Name: morphology control for fully printable organic–inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on a ti-alkoxide and semiconducting polymer
Uploaded: 2017-01-10T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organicâ€“Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer at JoVE.com

이 작품은 부분적으로 JSPS KAKENHI 허가 번호 25871029, 재료 과학 및 공학에 대한 일본 판유리 재단과 도치 산업 진흥 센터에 의해 지원되었다. 기술의 국립 연구소, 오오 야마 대학은이 문서의 출판 비용 지원.

태양 전지 제조를 위해 인듐 - 주석 - 산화물 (ITO) 유리의 제조 (1) <ol><li> 이토 / 유리 기판을 잘라. <ol><li> 유리 커터를 사용하여 약 2cm × 2cm를 측정 조각으로 ITO / 유리 기판 (10cm × 10cm)를 자른다. </li></ol></li><li> 화학적 ITO 도전 층을 에칭. <ol><li> 디지털 멀티 미터를 사용하여 ITO / 유리 조각의 상단이 전도성 측면을 가지고 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 중간에 2mm × 2 cm의 중앙 영역을 떠나 ITO / 유리 조각의 양면 마스킹 테이프 놓는다. 마스킹 테이프를 사용하여, 에칭의 ITO 도전 층의 나머지 부분을 보호한다. </li><li> 이토 / 유리 부재의 표면으로부터 ITO 도전 층을 제거하기 위해 ITO 도전 층에 염산 (1 M) 몇 방울을 붓는다. 약 3 분 후, 면봉을 사용하여 염산을 닦아 다음 마스킹 테이프를 제거합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 이토 / 유리 조각을 전처리. <ol><li> A의 ITO / 유리 조각을 배치유리 케이스와 물로 케이스를 입력합니다. </li><li> 물의 2/3 가득 수욕 유리 케이스를 넣고 초음파 세척기를 첨부. 그런 다음, ITO / 유리 조각에 남아있는 화학 에칭의 몇 가지 흔적을 제거하는 데 약 15 분 동안 초음파 세척기의 전원을 켭니다. 15 분마다, 각각 물, 아세톤 및 이소 프로필 알코올로 초음파 욕이 조각을 세척하고, 건조 공기의 흐름으로 건조한다. 42 kHz에서의 진동 주파수의 초음파를 수행합니다. </li><li> 자외선 오존 (UV-O 3) 청소기 내부의 ITO / 유리 조각을 넣고 30 분 동안 기계를 실행합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 광활성 층의 전구체 용액 2. 준비 <ol><li> 전자로서 폴리 [2,7- (9,9- 디 옥틸) -alt-4,7- 비스 (티 오펜 -2- 일) - 벤조 티아 디아 졸 2,1,3 (PFO-DBT) 0.5 mg을 녹이고 기증자 및 클로로 벤젠의 1 ㎖의 티 - 알콕사이드의 1.0 mg을. 전자로 다음 티 - 알콕사이드를 선택수용체 : 티타늄 (IV) 이소 프로 폭 시드, 에톡 시드, 부톡 시드 및 부톡 시드 중합체. 그리고, PFO-DBT 0.5 mg의 기준으로 클로로 벤젠의 1 ㎖의 [60] PCBM 1.0 mg을 용해. 참고 : 21은 다음과 같이 여기에서, HOMO-LUMO 레벨이다. PFO-DBT : 5.4-3.53 eV의, 티타늄 (IV) 이소 : 7.49-3.86 eV의, 에톡 시드 : 7.55-3.90 eV의, 부톡 사이드 : 7.53-3.76 eV의, 그리고 부톡 사이드 중합체 : 7.57-3.83 eV의. </li><li> 700 rpm의 속도로 교반 막대로 교반하면서 자기 교반기 고온에서 70 ° C의 전구체 용액을 가열한다. 용액을 육안으로 시각적으로 선명해질 때까지 빛의 부재하에 20 분 동안 이렇게. 장래의 사용을 위해, 광이없는 경우, 다시 실온으로 냉각 용액. </li></ol> 광활성 층의 제조 3 <ol><li> 스핀 코팅하여 필름을 증착. <ol><li> 광활성 층과 70 ° C의 ITO / 유리 조각의 전구체 용액을 가열한다. 10 분 동안 자기 교반 고온의 전구체 용액을 가열RER 70 ° C로 가열하고 700 rpm의 속도로 교반 막대를 사용한다. 5 분 동안 70 ° C로 가열 세라믹 핫 플레이트에 ITO / 유리 조각을 가열한다. </li><li> 스핀 코터 진공 스테이지의 중심에 ITO / 유리 조각을 놓고 약 70 ° C까지 가열 총을 가열하고, 진공 켜. 주 : 진공은 30 L / min의 펌핑 속도를 가진 진공 펌프를 사용하여 생성된다. 진공 펌프의 최종 압력이 26.6 × 103 Pa에서 10이다. </li><li> 이토 / 유리 조각 상 광활성 층의 전구체 용액의 몇 방울을 붓고 공기에서 60 초 동안 2,000-6,000 rpm으로 스핀 코터를 시작한다. 주 : 전구체 용액의 부피 1 ㎖의 spuit의 측정 0.5 ㎖,이다. </li><li> 광활성 층으로서 50 nm 두께의 필름을 얻기 위해 빛이없는 공기 분위기 하에서 실온에서 10 분 동안 광활성 층의 표면을 건조. </li></ol></li><li> 여분의 필름을 제거합니다. <ol><li> 추가 PHOT을 닦아클로로 벤젠 적신 면봉으로 ITO / 유리 조각의 표면에서 oactive 층. </li><li> 광 부재에서 공기 분위기 중 실온에서 10 분 동안 다시 광활성 층을 건조. 참고 : 본 실험 실의 온도는 25 ° C에 유지된다. </li></ol></li></ol> 전극의 제조 4. <ol><li> 유기 전극을 인쇄합니다. <ol><li> 스크린 프린터를 이용하여 광활성 층 (22) 상에 폴리 (3,4- 에틸렌 디옥 시티 오펜) - 폴리 (스티렌 술폰산) (PEDOT-PSS)을 배치함으로써 유기 전극을 인쇄. 금속 마스크는 두께 50㎛이며, 인쇄 영역은 20mm × 5mm이다. </li><li> 빛이없는 공기 분위기 하에서 실온에서 30 분 동안 유기 전극 건조. </li></ol></li></ol> 태양 전지 5. 적층 <ol><li> 1.5 cm의 치수를 갖는 조각으로 유리 기판을 컷 다이아몬드 커터를 사용하여 2.5 cm를 ×. 전파플라스틱 주걱을 사용하여 유리 기판 상에 에폭시 수지 등을들 수있다. 보호하기 광활성 층 상에 에폭시 수지와 유리 기판을 놓는다. </li></ol> 태양 전지의 성능을 측정 6. 준비 <ol><li> 아세톤으로 적신 면봉으로 닦아 전극을 청소합니다. 초음파 납땜 시스템을 사용하여 ITO 상에 지원 전극을 연결합니다. 42 kHz의 주파수에서 230 ° C에서 납땜 인두를 운영하고 있습니다. </li></ol> 태양 전지의 성능 7. 측정 <ol><li> 솔라 시뮬레이터 실리콘 포토 다이오드에 의해 100 mW의 / cm 2의 모의 AM1.5G을 제공하도록 조정하여, 직류 전압 전류원 / 모니터 내장 시스템을 이용하여 태양 전지의 전류 - 전압 (JV) 특성을 측정한다. 참고 : JV 곡선의 측정에 대한 더 자세한 정보는, 24 곳 (23)을 찾을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 8. Analy상 분리 구조의 SIS <ol><li> 유기 전극없이 상기 라미네이션하지 않고, 태양 전지 제조를 위해 동일한 방법을 이용하여 티타늄 알콕사이드 및 PFO-DBT로 구성된 광활성 층의 각각의 필름을 준비한다. </li><li> 상 분리 구조를 분석하기 위해서, 고배율 (× 50,000)에 광활성 층의 형태를 관찰하기 위해 광학 현미경 또는 주 사형 전자 현미경 (SEM)을 사용한다. 참고 : SEM 작업에 대한 더 자세한 정보는, 26 곳 (25)을 찾을 수 있습니다. </li></ol>

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Mater. 19 (8), 2017-2078 (2007).</li><li>Echlin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Sample Preparation for Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. , (2011).</li><li>Flegler, S. L., Heckman, J. W., Klomparens, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy: An Introduction. , (1993).</li><li>Cowan, R. S., Roy, A., Heeger, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombination+in+polymer-fullerene+bulk+heterojunction+solar+cells.">Recombination in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 82 (24), 245207 (2010).</li><li>Street, A. R., Cowan, S., Heeger, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+test+for+geminate+recombination+applied+to+organic+solar+cells.">Experimental test for geminate recombination applied to organic solar cells.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 82 (12), 121301 (2010).</li><li>Shuttle, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charge+extraction+analysis+of+charge+carrier+densities+in+a+polythiophene/fullerene+solar+cell:+Analysis+of+the+origin+of+the+device+dark+current.">Charge extraction analysis of charge carrier densities in a polythiophene/fullerene solar cell: Analysis of the origin of the device dark current.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 183501 (2008).</li><li>Shuttle, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bimolecular+recombination+losses+in+polythiophene:+Fullerene+solar+cells.">Bimolecular recombination losses in polythiophene: Fullerene solar cells.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 78, 113201 (2008).</li><li>Reyes-Reyes, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methanofullerene+elongated+nanostructure+formation+for+enhanced+organic+solar-cells.">Methanofullerene elongated nanostructure formation for enhanced organic solar-cells.</a> Thin Solid Films. 516 (1), 52-57 (2007).</li><li>Shuttle, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+determination+of+the+rate+law+for+charge+carrier+decay+in+a+polythiophene:+Fullerene+solar+cell.">Experimental determination of the rate law for charge carrier decay in a polythiophene: Fullerene solar cell.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 093311 (2008).</li><li>Mori, D., Benten, H., Ohkita, H., Ito, S., Miyake, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer/polymer+blend+solar+cells+improved+by+using+high-molecular-weight+fluorene-based+copolymer+as+electron+acceptor.">Polymer/polymer blend solar cells improved by using high-molecular-weight fluorene-based copolymer as electron acceptor.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4 (7), 3325-3329 (2012).</li><li>You, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+polymer+tandem+solar+cell+with+10.6%+power+conversion+efficiency.">A polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency.</a> Nature Commun. 4, 1446 (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이해 관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

이 방법에서, 분자의 부피를 활용하기 위해, 스핀 코팅에 의해 막 형성 조건을 아는 것이 중요하다. 우선, p 형 및 n 형 반도체는 용매에 용해 될 수 있어야한다. 어떤 재료가 잔존하면, 광활성 층의 도메인의 큰 코어해질 것이다. 각각의 용매의 적절한 상용 필터의 사용은 잔여 물질을 제거하기 위해 권고된다. 다음으로, 분자가 용해 된 전구체 용액에 균일하고 균질하게는 약 60 초에서 ITO / 유리 기...

유기 PV 소자는 낮기 때문에, 제조 비용, 경량 1-7 약속 재생 가능한 에너지 원으로 간주된다. 이러한 장점 때문에, 과학자 다수의 유망 영역에 침지되었다. 지난 10 년간, 색소 증감은, 유기 박막, 페 로브 스카이 트 감응 태양 전지는 이러한 영역 (8)에서의 전력 변환 효율에 상당한 진보를 이루어왔다. 특히, 유기 박막 태양 전지 BHJ 유기 박막 태양 전지는 태양 에너지 기술의 이용을위한 효율적이고 비용 효과적인 해결책이다. [60] PCBM 또는 : 또한, 에너지 변환 효율은 전자 수용체 (페닐-C 61 뷰티 - 산 메틸 에스테르 전자 공여체와 플러렌 유도체 낮은 밴드 갭 중합체를 사용하여 10 % 이상에 도달 페닐 C (71) 뷰티 - 산 메틸 에스테르 : [70] PCBM) 9-11. 또한, 일부 연구자들은 시간AVE 이미 높은 전체 효율을 얻기 위해 저 대역 갭 중합체 및 플러렌 유도체로 구성되는 광활성 층에 BHJ 구조의 중요성을보고 하였다. 그러나, 플러렌 유도체는 공기를 구분합니다. 따라서, 공기 안정한 전자 수용성 물질이 대신 요구된다. 몇몇 보고서는 이전에 전자 수용체로 n 형 반도체 중합체 또는 금속 산화물을 사용한 유기 태양 전지의 새로운 형태를 제시 하였다. 이 보고서는 공기 안정, 풀러렌 - 무료, 유기 박막 태양 전지 12 ~ 15의 개발을 지원했다. 그러나, 반대로 전하 분리 및 전하 수송 능력을 갖는 광활성 층의 BHJ 구조의 양호한 성능을 획득하는 시스템 또는 n 형 반도체 중합체 시스템 풀러렌, 금속 산화물 시스템 16-17에서 곤란하다. 또한, 플러렌 유도체 및 n 형 반도체 중합체는 높은 용해도를 가지고많은 용매한다. 따라서, 광활성 층 18-20의 전구체, 용매로서 잉크 용액을 선택하여 광활성 층의 형태를 제어하기 쉽다. 대조적으로, 전자 공여 중합체와 함께 사용되는 금속 알콕시 드 시스템의 경우, 모두 반도체 거의 모든 용매에 불용이다. 금속 알콕사이드를 용매에 높은 용해도를 갖고 있지 않기 때문이다. 따라서, 형태 학적 제어 용매의 선택은 매우 낮다. 이 문서에서는 인쇄 높은 공기 안정 BHJ 태양 전지를 제조하기 위해, 분자 부피를 이용하여 광활성 층의 형태를 제어하는 ​​방법을보고한다. 우리는 플러렌없는 BHJ 태양 전지의 발전을 위해 형태 제어의 중요성을 설명한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ti(IV) isopropoxide, 97%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>205273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ti(IV) ethoxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>244759</td><td>Technical grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ti(IV) butoxide, 97%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>244112</td><td>Reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ti(IV) butoxide polymer</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>510718</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly[2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole] (PFO-DBT)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>754013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>[6,6]-phenyl-C&lt;sub&gt;61&lt;/sub&gt;-butyric acid methyl ester ([60]PCBM) 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>684449</td><td>Research grade</td></tr><tr><td>poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS)</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>Clevios S V3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 N Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Wako</td><td>083-01095</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chlorobenzene 99.0%</td><td>Wako</td><td>032-07986</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone 99.5%</td><td>Wako</td><td>016-00346</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate</td><td>Geomatec</td><td>0002</td><td>100&amp;times;100&amp;times;1.1t (mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Glass substrate</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>S7213</td><td>76&amp;times;26&amp;times;1.2t (mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tail&amp;nbsp;</td><td>As one</td><td>1-8584-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Epoxy resin</td><td>Nichiban</td><td>AR-R30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic spatula</td><td>As one</td><td>2-3956-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td><td>As one</td><td>AS482</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic hot&amp;nbsp; stirrer</td><td>As one</td><td>RHS-1DN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic hotplate</td><td>As one</td><td>CHP-17DN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spin coater</td><td>Kyowariken</td><td>K-359 S1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump</td><td>ULVAC</td><td>DA-30S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; cleaner</td><td>Filgen</td><td>UV253E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Screen printer</td><td>Mitani Electronics</td><td>MEC-2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic Soldering system</td><td>Kuroda Techno</td><td>SUNBONDER USM-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Direct-current voltage and current source/monitor integrated system</td><td>San-Ei Electric</td><td>XES-40S1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL Ltd.</td><td>JSM-7800</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

morphology control for fully printable organic&#8211;inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on a ti-alkoxide and semiconducting polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

우리는 충분히 인쇄 가능한 유기 무기 BHJ 태양 전지뿐만 아니라 상 분리 구조를 제어하는 ​​방법을 제조하는 프로토콜을 제시 하였다. 티타늄은 (IV) 이소 프로 폭 시드 및 에톡은 전자 수용성 물질 (도 1)로서 사용될 때 태양 전지 성능을 광범위하고 27-31을 조사했다. 이러한 태양 전지는 &quot;티타늄 (IV) 부톡 사이드 중합체&quot;(표 1)를 사용하?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organicâ€“Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer at JoVE.com

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

전자 수용체와 전자 공여 중합체 제조와 같은 티타늄 알콕시 드에 기초한 완전히 인쇄 풀러렌없이 높은 공기 안정 벌크 헤테로 접합 태양 전지를위한 방법이 여기서 설명된다. 또한, 상기 티타늄 알콕사이드 단위의 분자 부피를 통해 광활성 층의 형태를 제어하는 ​​방법이보고되어있다.

에 Ti-알콕사이드와 반도체 성 고분자를 기반으로 어느 정도의 인쇄 가능한 유기 - 무기 대량 이종 접합 태양 전지에 대한 형태 제어

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

morphology-control-for-fully-printable-organicinorganic-bulk

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K 조회수.  National Institute of Technology, Oyama College.  전자 수용체와 전자 공여 중합체 제조와 같은 티타늄 알콕시 드에 기초한 완전히 인쇄 풀러렌없이 높은 공기 안정 벌크 헤테로 접합 태양 전지를위한 방법이 여기서 설명된다. 또한, 상기 티타늄 알콕사이드 단위의 분자 부피를 통해 광활성 층의 형태를 제어하는 ​​방법이보고되어있다. 

비디오: Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

탠덤 유기 태양 전지의 이온 정문 탄소 나노 튜브의 공통 음극의 생산을 위해 주위 방법

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

연구

공학

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

전송 인쇄하여 수소 첨가 미세 결정 실리콘 태양 전지에 빛 트래핑 실버 나노 구조의 통합

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

벌크 이종 접합 태양 전지의 인쇄 제작 및<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 형태학 특성

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

완전 해결 가공 된 무기 나노 결정 태양 광 발전 장치의 제작

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to achieve device efficiencies exceeding other thin film device technologies. Yet, large variations in device efficiency and basic physical properties are reported. This is due to unintentional variations during film processing, which have not been sufficiently investigated so far. We therefore conducted an extensive study of the morphology and electronic structure of a large number of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite where we show how the preparation method as well as the mixing ratio of educts methylammonium iodide and lead(II) iodide impact properties like film formation, crystal structure, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

We present an extensive study on the effects of different fabrication methods for organic/inorganic perovskite thin films by comparing crystal structures, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

필름 형성에 하이브리드 페 로브 스카이 트 제조 방법, 전자 구조 및 태양 전지 성능의 영향

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to ...

화학

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

CH의 일가 양이온 도핑<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; PBI<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; 효율적인 페 로브 스카이 트 태양 전지에 대한

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

잘 정렬 된 수직 지향 ZnO Nanorod 배열 및 그들의 응용 프로그램에서 반전 된 작은 분자 태양 전지

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Organic&#8211;inorganic perovskites have an impressive potential for the design of next generation solar cells and are currently considered for upscaling and commercialization. Currently, perovskite solar cells rely on spin-coating which is neither practical for large areas nor environmentally friendly. Indeed, one of the conventional and most effective lab-scale methods to induce perovskite crystallization, the antisolvent method, requires an amount of toxic solvent that is difficult to apply on larger surfaces. To solve this problem, an antisolvent-free and rapid thermal annealing process called flash infrared annealing (FIRA) can be used to produce highly crystalline perovskite films. The FIRA oven is composed of an array of near-infrared halogen lamps with an illumination power of 3,000 kW/m2. A hollow aluminum body enables an effective water-cooling system. The FIRA method allows the synthesis of perovskite films in less than 2 s, achieving efficiencies &#62;20%. FIRA has a unique potential for the industry because it can be adapted to continuous processing, is antisolvent-free, and does not require lengthy, hour-long annealing steps.

We describe a flash infrared annealing method used for the synthesis of perovskite and mesoscopic-TiO2 films. Annealing parameters are varied and optimized for processing on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate (ITO PET), subsequently giving devices power conversion efficiencies &#62;20%.

페로브스키테 태양전지 처리를 위한 플래시 적외선 아닐링

Organic&#8211;inorganic perovskites have an impressive potential for the design of next generation solar cells and are currently considered for upscaling ...

환경과학

Developing High Performance GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar cells. In this work, we present high performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime and high crystal quality of epitaxial GaP layers. It is shown that by applying phosphorus (P)-diffusion layers into the Si substrate and a SiNx layer, the Si minority-carrier lifetime can be well-maintained during the GaP growth in the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By controlling the growth conditions, the high crystal quality of GaP was grown on the P-rich Si surface. The film quality is characterized by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. In addition, MoOx was implemented as a hole-selective contact that led to a significant increase in the short-circuit current density. The achieved high device performance of the GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells establishes a path for further enhancement of the performance of Si-based photovoltaic devices.

Here, we present a protocol to develop high-performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime.

높은 성능 격차/Si Heterojunction 태양 전지 개발

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar ...

에 Ti-알콕사이드와 반도체 성 고분자를 기반으로 어느 정도의 인쇄 가능한 유기 - 무기 대량 이종 접합 태양 전지에 대한 형태 제어

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