Name: measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown
Uploaded: 2014-02-14T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

The authors thank Mr. J. O. Hornkohl for interest and discussion on computation of diatomic molecular line strengths. This work is in part supported by the Center for Laser Applications at the University of Tennessee Space Institute.

1. Optical System Setup
<ol>
	<li>Place a beam splitter at the exit of the laser, allowing the 1,064 nm wavelength light to pass through and to reflect all other transient laser radiation into a beam dump.</li>
	<li>Place a high-speed PIN photodiode detector to record a portion of the laser radiation reflected off the beam splitter. Connect this detector to the oscilloscope with coaxial cable to monitor the optical pulse with respect to triggering by the function generator and occurrence of the Q-switching in the Nd:YA...

<ol>
	<li>Miziolek, A. W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Cremers, D. E., Radziemski, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Singh, J. P., Thakur, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+I:+review+of+basic+diagnostics+and+plasma-particle+iterations:+still-challenging+issues+within+the+analytical+plasma+community.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle iterations: still-challenging issues within the analytical plasma community.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 64, (2010).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+II:+review+of+instrumental+and+methodological+approaches+to+material+analysis+and+applications+to+different+fields.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 347 (2012).</li><li>Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+and+molecular+emissions+in+laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">Atomic and molecular emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 79, 4-16 (2013).</li><li>Konjevi&#263;, N., Lesage, A., Fuhr, J. R., Wiese, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Stark+widths+and+shifts+for+spectral+lines+of+neutral+and+ionized+atoms.">Experimental Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31, 819-927 (2002).</li><li>Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stark+broadening+of+hydrogen+and+hydrogen-like+spectral+lines+in+plasmas:+the+physical+insight.">Stark broadening of hydrogen and hydrogen-like spectral lines in plasmas: the physical insight.</a> Alpha Science Int. , (2006).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Dackman, M., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+spectroscopy+measurements+of+hydrogen-alpha,+-beta,+and+-gamma+emissions.">Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions.</a> Appl. Opt. 47, (2008).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Balmer+series+spectroscopy+in+laser-induced+breakdown+plasmas.">Hydrogen Balmer series spectroscopy in laser-induced breakdown plasmas.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 13-23 (2010).</li><li>Lucena, A. D., Tobaria, L. M., Laserna, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+challenges+and+insights+in+the+detection+and+spectral+identification+of+organic+explosives+by+laser+induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">New challenges and insights in the detection and spectral identification of organic explosives by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 66 (1), 12-20 (2011).</li><li>Swafford, L. D., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+hydrogen+Balmer+Series+lines+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+laboratory+air.">Measurement of hydrogen Balmer Series lines following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Hornkohl, J. O., Nemes, L., Parigger, C. G., Nemes, L., Irle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Carbon+Containing+Diatomic+Molecules.">Spectroscopy of Carbon Containing Diatomic Molecules.</a> Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Molecular Theory of Carbon Plasmas and Vapor. , 113-165 (2011).</li><li>Parigger, C., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diatomic+molecular+spectroscopy+with+standard+and+anomalous+commutators.">Diatomic molecular spectroscopy with standard and anomalous commutators.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 25-43 (2010).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+AlO+emission+spectra.">Computation of AlO emission spectra.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 81, 404-411 (2011).</li><li>Hermann, J., Peronne, A., Dutouquet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+TiO-&#947;+System+for+temperature+measurements+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Analysis of the TiO-&#947; System for temperature measurements in laser-induced plasma.</a> J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, 153-164 (2001).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+analysis+of+titanium+monoxide+spectra+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Measurements and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 5139-5141 (2012).</li><li>Witte, M. J., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+analysis+of+carbon+Swan+spectra+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+air.">Measurement and analysis of carbon Swan spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown in air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Surmick, D. M., Parigger, C. G., Woods, A. C., Donaldson, A. B., Height, J. L., Gill, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+emission+Spectra+of+Aluminum+Monoxide+in+a+Solid+Propellant+Flame.">Analysis of emission Spectra of Aluminum Monoxide in a Solid Propellant Flame.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 2-137 (2012).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+Temperature+Inferences+Utilizing+the+TiO+A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916;+Band+in+Laser-induced+Plasma.">Time-resolved Temperature Inferences Utilizing the TiO A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916; Band in Laser-induced Plasma.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 103-111 (2012).</li></ol>

The time resolved measurement protocol and representative results are further discussed here. It is important to synchronize the laser pulses, generated at a rate of 10 Hz, with the 50 Hz operating frequency of the intensified linear diode array and OMA (or ICCD). Furthermore, accurate timing of laser pulses and opening of the gate of the intensified linear diode array (or alternatively ICCD) is essential. The wave generator,&#160;indicated in the experimental schematic, is used to synchronize the laser pulses and intens...

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques1-5&#160;have applications in atomic6-12 and molecular studies of plasma13-20 generated with laser radiation. Time-resolved spectroscopy is essential for determination of the transient characteristics of the plasma. Temperature and electron density, to name but two plasma parameters, can be measured provided a reasonable theoretical model of the plasma breakdown is available. Separation of free-electron radiation from atomic and molecular emissions&#160;allows us to accurately explore transient phenomena. By focusing on a specific temporal window, one can &#8220;freeze&#8221; plasma decay and thereby obtain accurate spectroscopic fingerprints. LIBS has a variety of applications&#160;and recently interest in LIBS-diagnostics shows a considerable increase when measured by the number of researchers publishing in the field. Pico- and femtosecond generated microplasma is of ongoing research interest, however, historically experimental LIBS arrangements utilize nanosecond laser radiation.
Figure 1 displays a typical experimental arrangement for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. For this protocol, the functional breakdown energy for the initial beam is on the order of 75 mJ pulse, at the infrared wavelength of 1,064 nm. This pulse energy can be adjusted as needed. The plasma is dispersed by the spectrometer and measured with an intensified linear diode array and OMA or, alternatively, imaged onto an Intensified 2-dimensional Charge&#160;Coupled&#160;Device (ICCD). Figure 2 illustrates the timing diagram for time-resolved experiments: synchronization of pulsed laser radiation with readout, laser pulse trigger, laser fire, and gate-open delay.
Successful time-resolved spectroscopy requires various calibration procedures. These procedures include wavelength calibration, background correction, and most importantly, sensitivity correction of the detector. Sensitivity corrected data are important for the comparison of measured and modeled spectra. For an increase of signal-to-noise ratio, multiple laser-induced breakdown events are recorded.

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measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement is used. Here we operate a Nd:YAG laser at a frequency of 10 Hz at the fundamental wavelength of 1,064 nm. The 14 nsec pulses with anenergy of 190 mJ/pulse are focused to a 50 &#181;m spot size to generate a plasma from optical breakdown or laser ablation in air. The microplasma is imaged onto the entrance slit of a 0.6 m spectrometer, and spectra are recorded using an 1,800 grooves/mm grating an intensified linear diode array and optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) or an ICCD. Of interest are Stark-broadened atomic lines of the hydrogen Balmer series to infer electron density. We also elaborate on temperature measurements from diatomic emission spectra of aluminum monoxide (AlO), carbon (C2), cyanogen (CN), and titanium monoxide (TiO).
The experimental procedures include wavelength and sensitivity calibrations. Analysis of the recorded molecular spectra is accomplished by the fitting of data with tabulated line strengths. Furthermore, Monte-Carlo type simulations are performed to estimate the error margins. Time-resolved measurements are essential for the transient plasma commonly encountered in LIBS.

LIBS utilizes pulsed laser radiation to sufficiently ionize a sample to form plasma. Laser-induced breakdown of gaseous substances will create plasma that is centered about the focal region of the excitation beam, while laser ablation on solid surfaces will produce plasma above the sample&#39;s surface. The plasma is generated by focusing the optical radiation on the order of 100 GW/cm2 for nanosecond breakdown pulses. To produce laser ablation plasma, typically 1 GW/cm2 is more than sufficient. The...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Time-resolved atomic and diatomic molecular species are measured using LIBS. The spectra are collected at various time delays following the generation of optical breakdown plasma with Nd:YAG laser radiation&#160;and are analyzed to infer electron density and temperature.

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

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