrates.">Resonant SPP modes supported bt discrete metal nanoparticles on high index substrates.</a> Optics Express. 19, 146-156 (2010).</li><li>Kunz, O., Ouyang, Z., al, a. t. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5%+Efficient+evaporated+solid-phase+crystallised+polycrystalline+silicon+thin-film+solar+cells.">5% Efficient evaporated solid-phase crystallised polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells.</a> Progress Photovolt. 17, 567-573 (2009).</li><li>Keevers, M. J., Young, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=10%+Efficient+CSG+minimodules.">10% Efficient CSG minimodules.</a> , 1783-1790 (2007).</li></ol>

관심의 어떠한 충돌 선언 없습니다.

증발 다결정 실리콘 태양 전지와 광 산란 plasmonic nanoparticles는 가벼운 트래핑을위한 이상적인 파트너입니다. 이러한 세포는 평면이며, 따라서 그들은 거친 표면의 광 산란에 의존 수 없으며 plasmonic nanoparticles 쉽게 질감 표면에 형성 할 수 있습니다. 세포는 광 산란 가장 효과적인 plasmonic위한 최상의 nanoparticle 위치에서 일어나는 직접적으로 노출된 실리콘과 단 하나, 후면 표면 있습니다. 그것이 결...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 실버 입상 </td><td> 시그마 - 올드 리치 </td><td> 303,372 </td><td> 99.99 % </td></tr><tr><td> MgF 2, 무작위로 결정, 광학 학년 </td><td> 시그마 - 올드 리치 </td><td> 378,836 </td><td> &gt; = 99.99 % </td></tr><tr><td> Dulux 한 코트 천정 페인트 </td><td> Dulux </td><td></td><td> R&gt; 90% (500-1100 nm의) </td></tr></tbody></table>

polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells with plasmonic-enhanced light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping at JoVE.com

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

유리에 다결정 실리콘 박막 태양 전지는 crystallisation, 결함 패시베이션 및 metallisation 다음 붕소 및 인 도핑된 실리콘 레이어 증착에 의해 조작된다. 가벼운 트래핑 Plasmonic은 ~ 45 % photocurrent 향상의 결과로 확산 반사판으로 공을 실리콘 전지 표면에 자세의 nanoparticles을 형성하여 소개하고 있습니다.

Plasmonic 강화된 라이트 - 트래핑과 다결정 실리콘 박막 태양 전지

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

polycrystalline-silicon-thin-film-solar-cells-with-plasmonic-enhanced

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

18.7K 조회수.  University of New South Wales. 유리에 다결정 실리콘 박막 태양 전지는 crystallisation, 결함 패시베이션 및 metallisation 다음 붕소 및 인 도핑된 실리콘 레이어 증착에 의해 조작된다. 가벼운 트래핑 Plasmonic은 ~ 45 % photocurrent 향상의 결과로 확산 반사판으로 공을 실리콘 전지 표면에 자세의 nanoparticles을 형성하여 소개하고 있습니다.

비디오: Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

Nanomoulding of Functional Materials, a Versatile Complementary Pattern Replication Method to Nanoimprinting

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding combined with layer transfer enables the replication of arbitrary surface patterns from a master structure onto the functional material. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes. In particular we demonstrate the fabrication of patterned transparent zinc oxide electrodes for light trapping applications in solar cells.

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes.

기능성 재료 Nanomoulding, Nanoimprinting에 다목적 보완 패턴 복제 방법

We describe a nanomoulding technique which  allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks  and full devices. Nanomoulding ...

연구

공학

Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with high c-axis (0002) preferential orientation have been successfully and effectively synthesized onto silicon (Si) substrates via different synthesized temperatures by using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. The effects of different synthesized temperatures on the crystal structure, surface morphologies and optical properties have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that the intensity of (0002) diffraction peak became stronger with increasing synthesized temperature until 400 oC. The diffraction intensity of (0002) peak gradually became weaker accompanying with appearance of (10-10) diffraction peak as the synthesized temperature up to excess of 400 oC. The RT photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited a strong near-band-edge (NBE) emission observed at around 375 nm and a negligible deep-level (DL) emission located at around 575 nm under high c-axis ZnO thin films. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed the homogeneous surface and with small grain size distribution. The ZnO thin films have also been synthesized onto glass substrates under the same parameters for measuring the transmittance.
For the purpose of ultraviolet (UV) photodetector application, the interdigitated platinum (Pt) thin film (thickness ~100 nm) fabricated via conventional optical lithography process and radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. In order to reach Ohmic contact, the device was annealed in argon circumstances at 450 oC by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system for 10 min. After the systematic measurements, the current-voltage (I-V) curve of photo and dark current and time-dependent photocurrent response results exhibited a good responsivity and reliability, indicating that the high c-axis ZnO thin film is a suitable sensing layer for UV photodetector application.

We offered a method to directly synthesize high c-axis (0002) ZnO thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film combined with Pt interdigitated electrode was used as sensing layer for ultraviolet photodetector, showing a high performance through a combination of its good responsivity and reliability.

합성 및 플라즈마에 의해 높은 c 축 된 ZnO 박막의 특성은 화학 기상 증착 시스템과 자외선 광 검출기 응용 프로그램 강화

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with high c-axis (0002) preferential orientation have been successfully and effectively synthesized onto ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

전송 인쇄하여 수소 첨가 미세 결정 실리콘 태양 전지에 빛 트래핑 실버 나노 구조의 통합

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

A facile, controllable, inexpensive and green electrochemical synthesis of IrO2-graphene nanohybrid thin films is developed to fabricate an easy-to-use integrated paper microfluidic electrochemical pH sensor for resource-limited settings. Taking advantages from both pH meters and strips, the pH sensing platform is composed of hydrophobic barrier-patterned paper micropad (&#181;PAD) using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with IrO2-graphene films and molded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic holder. Repetitive cathodic potential cycling was employed for graphene oxide (GO) reduction which can completely remove electrochemically unstable oxygenated groups and generate a 2D defect-free homogeneous graphene thin film with excellent stability and electronic properties. A uniform and smooth IrO2 film in nanoscale grain size is anodically electrodeposited onto the graphene film, without any observable cracks. The resulting IrO2-RGO electrode showed slightly super-Nernstian responses from pH 2-12 in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffers with good linearity, small hysteresis, low response time and reproducibility in different buffers, as well as low sensitivities to different interfering ionic species and dissolved oxygen. A simple portable digital pH meter is fabricated, whose signal is measured with a multimeter, using high input-impedance operational amplifier and consumer batteries. The pH values measured with the portable electrochemical paper-microfluidic pH sensors were consistent with those measured using a commercial laboratory pH meter with a glass electrode.

The study demonstrates the growth of iridium oxide-reduced graphene oxide (IrO2-RGO) nanohybrid thin films on irregular and rough screen-printed carbon substrate through a green electrochemical synthesis, and their implementation as a pH sensor with a patterned paper-fluidic platform.

일회용 전기 종이 마이크로 유체의 pH 센서와 같은 이리듐 산화물 환원 그래 핀 산화물 나노 하이브리드 박막 수정 스크린 인쇄 전극

A facile, controllable, inexpensive and green electrochemical synthesis of IrO2-graphene nanohybrid thin films is developed to fabricate an easy-to-use ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

시간 해결 전자 전도도를 통해 박막 태양 광 재료의 재조합 역학

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

CH의 일가 양이온 도핑<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; PBI<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; 효율적인 페 로브 스카이 트 태양 전지에 대한

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

염료 감응 태양 전지용 광촉매 전극의 전기 방사

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

제자리에서 태양 전지 및 모듈의 가속된 성능 저하의 모니터링: Cu (In, Ga) Se2 태양 전지에 대 한 사례 연구

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (Cu variant) entropy-stabilized oxides. Phase pure and chemically homogeneous (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.20, 0.27, 0.33) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.11, 0.27) ceramic pellets are synthesized and used in the deposition of ultra-high quality, phase pure, single crystalline thin films of the target stoichiometry. A detailed methodology for the deposition of smooth, chemically homogeneous, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-oriented MgO substrates is described. The phase and crystallinity of bulk and thin film materials are confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Composition and chemical homogeneity are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface topography of thin films is measured with scanning probe microscopy. The synthesis of high quality, single crystalline, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films enables the study of interface, size, strain, and disorder effects on the properties in this new class of highly disordered oxide materials.

The synthesis of high quality bulk and thin film (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O entropy-stabilized oxides is presented.

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and ...