저자는 기꺼이 Labex-Imust에 의해 재정 지원을 인정합니다.

1. 생물 샘플 준비 이 연구에서 설명하는 모든 실험은 CECCAPP (리옹, 프랑스) (인증 번호의 LYONSUD_2012_004)의 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었으며, 실험은 인증 된 개인 (L. SANCEY, DDPP 인증 번호의 감독하에 실시 하였다 38 05 32). <ol><li> , 가돌리늄 (하나님) 기반의 나노 입자의 100 μmol에 H 2 O의 1 ML을 추가 15 분을 기다린 H 2 O의 100 μL, 80 μL에 HEPES 50 20 ㎕ 밀리미터, 염화나트륨 1.325 M, 염화칼슘 20 밀리미터를 추가 하나님 기반 나노 입자의 기본 솔루션의 준비 - 주사 40 MM (: 르반, 실험실에서 도시)에 200 ㎕의 용액을 얻었다. </li><li> 정맥 마취 종양 베어링 설치류 (: 리옹 쉬 (Oullins에서), 실험실에서 15km시)에 200 ㎕의 하나님 기반의 나노 입자 용액을 주입한다. </li><li> 1-24 시간 주사 후, 쥐를 희생액체 질소에 의해 냉각 이소 펜탄에 생물학적 샘플을 넣어 거라고. (: 실험실에서 리옹 쉬 (Oullins에서), 15km시) 80 ° C -에서 샘플을 저장합니다. </li><li> 샘플 슬라이스 (도시 : 보통 그르노블, 실험실에서 100km를, 나는 리옹 쉬에 액세스 할 수 있도록 노력할 것입니다) 100 μm의 두께의 슬라이드에서 특정 플라스틱 접시 (세균 배양 용 접시)에 생물학적 슬라이드를 넣어. -80 ° C.에 보관 참고 : 플라스틱 요리는 기본적으로 매우 순수한 고분자 샘플입니다. 이들은 조직에 포함 된 요소와의 간섭을 피하기 위해 사용된다. </li></ol> 교정 2. 샘플 준비 <ol><li> 물에 (0 NM, 100 nm의, 500 nm의, 1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 500 μM, 1 ㎜, 5 ㎜)를 하나님 기반의 나노 입자의 용량 증가와 함께 유리 병을 준비합니다. </li><li> 정기적으로 페트리 접시 3 mm 정도 간격으로 각 솔루션의 5 μL 드롭을 넣어. </li><li> 20 분 동안 실온에서 건조. </li></ol>3. LIBS 실험 <ol><li> LIBS 설정을 초기화 <ol><li> 레이저 설정. 악기 전환 한 후, 레이저 펄스 에너지의 안정화를위한 10 ~ 20 분을 기다려 -20 ℃에 ICCD 카메라의 냉각 감쇠기와 펄스 에너지를 조정합니다. 참고 : 매핑 조직에 대한 최적의 레이저 변수는 5 나노초의 펄스 지속 시간, 1,064 nm 파장, 및 약 4 mJ의 펄스 에너지이다. YAG 나노초 레이저 : 사용하는 레이저는 일반적인 다코타입니다. </li><li> LIBS 설정. 작은 분화구의 지름을 구하는 (시료 표면에 대하여) 레이저 초점 위치를 설정 (약 50 ㎛ 이하). 참고 :이 제품은 레이저 펄스의 초점 집중 샘플의 표면 아래 100 μm의에 해당한다. </li><li> 분광계 설정. 격자 1,200 선 / mm 높은 시간 해상도의 ICCD 카메라와 결합 된 체르니 - 터너 분광계를 사용합니다. 컴퓨터에서 모든 장치를 제어 할 수 있습니다. 40 μm의 입력 슬릿 값을 설정합니다. 스펙트럼 범위를 다시 설정합니다분석 할 요소 garding. 스펙트럼 높은 감도로 하나님을 감지 325-355 nm의 커버 범위뿐만 아니라, 나, 잘라 내기 및 CA를 사용합니다. 300 나노초의 지연, 2 마이크로 초의 게이트 및 200의 이득과 ICCD 매개 변수를 설정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 매핑 측정 <ol><li> LIBS 동력 샘플 홀더에 생물학적 샘플을 놓습니다. </li><li> 레이저 초점 위치에 따라 시료의 높이를 조정한다. </li><li> 샘플 조각의 고해상도 사진을 가져 가라. </li><li> 약 100 ㎛의 해상도가 떨어져 일반적으로 100 × 100의 측정 지점으로지도를 수행하는 LIBS 수집 소프트웨어의 매핑 모듈을 설정합니다. </li><li> 인수를 시작합니다. 이 시점에서 모든 것을 자동화; 시퀀스뿐만 아니라 스펙트럼을 동화 기록 및 저장. 40 분은 (100 μm의 해상도 1cm 2에 해당) 10,000 포인트의 매핑이 필요합니다. 동일한 파일에 기록 된 모든 스펙트럼을 재 그룹. </li><li> 때 Finished 샘플 조각의 두 번째 사진을 찍고 </li></ol></li><li> 교정 측정 </li></ol> 같은 실험 매개 변수를 사용하여, (준비 자세한 내용은 섹션 2 참조) 교정 샘플을 측정합니다. 교정 방울의 각지도 나 (드롭의 중심 부분에 측정 사이트에서 얻은) 레코드 (25) 스펙트럼을 수행합니다. 4 LIBS 스펙트럼 분석 :. 화학의 이미지 구축 <ol><li> 모두 기록 LIBS의 조직 매핑에서 스펙트럼 및 LIBS 소프트웨어 분석을로드합니다. 각 스펙트럼에 대한 기준을 빼고 거짓 색을 사용하여 상대 강도 규모와 화학 이미지를 구성합니다. 주 : 알고리즘은 이러한 하나님, 구리, 나, 또는 칼슘과 같은 특정 라인의 강도를 검색합니다. </li><li> 교정 곡선 계산 (강도와 농도의 관계를) 허용하고, 수성을 구축 할 수있는 보정 샘플에서 측정 된 스펙트럼에서 동일한 작업을 수행uantitative지도 또는 이미지 하나님에 대한 (또는 관심의 다른 요소). </li><li> 이러한 보간 스무딩 화학 이미지에 적절한 치료를 적용합니다. 이미지 포맷 (비트 맵)의 강도 또는 농도지도를 저장합니다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

생체 시료에 적용,이 기술은 다른 장기에 주입 하나님 기반의 나노 입자에서 하나님과시의 매핑 및 정량, 즉, 화학적 이미징을 할 수 있습니다. 주 중요한 설정에서 레이저의 특성 (파장, 펄스 에너지, 초점, 안정성)의 제어가 정확하고 미세 조직 제거 (즉, 매핑 해상도)뿐만 아니라 감도 중요합니다. 높은 에너지에서 작업하는 것은 더 나은 감도를 제공하지만 불행하게도 성능이 저하 ...

생물학적 응용 프로그램에 대한 나노 입자의 넓은 개발은 생체 시료에서의 정량화 및 이미징을위한 분석 기술의 병렬 개선을 촉구했다. 보통 기관에서 나노 입자의 검출 및 맵핑은 형광 또는 공 초점 현미경에 의해 만들어집니다. 불행하게도 이러한 방법은 특히 소수성으로 인해 매우 작은 나노 입자, 나노 입자의 생체 내 분포를 수정할 수있는 근적외선 염료에 의한 나노 입자의 라벨을 필요로합니다. 표지 나노 입자, 특히 매우 작은 나노 입자 (크기 &lt;10 nm의)의 검출, 따라서 몸 전체 규모에서뿐만 아니라 조직 및 세포 수준에서 자신의 생체 분포를 방해 할 수 있습니다. 모든 표시하지 않고 나노 입자를 검출 할 수있는 새로운 장치의 개발은 자신의 행동과 반응 속도의 연구를위한 새로운 가능성을 제공합니다. 또한, 뇌에서 철과 구리 등의 미량 원소의 역할은 질병을알츠하이머 1, 멘 케스, 3, 또는 윌슨과 같은 D 퇴행성 신경 질환은 조직에서 이러한 요소를 연구하고 지역화 관심을 제안한다. 다양한 기술은 다양한 재료의 원소 맵핑 또는 마이크로 분석을 제공하기 위해 사용되어왔다. 2006 년에 출판 된 자신의 리뷰 논문에서, R. Lobinski는 등. 생물 환경, 분석 과학 5에 대한 가장 도전적인 환경 중 하나의 원소 미량에 해당하는 표준 기술에 대한 개요를 제공했다. 원소 농도가 충분하다면 투과형 전자 현미경에서의 에너지 분산 형 X 선 마이크로 분석 이루어져 전자 마이크로 프로브는, 수많은 연구에 적용 할 수있는 (&gt; 100-1,000 ㎍ / g). 낮은 검출 한계에 도달하기 위해, 다음과 같은 기술이 사용되었다 : <ul><li> 사용하는 이온 빔 마이크로 프로브 입자에 의한 X-선 방출 μ-PIXE (1-10 ㎍ / g) 6 </li><li> SYN방사선 미량에게 μ-SXRF을 chrotron (0.1-1 ㎍ / g) 7 </li><li> 이차 이온 질량 분석법은 SIMS (0.1 ㎍ / g) 8 </li><li> 레이저 어블 레이션이 유도 (아래 0.01 ㎍ / g에) LA-ICP-MS 9,10에게 질량 분석기를 결합 </li></ul> Lobinski 등으로부터 추출 표 1에 나타낸 바와 같이 전술 한 기술은 마이크로 미터의 해상도를 제공한다. 직렬 2D 조사의 3D 재건은 깊은 조직 (11)의 재건을 위해 제안 할 수있다. 그러나, 모든 장치와 시스템은 모두 매우 고가의 장비에 적당한 자격을 갖춘 전문가, 그리고 오래 지속되는 실험 (μ-SXRF에 대한 × 100 μm의 100 μm의 LA-ICP-MS에 대한 X 10mm 10mm에 대한 일반적으로 4 개 이상의 시간을 필요로 ) 12. 모두 이러한 요구 사항은 미량 원소는 매우 규제 및 종래의 광 이미징 시스템과 호환 확인형광 현미경 또는 비선형 현미경. 우리가 여기에서 언급 할 또 다른 점은 정량적 측정 기능은 아직 매우 제한적이며, 매트릭스 일치 실험실 수준의 가용성에 따라 달라집니다 것입니다. 산업 공정, 지질학, 생물학 및 응용 프로그램의 다른 영역에있는 원소 미량의 사용으로 더욱 일반화 중요한 개념 및 기술 혁신을 생성합니다. 본 논문의 목적은 기존의 광학 현미경과 완벽하게 호환 탁상 기기로 생체 조직에서의 원소 정량 매핑 (또는 원소 미량)을위한 솔루션을 제안하는 것입니다. 우리의 접근 방식은 레이저 유도 분석 분광법 (LIBS 기술)을 기반으로합니다. LIBS에서, 레이저 펄스가 물질의 파괴 및 불꽃을 생성하도록 또한 샘플에 집중된다. 플라즈마에서 방출 된 원자 방사선이어서 분광계에 의해 분석된다 elemen타르 농도는 13, 14, 미리 수행 교정 측정으로 검색 할 수 있습니다. LIBS의 장점은, 컴팩트, 아주 기본적인 샘플 준비, 샘플과 접촉, 즉각적인 반응과 정확하게 지역화 (마이크로) 표면 분석의 부재 (거의 모든 요소에 대한 ㎍ / g) 감도 있습니다. 조직의 레이저 어블 레이션 세세하게 함께 ㎍ / g 범위 15,16 감도와 높은 공간 해상도로 매핑을 수행하도록 제어 될 수 있어야하기 때문에, 조직 화학적 이미징 애플리케이션 도전 남아있다. 이러한 솔루션을 통해 추적기 또는 라벨링 대리인의 특별 수당은 생체 조직에서 자신의 네이티브 환경에서 직접 무기 원소를 검출 허용하는, 필요하지 않습니다. 우리 연구실에서 개발 LIBS 악기 수 0.1 mM의 16에 해당하는 35 ㎍ / g 이하 하나님에 대한 추정 감도 100 μm의에 뒤 떨어지는 현재의 해상도를 제공합니다큰 샘플의 매핑 (&gt; 1cm 2) 30 분 이내. 또, 제 소프트웨어는 데이터의 수집 및 악용을 용이하게한다. 이 악기는 가돌리늄의 조직 분포를지도를 감지하고 정량화하는 데 사용됩니다 (하나님) 기반의 나노 입자 17 - 작은 동물에서 신장 종양 샘플에서 18, 1 입자의 정맥 주사 후 시간 24 (크기 &lt;5 nm의) . 이러한 철, 칼슘, 나, 그리고 P와 같은 본질적으로 생체 조직에 포함 된 무기 요소는, 또한 감지 군데되었습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="747">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laser nanosecond Nd:YAG</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Quantel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Brillant</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">5ns pulse witdh, wavelength 1064 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Andor Technology</td>
			<td>Shamrock 303</td>
			<td>with 1200 l/mm blazed at 300 nm grating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Detector ICCD</td>
			<td>Andor Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Istar</td>
			<td>2 ns temporal resolution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LIBS Unit</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">ILM</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Homemade Instrumentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gd-based nanoparticles</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Nano-H</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H4034</td>
			<td>for particle&#39;s dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21108</td>
			<td>for particle&#39;s dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5886</td>
			<td>for particle&#39;s dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">mice</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">depending of animal breeding</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Coveto / Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>for anaesthesia - Isofluranum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">isopentane</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59060</td>
			<td>to froze the sample&#160; slowly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">liquide nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>to cool down the isopentane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CM-3050S</td>
			<td>to slide the samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Dutscher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353004</td>
			<td>to stick the sample</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: a new approach for nanoparticle's mapping and quantification in organ tissue

레이저 유도 플라즈마 방출 분광법은 생물학적 시료의 원소 분석에 적용되었다. 레이저 유도 분석 분광법 (LIBS) 설치류 조직의 얇은 섹션에서 수행 : 신장 종양, 수 등 (I) 나, 칼슘, 구리, 마그네슘, P, 및 철, 체내에서 자연적으로 존재하고 무기 원소의 검출 (II)시와 하나님은 가돌리늄 기반의 나노 입자의 주사 후 발견했습니다. 동물은 입자의 정맥 내 주사 후 1 내지 24 시간을 안락사시켰다. 샘플의 2 차원 스캔, 적외선, 레이저 빔이 가로 해상도 미만 100 μ m로 표면을 탐험 허용 동력 마이크로 미터 차원 단계를 사용하여 수행 하였다. 기관 내부의 하나님 요소의 정량 화학 이미지는 서브 밀리미터 감도를 얻었다. LIBS는 특정 labeli없이 무기 물질의 분포를 연구하는 간단하고 강력한 방법을 제공NG. 원소 분자, 또는 휴대 : 또한, 표준 광학 현미경과 설치의 호환성은 응답의 종류와 같은 생체 조직의 여러 이미지를 제공하기 위해 잠재력을 강조한다.

도 1의 Nd 빔에서와 같이 1064 ㎚의 파장에서 근본적인 YAG 레이저는 50mm의 초점 거리의 렌즈를 석영으로 조직 절편에 수직으로 아래로 집중되었다. 펄스 에너지는 4 엠제이 및 반복률 10 Hz에서였다. 공기 플라즈마의 생성을 방지하기 위해, 레이저 빔은 샘플의 표면 아래에 100 μM의 주위에 집중 하였다. 공기 플라즈마는이 상태에서 관찰되지 않았다. 실험하는 동안, 샘플 (단발)에 단지 하?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue at JoVE.com

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle&#039;s Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

얇은 기관 및 종양 조직에서 수행 레이저 유도 분석 분광법을 성공적으로 하나님 기반의 나노 입자에서 발행 자연 요소와 인위적으로 주입 가돌리늄 (하나님을) 발견되었습니다. 화학 원소의 이미지는 100 μm의 양적 서브 밀리미터 감도의 해상도에 도달했습니다. 표준 광학 현미경과 설치의 적합성은 같은 생체 조직의 여러 이미지를 제공하기 위해 잠재력을 강조한다.

레이저 유도 내역 분광학 : 장기 조직에 나노 입자의 매핑 및 정량을위한 새로운 접근

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy-new-approach-for-nanoparticle-s

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

13.6K 조회수.  CNRS - Université Lyon 1.  얇은 기관 및 종양 조직에서 수행 레이저 유도 분석 분광법을 성공적으로 하나님 기반의 나노 입자에서 발행 자연 요소와 인위적으로 주입 가돌리늄 (하나님을) 발견되었습니다. 화학 원소의 이미지는 100 μm의 양적 서브 밀리미터 감도의 해상도에 도달했습니다. 표준 광학 현미경과 설치의 적합성은 같은 생체 조직의 여러 이미지를 제공하기 위해 잠재력을 ?...

비디오: Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

The physical properties of a material are defined by its electronic structure. Electrons in solids are characterized by energy (&omega;) and momentum (k) and the probability to find them in a particular state with given &omega; and k is described by the spectral function A(k, &omega;). This function can be directly measured in an experiment based on the well-known photoelectric effect, for the explanation of which Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize back in 1921. In the photoelectric effect the light shone on a surface ejects electrons from the material. According to Einstein, energy conservation allows one to determine the energy of an electron inside the sample, provided the energy of the light photon and kinetic energy of the outgoing photoelectron are known. Momentum conservation makes it also possible to estimate k relating it to the momentum of the photoelectron by measuring the angle at which the photoelectron left the surface. The modern version of this technique is called Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) and exploits both conservation laws in order to determine the electronic structure, i.e. energy and momentum of electrons inside the solid. In order to resolve the details crucial for understanding the topical problems of condensed matter physics, three quantities need to be minimized: uncertainty* in photon energy, uncertainty in kinetic energy of photoelectrons and temperature of the sample.
In our approach we combine three recent achievements in the field of synchrotron radiation, surface science and cryogenics. We use synchrotron radiation with tunable photon energy contributing an uncertainty of the order of 1 meV, an electron energy analyzer which detects the kinetic energies with a precision of the order of 1 meV and a He3 cryostat which allows us to keep the temperature of the sample below 1 K. We discuss the exemplary results obtained on single crystals of Sr2RuO4 and some other materials. The electronic structure of this material can be determined with an unprecedented clarity.

The overall goal of this method is to determine the low-energy electronic structure of solids at ultra-low temperatures using Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation.

울트라 낮은 온도에서 각도 - 해결 Photoemission 분광법

The physical properties of a material are defined by its  electronic structure. Electrons in solids are characterized by energy (&omega;)  and momentum ...

연구

공학

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

고체 산화물 연료 전지의 전극 표면을 탐색 및 매핑

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the electronic quantum structure of small systems - including individual atomic dopants in semiconductors. Here we present a capacitance-based method, known as Subsurface Charge Accumulation (SCA) imaging, which is capable of resolving single-electron charging while achieving sufficient spatial resolution to image individual atomic dopants. The use of a capacitance technique enables observation of subsurface features, such as dopants buried many nanometers beneath the surface of a semiconductor material1,2,3. In principle, this technique can be applied to any system to resolve electron motion below an insulating surface.
As in other electric-field-sensitive scanned-probe techniques4, the lateral spatial resolution of the measurement depends in part on the radius of curvature of the probe tip. Using tips with a small radius of curvature can enable spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers. This fine spatial resolution allows investigations of small numbers (down to one) of subsurface dopants1,2. The charge resolution depends greatly on the sensitivity of the charge detection circuitry; using high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) in such circuits at cryogenic temperatures enables a sensitivity of approximately 0.01 electrons/Hz&frac12; at 0.3 K 5.

Scanning-probe single-electron capacitance spectroscopy facilitates the study of single-electron motion in localized subsurface regions. A sensitive charge-detection circuit is incorporated into a cryogenic scanning probe microscope to investigate small systems of dopant atoms beneath the surface of semiconductor samples.

스캐닝 프로브 단일 전자 용량 분광학

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the ...

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement is used. Here we operate a Nd:YAG laser at a frequency of 10 Hz at the fundamental wavelength of 1,064 nm. The 14 nsec pulses with anenergy of 190 mJ/pulse are focused to a 50 &#181;m spot size to generate a plasma from optical breakdown or laser ablation in air. The microplasma is imaged onto the entrance slit of a 0.6 m spectrometer, and spectra are recorded using an 1,800 grooves/mm grating an intensified linear diode array and optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) or an ICCD. Of interest are Stark-broadened atomic lines of the hydrogen Balmer series to infer electron density. We also elaborate on temperature measurements from diatomic emission spectra of aluminum monoxide (AlO), carbon (C2), cyanogen (CN), and titanium monoxide (TiO).
The experimental procedures include wavelength and sensitivity calibrations. Analysis of the recorded molecular spectra is accomplished by the fitting of data with tabulated line strengths. Furthermore, Monte-Carlo type simulations are performed to estimate the error margins. Time-resolved measurements are essential for the transient plasma commonly encountered in LIBS.

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Time-resolved atomic and diatomic molecular species are measured using LIBS. The spectra are collected at various time delays following the generation of optical breakdown plasma with Nd:YAG laser radiation&#160;and are analyzed to infer electron density and temperature.

측정 및 수소 원자와 이원자 분자 무조건, C 분석<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, CN, 및 티오 스펙트럼 뒤에 오는 레이저 광에 의한 고장

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards understanding its mechanism. Protonation and conformational changes affect the vibration pattern of amino acid side chains and of the peptide bond, respectively, both of which can be probed by infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy. For proteins whose function can be repetitively and reproducibly triggered by light, it is possible to obtain infrared difference spectra with (sub)microsecond resolution over a broad spectral range using the step-scan Fourier transform infrared technique. With ~102-103 repetitions of the photoreaction, the minimum number to complete a scan at reasonable spectral resolution and bandwidth, the noise level in the absorption difference spectra can be as low as ~10-4, sufficient to follow the kinetics of protonation changes from a single amino acid. Lower noise levels can be accomplished by more data averaging and/or mathematical processing. The amount of protein required for optimal results is between 5-100 &#181;g, depending on the sampling technique used. Regarding additional requirements, the protein needs to be first concentrated in a low ionic strength buffer and then dried to form a film. The protein film is hydrated prior to the experiment, either with little droplets of water or under controlled atmospheric humidity. The attained hydration level (g of water / g of protein) is gauged from an IR absorption spectrum. To showcase the technique, we studied the photocycle of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin in its native purple membrane environment, and of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 solubilized in detergent.

Key steps of protein function, in particular backbone conformational changes and proton transfer reactions, often take place in the microsecond to millisecond time scale. These dynamical processes can be studied by time-resolved step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in particular for proteins whose function is triggered by light.

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards ...

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. The aggressive scaling of feature sizes, both on devices and interconnects, leads to serious challenges to ensure the required product reliability. Standard reliability tests and post-mortem failure analysis provide only limited information about the physics of failure mechanisms and degradation kinetics. Therefore it is necessary to develop new experimental approaches and procedures to study the TDDB failure mechanisms and degradation kinetics in particular. In this paper, an in situ experimental methodology in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is demonstrated to investigate the TDDB degradation and failure mechanisms in Cu/ULK interconnect stacks. High quality imaging and chemical analysis are used to study the kinetic process. The in situ electrical test is integrated into the TEM to provide an elevated electrical field to the dielectrics. Electron tomography is utilized to characterize the directed Cu diffusion in the insulating dielectrics. This experimental procedure opens a possibility to study the failure mechanism in interconnect stacks of microelectronic products, and it could also be extended to other structures in active devices.

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. This paper demonstrates the procedure of an in situ TDDB experiment in the transmission electron microscope, which opens a possibility to study the failure mechanism in microelectronic products.

투과 전자 현미경에서 제자리 시간에 따른 절연 파괴에 : 가능성은 마이크로 전자 장치의 고장 메커니즘을 이해하기

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies

Flip-chip (FC) packaging is a key technology for realizing high performance, ultra-miniaturized and high-density circuits in the micro-electronics industry. In this technique the chip and/or the substrate is bumped and the two are bonded via these conductive bumps. Many bumping techniques have been developed and intensively investigated since the introduction of the FC technology in 19601 such as stencil printing, stud bumping, evaporation and electroless/electroplating2. Despite the progress that these methods have made they all suffer from one or more than one drawbacks that need to be addressed such as cost, complex processing steps, high processing temperatures, manufacturing time and most importantly the lack of flexibility. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective laser-based bump forming technique known as Laser-induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)3. Using the LIFT technique a wide range of bump materials can be printed in a single-step with great flexibility, high speed and accuracy at RT. In addition, LIFT enables the bumping and bonding down to chip-scale, which is critical for fabricating ultra-miniature circuitry.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) technique for flip-chip assembly of optoelectronic components. This approach provides a simple, cost-effective, low-temperature, fast and flexible solution for fine-pitch bumping and bonding on chip-scale for achieving high-density circuits for optoelectronic applications.

단일 다이스의 플립 칩 패키징을위한 레이저 유도 앞으로 전송

Flip-chip (FC) packaging is a key technology for realizing high performance, ultra-miniaturized and high-density circuits in the micro-electronics ...

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction.
Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of &gt; 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm.
Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.

The use of energy dispersive X-ray tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope to characterize elemental distributions within single nanoparticles in three dimensions is described.

개별 나노 입자의 3D 원소 매핑에 대한 에너지 분산 X 선 단층 촬영

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

감지 및 팔라듐의 복구, 도시 광산에서 금과 코발트 금속은 나노 수레 바퀴 모양의 기공 지정 소설 센서 / 흡착제를 사용하여

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures up to many hundreds of megapascals. In this respect the simplicity of the Hopkinson pressure bar has a major advantage in that while the measurement end of the Hopkinson bar can endure and be exposed to harsh conditions, the strain gauge mounted to the bar can be affixed some distance away. This allows protective housings to be utilized which protect the strain gauge but do not interfere with the measurement acquisition. The use of an array of pressure bars allows the pressure-time histories at discrete known points to be measured. This article also describes the interpolation routine used to derive pressure-time histories at un-instrumented locations on the plane of interest. Currently the technique has been used to measure loading from high explosives in free air and buried shallowly in various soils.

This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

폭발 정량화는 홉 킨슨 압력 막대를 사용하여

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures ...