1. 설치 정렬 <ol><li> 대략 동일 축 상에 레이저 빔 expender, 렌즈 및 카메라를 정렬하여 시작, 이것은 광축 것이다. </li><li> (USAT 대상 제외) 레이저를 켜고 빛이 렌즈의 중심을 통과해야합니다. 확인 구경 조리개를 사용합니다. </li><li> 카메라의 전원을 켜고, 그리고 빛이 카메라의 중심에 초점을 맞추고 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 선형 Z 스테이지를 사용하여, 백 카메라 시프트. 시스템의 초점이 맞지 것입니다 때문에, 빛의 반점은 성장할 것이다. 그 자리의 중심이 같은 측면 위치에 남아 있는지 확인합니다. 그렇지 않다면, 정중 이미징 시스템의 위치를​​ 변경하고 스폿이 화소 레벨까지, 동일한 공간 위치에 유지 될 때까지이 과정을 반복한다. </li></ol> 2. 세 디 포커스 비행기에서 영상 <ol><li> 빔 expender 앞의 테스트 대상을 삽입합니다. 그것을 통과하는 빛이 일을 통과 할 수 있도록 대상을 놓고렌즈의 거친 중앙. </li><li> 이미지를 캡처합니다. 이 이미지는 앵커 포인트가 될 것이며, 그 위치가 Z 0이됩니다, X 0 (다른 모든 이미지의 위치를 참조 할 것). 이 이미지는 I 1, B가됩니다. </li><li> (선형 Z의 단계를 사용하여) DZ = 5.08 mm (또는 0.2)의 거리를 카메라를 뒤로 이동하고 이미지를 캡처합니다. 이 이미지는 I 2, B가됩니다. </li><li> 카메라에게 DZ = 5.08 mm의 또 다른 거리 (Z 0을 기준으로 10.16 mm)를 다시 이동하고 이미지를 캡처합니다. 이 이미지는 I 3, B가됩니다. </li><li> 다시 Z 0으로 이동합니다. </li></ol> 3. 조리개를 스캔 <ol><li> (선형 X 스테이지를 사용하는) 측​​방 DX = 2.5 mm의 거리를 전체 이미징 시스템을 이동 및 이미지를 캡처. 이 이미지는 I 1이됩니다. </li><li> 프로토콜 2의 과정을 반복합니다. (선형 Z 스테이지를 사용하는) 카메라 DZ = 5.08 mm의 거리를 확대 시프트, 및 이미지를 캡처 (I 2). 일을 뒤로 이동전자 카메라 DZ = 5.08 mm의 다른 거리 및 이미지를 캡처 (I 03). </li><li> 이제, 다른 쪽의 절차를 반복합니다. 이미징 시스템에게 DX = -2.5 mm의 거리를 이동하고 세 Z 위치에 세 이미지의 집합을 캡처 (I 1-3 C). </li><li> Z 0, X 0으로 돌아갑니다. </li></ol> 4. 위상 불러 오기 (수치 계산) <ol><li> 세 개의 평면 방법 (14), 및 이미지 I 1-3, B를 사용하여, 나는 1, B. 검색 한 단계를 사용하여, B, Q 1을 정의하는 이미지의 광학 위상을 검색 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 반복 프로세스가 수렴 않는지 확인하기 위해 2, | Q 1, B | I 1, B 사이의 상관 계수를 모니터링한다. 이렇게하려면, MATLAB의 &#39;corr2&#39;기능을 사용합니다. </li><li> I 1-3, 그리고 1-3, C의 위상 검색 과정을 반복합니다. </li></ol> 5. 슈퍼 해결 이미지 (수치 계산) <ol><li> 유통합 15, 다시 렌즈면에 필드에게 Q 1, 교류를 전파 프레 넬 자유 공간 전파 (FSP)을 노래. 이 필드는 Ê 렌즈, 교류 +됩니다. </li><li> 다시 렌즈를 통해 전달하기 위해, 특급 (+ πix 0 2) / λf)에 의해 생성 된 필드에게 전자 렌즈, 교류 +를 곱합니다. -이 필드는 Ê 렌즈, 교류 될 것입니다. </li><li> 필드 Ê 렌즈를 배치하기 위해, 원래 위치에서 측 방향 DX = 2.5 mm의 거리를 이동. </li><li> 측 방향 DX = -2.5 mm의 거리를 이동하여, 원래의 위치 C에서, 전계 Ê 렌즈를 배치하기 위하여. </li><li> 그들을 결합하고, 합성 개구 크기를 증가시키기 위해 세 개의 필드 렌즈 Ê, AC를 화. </li><li> (-πix 0 2) / λf) 전문가에 의해 생성 된 필드를 곱하면, 여유 공간은 이미지 평면에 전파. </li><li> 인자 O에 의해 해상도 향상주사 방향의 F 3 목격한다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>De Loor, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Possibilities+and+uses+of+radar+and+thermal+infrared+systems.">Possibilities and uses of radar and thermal infrared systems.</a> Photogrammetria. 24, 43-58 (1969).</li><li>Simonett, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+sensing+with+imaging+radar:+A+review.">Remote sensing with imaging radar: A review.</a> Geoforum. , 61-74 (1970).</li><li>Born, M., Wolf, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. , (1999).</li><li>Wiley, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthetic+aperture+radars-a+paradigm+for+technology+evolution.">Synthetic aperture radars-a paradigm for technology evolution.</a> IEEE Trans. Aerospace Elec. Sys. 21, 440-443 (1985).</li><li>Brown, W., Porcello, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An introduction to synthetic-aperture radar. , 52-62 (1969).</li><li>Cheney, M., Borden, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fundamentals of Radar Imaging. Siam. , (2008).</li><li>Otto, R., Fritz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Die+lehre+von+der+bildentstehung+im+mikroskop+von+Ernst+Abbe.">Die lehre von der bildentstehung im mikroskop von Ernst Abbe.</a> Vieweg Braunschweig. , (1910).</li><li>Gerchberg, W. R., Saxton, W. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+algorithm+for+the+determination+of+phase+from+image+and+diffraction+plane+pictures.">A practical algorithm for the determination of phase from image and diffraction plane pictures.</a> Optik. 35, 237-246 (1972).</li><li>Misell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+solution+of+the+phase+problem+in+electron+microscopy.">A method for the solution of the phase problem in electron microscopy.</a> J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 6, (1973).</li><li>Misell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+examination+of+an+iterative+method+for+the+solution+of+the+phase+problem+in+optics+and+electron+optics:+I.+Test+calculations.">An examination of an iterative method for the solution of the phase problem in optics and electron optics: I. Test calculations.</a> J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 6, 2200-2216 (1973).</li><li>Misell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+examination+of+an+iterative+method+for+the+solution+of+the+phase+problem+in+optics+and+electron+optics.">An examination of an iterative method for the solution of the phase problem in optics and electron optics.</a> II. Sources of error. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 6, 2217-2225 (1973).</li><li>Fienup, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+of+an+object+from+the+modulus+of+its+Fourier+transform.">Reconstruction of an object from the modulus of its Fourier transform.</a> Optics Lett. 3, 27-29 (1978).</li><li>Fienup, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+retrieval+algorithms:+a+comparison.">Phase retrieval algorithms: a comparison.</a> Appl. Optics. 21, 2758-2769 (1982).</li><li>Gur, E., Zalevsky, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image+deblurring+through+static+or+time-varying+random+perturbation+medium.">Image deblurring through static or time-varying random perturbation medium.</a> J. Electron. Imaging. 18, 033016-03 (2009).</li><li>Goodman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+to+Fourier+Optics.">Introduction to Fourier Optics.</a> Roberts &amp; Company. , (2005).</li><li>Tippie, A. E., Kumar, A., Fienup, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+synthetic-aperture+digital+holography+with+digital+phase+and+pupil+correction.">High-resolution synthetic-aperture digital holography with digital phase and pupil correction.</a> Optics Express. 19, 12027-12038 (2011).</li><li>Lim, S., Choi, K., Hahn, J., Marks, D. L., Brady, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-based+registration+for+synthetic+aperture+holography.">Image-based registration for synthetic aperture holography.</a> Optics Express. 19, 11716-11731 (2011).</li></ol>

공개 아무것도 없다.

이 논문에 제시되어 광 합성 개구 레이더 (OSAR) 개념은 스캔 방향 객체의 공간 해상도를 향상시키기 위해서 GS 알고리즘 및 스캐닝 기술을 사용하는 새로운 수퍼 해결 방법이다. 이미징 플랫폼의 이동은 자체 생성 된 공기 또는 위성 플랫폼을 사용하는 동안이 될 수 있습니다. 많은 시간 다중화 SR 기술과는 달리, 우리의 방법은 화상 형성 공정 동안 정지한다는 사실 이외의 다른 개체의 어떠한 ?...

레이더 이미징, 펄스 무선 주파수 (RF)의 협각 빔은 플랫폼 상에 장착되는 안테나를 사용하여 전송된다. 레이더 신호는 표면 1,2 향해 측방 방향으로 전송한다. 반사 된 신호는 표면으로부터 후방 산란되고, 동일한 안테나 (2)에 의해 수신된다. 수신 된 신호는 레이더 이미지로 변환됩니다. 레알 개구 레이더 (RAR)에 방위각 방향의 해상도는 조리개 차원 내지 3 파장에 비례하고 반비례한다. 따라서, 더 큰 안테나는 높은 방위 확인을 위해 필요합니다. 그러나, 이러한 비행기와 위성 등 이동 플랫폼으로 큰 안테나를 부착하는 것이 곤란하다. 1951 와일리 4 이미징 플랫폼의 움직임에 의해 생성 된 도플러 효과를 사용한다 (SAR) 합성 개구 레이더라는 새로운 레이더 기술을 제안했다. SAR에서 진폭뿐만 아니라 수신 된 신호의 위상은 5 기록된다 </SUP&gt;. SAR 광 주파수가 약 1 ~ 100 GHz의 6 단계가 플랫폼 위에 설치 기준 지역 공진기를 사용하여 기록하기 때문에이 가능합니다. 광학 영상에서 짧은 파장은 가시로 사용되는 약 1 μm의 인 근적외선 (NIR), 약 10 ~ 14 Hz 인 즉, 주파수. 전계 강도보다는 필드 자체는, 표준 실리콘 기반 검출기를 사용하여 검출 용 너무 빠른 광학 위상 변화 이후 검출되고있다. 광학계를 통해 물체를 이미징하는 동안, 광학 조리개는 저역 통과 필터로서 기능한다. 따라서, 개체의 고주파 공간 정보 (7)를 분실한다. 본 논문에서는 위상이 손실 및 회절 한계 효과 즉, 개별적으로 위에서 언급 한 문제를 각각 해결하는 것을 목표로하고 있습니다. Gerchberg와 스턴 (GS)는 8은 광 위상 retrie 될 수 있다는 것을 제안반복적 인 프로세스를 사용 VED. Misell 9-11은 두 개의 입력 및 출력 플레인에 대한 알고리즘을 확장했다. 이러한 접근 방식은 최소 평균 제곱 오차 (MSE) 12, 13와 위상 분포에 수렴 입증된다. GUR 및 Zalevsky 14 Misell 알고리즘을 개선하는 세 가지 평면 방법을 제시했다. 우리는 SAR 애플리케이션에서의 안테나로 이루어 같이, 촬상 렌즈를 이동하면서 위상을 복원해도주세요 합성 스캐닝 축을 따라 개구의 유효 크기를 증가시키고, 결국 결과 영상의 해상도를 향상시킬 수 있음을 제안하고 실험적으로 입증. 간섭과 홀로그래피를 사용하여 광학 이미징 SAR의 응용 프로그램은 16, 17 잘 알려져있다. 그러나, 제안 된 방법 (예 : 측방 공중 플랫폼으로) 비코 히어 런트 이미지에 적합하고, 스캔 이미징 플랫폼을 흉내을 목적으로하고 있습니다. 따라서, 홀로그래피의 개념, WHI채널은, 기준 빔을 사용하여 이러한 애플리케이션에 적합하지 않다. 대신, 개정 Gerchberg-스턴 알고리즘은 위상을 검색하기 위해 사용됩니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1141">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Red Laser Module</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=LDM635">LDM635</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">10X Galilean Beam Expander</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=BE10M-A">BE10M-A</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Negative 1951 USAF Test Target</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=R3L3S1N">R3L3S1N</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Filter holder for 2&#34; Square Filters</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=FH2">FH2</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">1&#34; Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=PT1">PT1</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">X2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Lens Mount for &#216;1&#34; Optics</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=LMR1">LMR1</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Lens f = 100.0mm</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=AC254-100-A">AC254-100-A</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Graduated Ring-Activated Iris Diaphragm</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://www.thorlabs.com/thorproduct.cfm?partnumber=SM1D12C">SM1D12C</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">2.5x2.5mm Aperture &#216;1&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Indoor production</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">High Resolution CMOS Camera</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=DCC1545M">DCC1545M</a></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

time multiplexing super resolving technique for imaging from a moving platform

우리는 객체의 해상도를 증가 등 공수 플랫폼이나 위성 방송과 같은 움직이는 이미징 시스템의 상부에 설치된 광학계의 회절 한계를 극복하기위한 방법을 제안한다. 해상도 개선은 두 단계 과정에서 얻어진다. 첫째, 세 가지 해상도가 낮은 다른 defocused 표시 이미지가 캡처되는 광 단계는 개선 된 반복 Gerchberg-스턴 기반의 알고리즘을 사용하여 검색됩니다. 위상 검색이 수치 다시 조리개 비행기에 필드를 전파 할 수 있습니다. 둘째, 영상 시스템은 시프트되고 첫 번째 단계는 반복된다. 조리개 평면에서 얻어진 광학 필드가 결합되어 합성 증가 렌즈 구경보다 높은 이미징 해상도를 수득 이동 방향을 따라 발생한다. 상기 방법은 마이크로파 정권에서 잘 알려진 방법은 안테나의 크기는 합성 플랫폼을 따라 증가되는 합성 개구 레이더 (SAR)이라는 유사한전파 방향. 제안 된 방법은 실험실 실험을 통해 입증된다.

<html> 아홉 촬영 된 이미지 (세 가지 측면 위치에있는 세 개의 디 포커스 이미지)에 대한 예는 그림 3에서 볼 수 있습니다. GS 컨버전스 대한 예가도 4에 도시된다. 나는 1 중앙 이미지의 상관 계수는, B는 0.95 이상이고, 사이드 이미지 I 1의 상관 계수,, 그리고 1, C는 (그들 모두가 0.99를 통과 전체 수치 시뮬레이션?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform at JoVE.com

Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

광 회절 한계를 극복하기위한 방법이 제시된다. 광학 반복 Gerchberg - 스턴 알고리즘을 이용하여 위상 검색 및 첫 번째 단계의 반복 하였다 이미징 시스템 변속 : 상기 방법은 두 단계를 포함한다. 합성 증가 렌즈 구경보다 높은 이미징 해상도를 수득 이동 방향을 따라 발생한다.

이동 플랫폼에서 이미징 시간 다중화 슈퍼 해결 기법

We propose a method for increasing the resolution of an object and overcoming the diffraction limit of an optical system installed on top of a moving ...

time-multiplexing-super-resolving-technique-for-imaging-from-moving

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.3K 조회수.  Bar-Ilan University.  광 회절 한계를 극복하기위한 방법이 제시된다. 광학 반복 Gerchberg - 스턴 알고리즘을 이용하여 위상 검색 및 첫 번째 단계의 반복 하였다 이미징 시스템 변속 : 상기 방법은 두 단계를 포함한다. 합성 증가 렌즈 구경보다 높은 이미징 해상도를 수득 이동 방향을 따라 발생한다. 

비디오: Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

연구

공학

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently. 
Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches. 
In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies.

Saturable and reverse saturable scattering were discovered in isolated plasmonic particles and adopted as a novel non-bleaching contrast method in super-resolution microscopy. Here the experimental procedures of detecting and extracting nonlinear scattering are explained in detail, as well as how to enhance resolution with the aid of saturated excitation microscopy.

단일 플라즈몬 나노 입자에서 비선형 산란 측정

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus ...

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due to fundamental constraints imposed by the hyperpolarized state, exotic imaging and reconstruction techniques are commonly used. A practical system for characterization of dynamic, multi-spectral imaging methods is critically needed. Such a system must reproducibly recapitulate the relevant chemical dynamics of normal and pathological tissues. The most widely utilized substrate to date is hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate for assessment of cancer metabolism. We describe an enzyme-based phantom system that mediates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The reaction is initiated by injection of the hyperpolarized agent into multiple chambers within the phantom, each of which contains varying concentrations of reagents that control the reaction rate. Multiple compartments are necessary to ensure that imaging sequences faithfully capture the spatial and metabolic heterogeneity of tissue. This system will aid the development and validation of advanced imaging strategies by providing chemical dynamics that are not available from conventional phantoms, as well as control and reproducibility that is not possible in vivo.

A multi-compartment dynamic phantom is used to simulate some biology of interest for metabolic studies using hyperpolarized magnet resonance agents.

과분극 자기 공명 에이전트의 연구 다중 구획 동적 단일 효소 팬텀의 사용

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due ...

A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was employed here for demonstration purposes. Multiple evaporation tests on the model compound as a humectant with various concentrations in solutions were conducted for comparison purposes. A conventional weight loss approach is known as the most straightforward, but time-consuming, measurement technique for evaporation rate detection. Yet, a clear disadvantage is that a large volume of sample is required and multiple sample tests cannot be conducted at the same time. For the first time in literature, an electrical impedance sensing chip is successfully applied to a real-time evaporation investigation in a time sharing, continuous and automatic manner. Moreover, as little as 0.5 ml of test samples is required in this impedance-based apparatus, and a large impedance variation is demonstrated among various dilute solutions. The proposed high-sensitivity and fast-response impedance sensing system is found to outperform a conventional weight loss approach in terms of evaporation rate detection.

This paper presents an impedance-based apparatus for evaporation rate detection of solutions. It offers clear advantages over a conventional weight loss approach: a fast response, high-sensitivity detection, a small sample requirement, multiple sample measurements, and easy disassembly for cleaning and reuse purposes.

증발 속도 검출을위한 고성능 임피던스 기반 플랫폼

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

로봇 플랫폼은 캘리포니아 바다 사자의 Foreflipper를 공부하기

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture &#8211; information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

This protocol describes the implementation of an asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy system for single-cell imaging in ultrafast microfluidic flow and its applications in imaging flow cytometry.

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...

Demonstration of a Hyperlens-integrated Microscope and Super-resolution Imaging

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and nanotechnology. Although near-field scanning microscopy and superlenses have improved the resolution in the near-field region, far-field imaging in real-time remains a significant challenge. Recently, the hyperlens, which magnifies and converts evanescent waves into propagating waves, has emerged as a novel approach to far-field imaging. Here, we report the fabrication of a spherical hyperlens composed of alternating silver (Ag) and titanium oxide (TiO2) thin layers. Unlike a conventional cylindrical hyperlens, the spherical hyperlens allows for two-dimensional magnification. Thus, incorporation into conventional microscopy is straightforward. A new optical system integrated with the hyperlens is proposed, allowing for a sub-wavelength image to be obtained in the far-field region in real time. In this study, the fabrication and imaging setup methods are explained in detail. This work also describes the accessibility and possibility of the hyperlens, as well as practical applications of real-time imaging in living cells, which can lead to a revolution in biology and nanotechnology.

The use of a hyperlens has been regarded as a novel super-resolution imaging technique due to its advantages in real-time imaging and its simple implementation with conventional optics. Here, we present a protocol describing the fabrication and imaging applications of a spherical hyperlens.

Hyperlens 통합 현미경 및 슈퍼 해상도 영상

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and ...

Multiplexing Focused Ultrasound Stimulation with Fluorescence Microscopy

By focusing low-intensity ultrasound pulses that penetrate soft tissues, LIPUS represents a promising biomedical technology to remotely and safely manipulate neural firing, hormonal secretion and genetically-reprogrammed cells. However, the translation of this technology for medical applications is currently hampered by a lack of biophysical mechanisms by which targeted tissues sense and respond to LIPUS. A suitable approach to identify these mechanisms would be to use optical biosensors in combination with LIPUS to determine underlying signaling pathways. However, implementing LIPUS to a fluorescence microscope may introduce undesired mechanical artefacts due to the presence of physical interfaces that reflect, absorb and refract acoustic waves. This article presents a step-by-step procedure to incorporate LIPUS to commercially-available upright epi-fluorescence microscopes while minimizing the influence of physical interfaces along the acoustic path. A simple procedure is described to operate a single-element ultrasound transducer and to bring the focal zone of the transducer into the objective focal point. The use of LIPUS is illustrated with an example of LIPUS-induced calcium transients in cultured human glioblastoma cells measured using calcium imaging.

Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation (LIPUS) is a modality for non-invasive mechanical stimulation of endogenous or engineered cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. This article describes how to implement LIPUS to an epi-fluorescence microscope and how to minimize acoustic impedance mismatch along the ultrasound path to prevent unwanted mechanical artefacts.

형광 현미경과 초음파 자극에 초점을 맞춘 멀티플렉싱

By focusing low-intensity ultrasound pulses that penetrate soft tissues, LIPUS represents a promising biomedical technology to remotely and safely ...

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on an optical lever method is designed. A millimetric cantilever is used as a force sensitive component in the measurement system. Firstly, the force sensitivity of the optical lever is calibrated using electrostatic force, which is the critical step in measuring interaction force. Secondly, three super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are prepared with nanoparticles and copper grids. Finally, the interaction forces between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are measured by the system. This method can be used to measure the force on the scale of sub-micronewton with a resolution on the scale of nanonewton. The in-depth study of the contact process of droplets and super-hydrophobic structures can help to improve the production efficiency in coating, film and printing. The force measurement system designed in this paper can also be used in other fields of microforce measurement.

The protocol aims to investigate the interaction between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. This includes calibrating the measurement system and measuring the interaction force at super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions.

광학 레버 방법으로 액적과 초소수성 기판 사이의 상호 작용력 측정

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing

Random wound coils are a key operational element of most electric apparatus in modern industrial systems, including low voltage electric machines. One of the major current bottlenecks in improved exploitation of electrical devices is the high sensitivity of their wound components to in-service thermal stress. The application of conventional thermal sensing methods (e.g., thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors) for thermal condition monitoring of current carrying random wound coils can impose considerable operational limitations due to sensor size, EMI sensitivity and the existence of electrically conductive material in their construction. Another substantial limitation exists in distributed sensing applications and is caused by what is often a considerable length and volume of conventional sensor wiring leads.
This paper reports the design of a fiber optic FBG&#160;sensing system&#160;intended for enabling real-time distributed internal thermal&#160;condition monitoring within random wound coils. The procedure of random wound coil instrumentation with the FBG sensing system is reported in a case study on an IEEE standard wound coil representative of those utilized in electrical machines. The reported work also presents and discusses important practical and technical aspects of FBG sensing system implementation and application, including the FBG array geometry design, sensing head and fiber packaging, the sensor array installation and calibration procedure and the use of a commercial interrogation system for obtaining thermal measurements. Finally, the in situ multiplexed FBG sensing system thermal monitoring performance is demonstrated in representative static and dynamic thermal conditions.&#160;

This paper presents a protocol that enables instrumentation of random wound electric coils with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) thermal sensors for the purpose of distributed condition monitoring of internal thermal hot spots.

FBG 센서 멀티플렉싱을 사용하여 전기 코일의 소간 핫스팟 모니터링에 분산된 설계, 계측 및 사용 프로토콜

Random wound coils are a key operational element of most electric apparatus in modern industrial systems, including low voltage electric machines. One of ...