저자는 이원자 분자 라인 강도의 계산에 대한 관심과 논의 씨 JO Hornkohl 감사합니다. 이 작품은 부분적으로 테네시 우주 연구소의 대학의 레이저 응용 프로그램을위한 센터에 의해 지원된다.

1. 광 시스템 설치 <ol><li> 1,064 nm 파장의 빛이 통과하고 빔 덤프로 다른 모든 과도 레이저 방사선을 반사 할 수 있도록 레이저의 출구에 빔 스플리터를 배치. </li><li> 빔 스플리터에서 반사 된 레이저 방사선의 부분을 기록하는 고속 PIN 포토 다이오드 검출기를 배치. YAG 레이저 소자 : 함수 발생기 및 Nd 개의에서 Q-스위칭의 발생에 의한 트리거링에 대하여 광 펄스를 모니터링하는 동축 케이블로 오실로스코프이 검출기를 연결한다. </li><li> 분광계의 슬릿 빔 평행하게 위치하는 세 가지 IR 반사 거울을 맞 춥니 다. </li><li> 분광기 슬릿에 광 항복 플라즈마 평행를 생성하기 위해 상기 빔을 포커스하도록 병진 스테이지 위의 렌즈를 위치. 슬릿 상 플라즈마를 영상화하기위한 목적이 석영 렌즈를 맞추. 두 초점 렌즈는 최적의 최종 렌즈 APER가 의미하는 분광계의 디자인을 일치분광계의 내부 광학의 F 번호와 AF # 동일한 달성하기 위해 진짜야. </li><li> 380 nm의 위의 측정의 경우, 컷에 필터 두 렌즈 사이 380 나노 미터 이하의 방사선을 차단하기위한 목적을 놓습니다. 컷에 필터는 측정 된 스펙트럼에 (의한 격자의 2 차에) 가능한 UV 기여를 표시하지 않습니다. </li></ol> 2. 데이터 수집 설정 <ol><li> 10 Hz에서 얻을 수있는 사용자 지정 구축 분주 다섯 회로에 50 Hz에서 삼각파를 제공하는 웨이브 형태의 함수 발생기를 연결합니다. 광학 채널 분석기 (OMA)는 50 Hz에서 다코타의 플래시 램프에서 동작 : YAG 레이저는 기적 10 Hz에서 운영하고 있습니다. 하나는 또한 펄스 레이저 방사선의 비율로 동 기적으로 동작하는 OMA 대신 ICCD를 사용할 수있다. </li><li> 디지털 지연 발생기에 사용자 지정 내장 분주 다섯 회로의 출력 중 하나를 연결합니다. 연속하는 YAG 플래시 램프와 다른 출력 : 다코타를 동기화하는 하나의 출력을 사용하여ROL 선형 다이오드 어레이 증강 장치 및 광 채널 분석기의 트리거. 다시, 대신 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이 및 OMA 중 하나 ICCD를 사용할 수있다. </li><li> 오실로스코프 및 펄스 발생기에 레이저 소자의 프리 트리거 출력 릴레이. 펄스 레이저 방사선이 광학 고장 발생 또는 레이저 어블 레이션에 해당 될 때 오실로스코프는 모니터링하는 데 사용됩니다. </li><li> 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이에 디지털 펄스 발생기의 높은 전압 출력을 연결합니다. </li><li> 오실로스코프에 펄스 발생기의 다른 출력을 연결합니다. </li><li> OMA에 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이 출력을 연결합니다. </li></ol> 3. 동기화 및 측정 <ol><li> 출력 50 ± 1 Hz에서 작동 삼각형 펄스 웨이브 형 함수 발생기를 설정한다. 이 함수 발생기는 마스터 주파수를 제공한다. 사용자 정의 내장 분주 다섯 회로와 디지털 지연 발생기 교류에 사용되는동기화를 보좌 신부. </li><li> 물 냉각 시스템 및 레이저 소자에 대한 전력 공급을 개시. 레이저를 활성화합니다. </li><li> 의 Nd 출구 개구에서 여행하는 레이저 방사를위한 시간을 결정 다음과 같이 분광기 슬릿의 앞 영역에 YAG 레이저 : 광로의 거리를 측정하여 속도의 빛을 이용하여 전송 시간을 계산한다. 다음 단계에서 게이트 지연 시간 설정이 전송 시간을 고려. </li><li> 디지털 펄스 발생기에서 측정 및 광학 고장 또는 레이저 박리 펄스의 지연 시간에 대한 게이트 폭을 설정하고, 지연 시간을 모니터하기 위해 오실로스코프를 사용한다. 지연 시간은 고장 발생 후 데이터 수집을 위해 대기하는 시간을 결정합니다. 게이트 폭은 다이오드 어레이는 플라즈마 방사선에 노출되는 방법을 결정합니다. </li><li> 공기 광학 고장 생성 및 / 또는 박리가 발생하도록 병진 무대에서 샘플을 놓습니다. 이미지 분광계 슬릿 상에 마이크로 플라즈마. </li><li> 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이와 광 채널 분석기 (또는 ICCD 첨부)로 측정 및 기록 데이터를 시작한다. </li></ol> 4. 파장 교정 <ol><li> 네온, 수은, 수소 램프 : 표준 교정 램프에서 기록 스펙트럼. 플라즈마가 생성 된 장소에 넣어 램프와 실험적인 배열을 사용합니다. </li><li> 램프에서 공지 된 파장을 사용하면, 화소 대응 파장을 구하는 선형 또는 입방 피팅을 수행. 정확한 보정의 목적은 일반적으로 스펙트럼의 측정과 관련된 비선형 성을 보정하기위한 것이다. </li><li> H, C 2, CN 및 관심 티오 스펙트럼 지역에 대한 교정을 반복합니다. </li></ol> 5. 강도 교정 <ol><li> 텅스텐 교정 램프를 켜고 준비가 될 때까지 기다립니다. </li><li> 활성 램프의 온도를 측정하는 광 고온계를 사용한다. </li><li> 연구에 실험적인 배열을 사용하여활성 램프의 스펙트럼을 ecord. </li><li> 입력 매개 변수로 측정 된 온도를 이용하여 판자의 방사선 법에서 흑체 곡선을 계산합니다. </li><li> 활성 램프의 스펙트럼 계산 된 곡선을 맞 춥니 다. 요인을 결정하는 계산 된 곡선의 기록 강도. 검출기의 파장에 의존 감도 녹음 스펙트럼을 해결하기 위해 그 요인을 적용합니다. </li><li> 분광계가 사용 된 각 영역에 대해이 작업을 반복합니다. </li></ol> 6. 데이터 전송 <ol><li> 파일 전송을위한 매체를 준비합니다. </li><li> 각 데이터 측정을 위해 매체에 그것을 기록한다. </li><li> 이 매체를 가지고 작업 컴퓨터로의 파일을 업로드 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 7. 준비 다 파일 <ol><li> 각 파일에 대해, 섹션으로 기록 된 데이터를 포함하는 하나, 그리고 시작 파장 및 데이터 포인트 당 평균 파장의 변화를 지정하는 다른 사람을 구문 분석. </li><li> 일치하는 새로운 파일을 만들려면 다음 섹션을 사용하여기록 된 데이터와 파장. </li></ol> 8. 이원자 분자 분석 <ol><li> 파장 파일과 해당 라인의 강도 파일을 선택합니다. </li><li> 오프셋 기준을 선택합니다. <ol><li> 오프셋 (offset)는, 일정한 선, 또는 차 여부를 설정합니다. </li><li> 해당 계수 고정 또는 변수 값 중 하나를 설정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 고정 또는 변화가 될 수 있습니다 둘 중 해상도와 온도를 설정합니다. </li><li> 측정 된 스펙트럼에 맞는 범위 내에서 합성 스펙트럼에 맞는의 허용 오차를 설정합니다. </li><li> Nelder - 미드 알고리즘을 사용하여 실험 스펙트럼에 대한 계산을 맞 춥니 다. </li><li> 각 측정에 대한 계산 된 스펙트럼의 베스트 피팅 매개 변수를 사용하여, 사용되는 다양한 시간 지연 및 게이트 폭에서 관찰 마이크로 플라즈마 파라미터를 유추. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miziolek, A. W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Cremers, D. E., Radziemski, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Singh, J. P., Thakur, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Hahn, D. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Stark+widths+and+shifts+for+spectral+lines+of+neutral+and+ionized+atoms.">Experimental Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31, 819-927 (2002).</li><li>Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stark+broadening+of+hydrogen+and+hydrogen-like+spectral+lines+in+plasmas:+the+physical+insight.">Stark broadening of hydrogen and hydrogen-like spectral lines in plasmas: the physical insight.</a> Alpha Science Int. , (2006).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Dackman, M., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+spectroscopy+measurements+of+hydrogen-alpha,+-beta,+and+-gamma+emissions.">Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions.</a> Appl. Opt. 47, (2008).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Balmer+series+spectroscopy+in+laser-induced+breakdown+plasmas.">Hydrogen Balmer series spectroscopy in laser-induced breakdown plasmas.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 13-23 (2010).</li><li>Lucena, A. D., Tobaria, L. M., Laserna, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+challenges+and+insights+in+the+detection+and+spectral+identification+of+organic+explosives+by+laser+induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">New challenges and insights in the detection and spectral identification of organic explosives by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 66 (1), 12-20 (2011).</li><li>Swafford, L. D., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+hydrogen+Balmer+Series+lines+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+laboratory+air.">Measurement of hydrogen Balmer Series lines following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Hornkohl, J. O., Nemes, L., Parigger, C. G., Nemes, L., Irle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Carbon+Containing+Diatomic+Molecules.">Spectroscopy of Carbon Containing Diatomic Molecules.</a> Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Molecular Theory of Carbon Plasmas and Vapor. , 113-165 (2011).</li><li>Parigger, C., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diatomic+molecular+spectroscopy+with+standard+and+anomalous+commutators.">Diatomic molecular spectroscopy with standard and anomalous commutators.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 25-43 (2010).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+AlO+emission+spectra.">Computation of AlO emission spectra.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 81, 404-411 (2011).</li><li>Hermann, J., Peronne, A., Dutouquet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+TiO-&#947;+System+for+temperature+measurements+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Analysis of the TiO-&#947; System for temperature measurements in laser-induced plasma.</a> J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, 153-164 (2001).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+analysis+of+titanium+monoxide+spectra+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Measurements and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 5139-5141 (2012).</li><li>Witte, M. J., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+analysis+of+carbon+Swan+spectra+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+air.">Measurement and analysis of carbon Swan spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown in air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Surmick, D. M., Parigger, C. G., Woods, A. C., Donaldson, A. B., Height, J. L., Gill, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+emission+Spectra+of+Aluminum+Monoxide+in+a+Solid+Propellant+Flame.">Analysis of emission Spectra of Aluminum Monoxide in a Solid Propellant Flame.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 2-137 (2012).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+Temperature+Inferences+Utilizing+the+TiO+A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916;+Band+in+Laser-induced+Plasma.">Time-resolved Temperature Inferences Utilizing the TiO A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916; Band in Laser-induced Plasma.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 103-111 (2012).</li></ol>

모든 저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

측정 프로토콜과 대표적인 결과를 확인할 시간은 여기에서 더 논의된다. 그것은 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이 및 OMA (또는 ICCD)의 50 Hz 작동 주파수, 10 ㎐의 속도로 생성 된 레이저 펄스를 동기화하는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 레이저 펄스와 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이 (또는 선택적으로 ICCD)의 게이트의 개방의 정확한 타이밍이 중요합니다. 실험 회로도에 나타낸 파 발생 장치는, 레이저 펄스를 동기화?...

레이저 유도 분석 분광법 (LIBS) 기술 1-5 원자 6-12 응용 프로그램 및 레이저 방사선 발생 플라즈마 13-20의 분자 연구가있다. 시간 분해 분광법은 플라즈마의 과도 특성의 결정을위한 필수적입니다. 이름 만 두 플라즈마 매개 변수에 대한 온도와 전자 밀도, 플라즈마 고장의 합리적인 이론적 모델을 사용할 수있는 경우 측정 할 수있다. 원자와 분자 가스에서 자유 전자 방사선의 분리는 우리가 정확하게 과도 현상을 탐색 할 수 있습니다. 특정 시간 창에 초점을 맞춤으로써, 하나는 플라즈마 붕괴를 &quot;동결&quot;함으로써 정확한 분광 지문을 얻을 수 있습니다. LIBS는 다양한 응용 프로그램을 가지고 있으며, 필드에 게시 연구자의 숫자로 측정했을 때 최근에 LIBS 진단에 대한 관심이 상당한 증가를 보여줍니다. 피코 및 펨토 생성 된 마이크로 플라즈마는 진행 중입니다연구 분야는, 그러나, 역사적 실험 LIBS 배열은 나노초 레이저 방사선을 이용한다. 그림 1은 레이저 유도 분석 분광법의 일반적인 실험적인 배열을 표시합니다. 이 프로토콜의 경우, 초기 빔 기능적 파괴 에너지는 1064 ㎚의 적외선 파장에있어서, 75 mJ의 펄스의 정도이다. 필요에 따라이 펄스 에너지가 조정될 수있다. . 플라즈마 분광계에 의해 분산 강화 된 2 차원의 전하 결합 소자 (ICCD) 상으로 묘화 대안 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이 및 OMA 또는, 측정되고도 2는 시간 분해 실험을위한 타이밍도를 나타낸다 : 펄스 동기화 판독, 레이저 펄스 트리거, 레이저 화재, 게이트 오픈 지연 레이저 방사. 성공적인 시간 분해 분광법은 다양한 교정 절차가 필요합니다. 이러한 절차는 다시, 파장 교정을 포함지상 보정, 그리고 가장 중요하게, 검출기의 감도 보정. 감도 데이터 측정 및 모델링 스펙트럼의 비교에 중요한 수정. 신호 - 대 - 잡음 비의 증가를 들어, 다 레이저 유발 고장 이벤트가 기록된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Custom Box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">UTSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">None</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Signal divider and conditioner. An oscilloscope can be used in place of this</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Four Channel Digital Delay/Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Stanford Research Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model DG535</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, diyAudio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Four Channel Color Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TDS 3054</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 MHz - 5 GS/sec, Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">Wavetek FG3C Function Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wavetek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FG3C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, Stanford Research Systems, BK Precision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Quanta-Ray</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DCR-2A(10) PS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Laser radiation, Class IV.&#160; Companies: Lambda Photometrics, Continuum, Ellipse, Newport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Si Biased Detector</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DET10A/M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">200-1,100 nm, with ND10A reflective filter. Companies: Canberra, Edmund Optics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser Line Mirror, 1,064 nm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NB1-K13</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Newport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1 in Fused Silica Bi-Convex Lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SBX031</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">2 in Fused Silica Plano-Convex lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPX049</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Convex lens, f/4.&#160; Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HR 640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Newport, Horiba</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 980028</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Mega 4000</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 129709</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Computer interface for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Gateway 2000 Crystal Scan 1024 monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gateway</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PMV14AC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Monitor for computer interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">20 MHz Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BK Precision</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 2125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 6040</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Agilent Technologies, Tektronix, Quantum Composers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 202 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">ICCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 46113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Standford Computer Optics, LaVision, Hamamatsu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">OMA III</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 1460</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectral data acquisition and analysis. Unit discontinued, replaced by software installed on computers.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown

이 작품에서 우리는 레이저 유도 광학 고장 다음 원자와 이원자 스펙트럼의 시간 분해 측정을 제시한다. 일반적인 LIBS 배열이 사용됩니다. 1,064 ㎚의 기본 파장에서 10 Hz의 주파수에서 YAG 레이저 : 여기서 우리는 다코타를 운영하고 있습니다. 190 엠제이 / 펄스의 anenergy와 14 나노초 펄스는 광학 고장 또는 공기에 레이저 어블 레이션에서 플라즈마를 생성하기 위해 50 ㎛ 스폿 크기에 초점을 맞추고있다. 마이크로 플라즈마는 0.6 m 분광기의 입구 슬릿에 결상하고, 스펙트럼을 강화 선형 다이오드 어레이 격자 1800 홈 / mm 광학 채널 분석기 (OMA) 또는 ICCD를 사용하여 기록됩니다. 관심의 전자 밀도를 추론 할 수있는 수소 발머 시리즈의 스탁 - 확대 원자 라인입니다. 우리는 또한 알루미늄 일산화탄소 (ALO)의 이원자 방출 스펙트럼에서 온도 측정 정교, 탄소 (C 2), 시안 (CN), 및 티타늄 일산화탄소 (티오). 실험 절차는 다음과 같습니다 wavelength 감도 교정. 기록 된 분자 스펙트럼의 분석은 표로 라인의 강점과 데이터의 피팅에 의해 달성된다. 또한, 몬테카를로 형 시뮬레이션 오류 마진을 추정하기 위해 수행된다. 시간 분해 측정은 일반적으로 LIBS에서 발생하는 과도 플라즈마를 위해 필수적입니다.

LIBS 충분히 플라즈마를 형성하기 위해 시료를 이온화하는 펄스 레이저 방사선을 이용한다. 고체 표면에 레이저 어블 레이션 샘플의 표면 위에 플라즈마를 생성합니다 동안 기체 물질의 레이저에 의한 고장은 여기 빔의 초점 영역을 중심으로되어 플라즈마를 생성합니다. 플라즈마는 나노초 고장 펄스 100 GW / ㎠의 순서에 광학 방사선을 집중하여 생성됩니다. 레이저 어블 레이션 플라즈마?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

시간이 해결 원자와 이원자 분자 종은 LIBS를 사용하여 측정된다. 스펙트럼은 Nd 개의 광학 항복 플라즈마의 생성 다음 다양한 시간 지연에 수집된다 : YAG 레이저 방사선 및 전자 밀도와 온도를 추론하기 위해 분석된다.

측정 및 수소 원자와 이원자 분자 무조건, C 분석<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, CN, 및 티오 스펙트럼 뒤에 오는 레이저 광에 의한 고장

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

measurement-analysis-atomic-hydrogen-diatomic-molecular-alo-c2-cn-tio

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

14.1K 조회수.  University of Tennessee Space Institute.  시간이 해결 원자와 이원자 분자 종은 LIBS를 사용하여 측정된다. 스펙트럼은 Nd 개의 광학 항복 플라즈마의 생성 다음 다양한 시간 지연에 수집된다 : YAG 레이저 방사선 및 전자 밀도와 온도를 추론하기 위해 분석된다. 

비디오: Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

건설과 리튬 이온 배터리의 동전 전지의 테스트

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

연구

공학

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor, allows the detection of inorganic elements such as (i) Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Fe, naturally present in the body and (ii) Si and Gd, detected after the injection of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. The animals were euthanized 1&#160;to 24 hr&#160;after intravenous injection of particles. A two-dimensional scan of the sample, performed using a motorized micrometric 3D-stage, allowed the infrared laser beam exploring the surface with a lateral resolution less than 100 &#956;m. Quantitative chemical images of Gd element inside the organ were obtained with sub-mM sensitivity. LIBS offers a simple and robust method to study the distribution of inorganic materials without any specific labeling. Moreover, the compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of the same biological tissue with different types of response:&#160;elemental, molecular, or cellular.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performed on thin organ and tumor tissue successfully detected natural elements and artificially injected gadolinium (Gd), issued from Gd-based nanoparticles. Images of chemical elements reached a resolution of 100 &#956;m and quantitative sub-mM sensitivity. The compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of a same biological tissue.

레이저 유도 내역 분광학 : 장기 조직에 나노 입자의 매핑 및 정량을위한 새로운 접근

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

핵 반응 분석과 깊이 프로파일 링을 통해 표면 및 인터페이스 레이어 및 대량 재료의 수소 농도의 정량화

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer of Ag Nanopaste

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of these processes such as inkjet3 and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)4 have become increasingly popular as interest in printable electronics and maskless patterning has grown. These additive manufacturing processes are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and well suited for rapid prototyping, when compared to more traditional semiconductor processing techniques. While most direct-write processes are confined to two-dimensional structures and cannot handle materials with high viscosity (particularly inkjet), LIFT can transcend both constraints if performed properly. Congruent transfer of three dimensional pixels (called voxels), also referred to as laser decal transfer (LDT)5-9, has recently been demonstrated with the LIFT technique using highly viscous Ag nanopastes to fabricate freestanding interconnects, complex voxel shapes, and high-aspect-ratio structures. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple yet versatile process for fabricating a variety of micro- and macroscale Ag structures. Structures include simple shapes for patterning electrical contacts, bridging and cantilever structures, high-aspect-ratio structures, and single-shot, large area transfers using a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD) chip.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced forward transfer technique (LIFT) for the printing of high-viscosity Ag paste. This technique offers a simple, low temperature, robust process for non-lithographically printing microscale 2D and 3D structures.

의 Ag Nanopaste의 레이저 유도 앞으로 전송

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

공기에서 유전체 미세 입자의 광학 트랩로드

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with wafer-scale uniformity and angstrom level control of thickness, the method of atomic-layer deposition was chosen. This ALD process enables high-quality, low-temperature (&#8804;150 &#176;C) growth of ultrathin films (100-1000 &#197;) of VO2. For this demonstration, the VO2 films were grown on sapphire substrates. This low temperature growth technique produces mostly amorphous VO2 films. A subsequent anneal in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a pressure of 7x10-4 Pa of ultra-high purity (99.999%) oxygen produced oriented, polycrystalline VO2 films. The crystallinity, phase, and strain of the VO2 were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the stoichiometry and impurity levels were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and finally the morphology was determined by atomic force microscopy. These data demonstrate the high-quality of the films grown by this technique. A model was created to fit to the data for VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases in the near infrared spectral region. The permittivity and refractive index of the ALD VO2 agreed well with the other fabrication methods in its insulating phase, but showed a difference in its metallic state. Finally, the analysis of the films&#39; optical properties enabled the creation of a wavelength- and temperature-dependent model of the complex optical refractive index for developing VO2 as a tunable refractive index material.

Thin films (100-1000 &#197;) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) were created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire substrates. Following this, the optical properties were characterized through the metal-insulator transition of VO2. From the measured optical properties, a model was created to describe the tunable refractive index of VO2.

바나듐이 산화물 및 온도 따른 광 모델의 원자 층 증 착

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with ...

Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves several steps, include drawing samples, cooling, cutting, transport to the laboratory, and analysis. The whole analysis process requires more than 30 minutes, which hinders on-line process control. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is an excellent on-line analysis method that can satisfy the requirements of vacuum induction melting because it is fast and noncontact and does not require sample preparation. The experimental facility uses a lamp-pumped Q-switched laser to ablate melted liquid steel with an output energy of 80 mJ, a frequency of 5 Hz, a FWHM pulse width of 20 ns, and a working wavelength of 1,064 nm. A multi-channel linear charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer is used to measure the emission spectrum in real time, with a spectral range from 190 to 600 nm and a resolution of 0.06 nm at a wavelength of 200 nm. The protocol includes several steps: standard alloy sample preparation and an ingredient test, smelting of standard samples and determination of the laser breakdown spectrum, and construction of the elements concentration quantitative analysis curve of each element. To realize the concentration analysis of unknown samples, the spectrum of a sample also needs to be measured and disposed with the same process. The composition of all main elements in the melted alloy can be quantitatively analyzed with an internal standard method. The calibration curve shows that the limit of detection of most metal elements ranges from 20-250 ppm. The concentration of elements, such as Ti, Mo, Nb, V, and Cu, can be lower than 100 ppm, and the concentrations of Cr, Al, Co, Fe, Mn, C, and Si range from 100-200 ppm. The R2 of some calibration curves can exceed 0.94.

During vacuum induction melting, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to perform real-time quantitative analysis of the main-ingredient elements of a molten alloy.

레이저 유도 분해 분 광 법에의 한 용융 진공 유도의 정량 분석

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves ...

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, where the yarns in each layer are oriented parallel to each other and held in place using binder resins and thin polymer films. The armor is constructed by stacking the unidirectional layers in different orientations. To date, only very preliminary work has been performed to characterize the ageing of the binder resins used in unidirectional laminates and the effects on their performance. For example, during the development of the conditioning protocol used in the National Institute of Justice Standard-0101.06, UD laminates showed visual signs of delamination and reductions in V50, which is the velocity at which half of the projectiles are expected to perforate the armor, after ageing. A better understanding of the material property changes in UD laminates is necessary to comprehend the long-term performance of armors constructed from these materials. There are no current standards recommended for mechanically interrogating unidirectional (UD) laminate materials. This study explores methods and best practices for accurately testing the mechanical properties of these materials and proposes a new test methodology for these materials. Best practices for ageing these materials are also described.

The goal of the study was to develop protocols to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high-strength aramid or ultra-high-molar-mass polyethylene-based flexible unidirectional composite laminate materials and to describe protocols for performing artificial ageing on these materials.

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

비접촉식 공진성 유전체 분광연구용 셀룰로오스 종이 공진법 개발

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

A new method of hydrogen charging of aluminum was developed by means of a friction in water (FW) procedure. This procedure can easily introduce high amounts of hydrogen into aluminum based on the chemical reaction between water and non-oxide coated aluminum.

In order to introduce high amounts of hydrogen in aluminum and aluminum alloys, a new method of hydrogen charging was developed, called the friction in water procedure.

물 에서 마찰을 사용하여 알루미늄의 수소 충전

A new method of hydrogen charging of aluminum was developed by means of a friction in water (FW) procedure. This procedure can easily introduce high ...

측정 및 수소 원자와 이원자 분자 무조건, C 분석

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