Name: universal hand-held three-dimensional optoacoustic imaging probe for deep tissue human angiography and functional preclinical studies in real time
Uploaded: 2014-11-04T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 56 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time at JoVE.com

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under grant agreement ERC-2010-StG-260991.

체적 휴대용 광 음향 프로브를 동작하기위한 상세한 절차는 다음과 같다. 이 절차는 동물과 인간 실험에 대한 승인 기관의 규정에 따라 수행된다. 1. 시스템 준비 <ol><li> 출력 광 빔을 안정화 작업 전에 15 분 ~ 예열 기간 동안 레이저를 전환합니다. </li><li> 피부 (그림 1)과 접촉 분리 막으로 물 둘러싸는 부분을 놓습니다. NOTE : (피부 접촉) 솔 레이팅 막과 트랜스 듀서 (구형 탐침의 중심)의 최대 감도 영역 사이의 거리가 유효 촬상 깊이를 설정한다. </li><li> 펌프에 의해 소자 분리 멤브레인과 탈 이온수 변환기의 표면 사이의 약 100 ml의 전체 부피를 채운다. </li><li> 더 누수 나 기포가 prese 없는지 확인NT. 다르게는, 물의 재순환을 제공하여 기포를 피한다. </li><li> RT에서 실험을 수행하고,이 온도로 유지되는 결합 매체 (물)을 보장한다. </li></ol> 2. 이미징 준비 <ol><li> 인간 이미징 준비. </li><li> 이미지에 바람직하지 않은 배경을 피하기 위해 제모 로션 투 - 이미징 될 부분으로부터 모발을 제거 (이 단계는 선택적이다). </li><li> 영역 주위 피부 효율적인 음향 결합을 제공하기 위해서 이미지화되도록 상 초음파 겔을 적용한다. 관심 영역에서 광 음향 프로브를 놓습니다. 기포가 초음파 커플 링 젤에 존재하지 않는 것을 확인합니다. </li><li> 동물 이미징 준비. </li><li> 동물 관리 및 실험 절차는 기관 및 정부 규칙 및 규정과 일치 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 이 지역에서 동물의 모피를 제거는 면도 로션으로 이미지화한다. 과 동물의 눈을 보호강렬한 펄스 레이저 방사선에 노출 건조와 손상을 방지 수의사 연고,. </li><li> 0.9 리터와 케타민 / 자일 라진 (xylazine) 체적 (100 ㎎ / kg KG 케타민 + 5 ㎎ / kg KG 크 실라) 실험 전에 또는 사용 이소 플루 란 마취 (2-3% ()의 복강 내 주사 (IP)을 사용하여 동물을 마취 / 실험 도중 최소 가스 흐름). 동물의 뒷다리의 반사를 확인하여 마취를 확인합니다. </li><li> 영역 주위의 피부에 초음파 겔 적용은 효율적인 음향 결합을 제공하고, 관심 영역의 광 음향 프로브를 배치하기 위해 영상화한다. 기포가 초음파 커플 링 젤에 존재하지 않는 것을 확인합니다. </li></ol> 3. 미리보기 동작 모드 <ol><li> 690 nm 내지 900 nm이고, 10 및 50 Hz에서의 펄스 반복 레이트의 촬상 파장 (들)을 수립. 음향 데이터 수집 시스템을위한 매개 변수를 선택 - 1 MΩ을입력 임피던스. 제 12 비트 수직 해상도 당 40 메가 샘플의 샘플링 레이트로 각각의 레이저 펄스를위한 2030 샘플들을 획득. 레이저의 Q 스위치 출력 인수를 트리거합니다. </li><li> 연산자와 환자 모두가 광 여기 파장 (들)에 적응 보호 고글을 사용해야합니다. 인간 실험 19 안전 노출 제한을 만족하고 동물에서 열 변형하고 피부 손상을 방지하기 위하여 조직 표면에서의 광의 조사량은 근적외선 파장 용 실험 기간 동안 20 엠제이 / cm 2 이하로 유지되도록 레이저 파워를 설정 . </li><li> 레이저의 펄스 반복 레이트에 대응하는 프레임 레이트에서 3 차원 영상을 시각화 할 수 있도록 처리 알고리즘의 GPU 구현을 미리보기 소프트웨어를 시작. </li><li> 프로브를 이동 및 / 또는 객체 시각화 성능을 최적화하고 관심있는 구조를 지역화하기 위해서 묘화 될. </li></ol> 4. 데이터 수집 <ol><li> 스캐닝 (휴대용) 모드에 대한 데이터 수집. </li><li> 필요한 경우, 관심 영역의 콘트라스트를 풍부하게 취득하기 전에 조영제를 주입. 참고 : 우리의 실험에서 우리는 조영 증강 인간의 이미징을 수행하지 않았습니다. 그러나, 다양한 조영제 잠재적이 목적을 위해 사용될 수있다. 인도 사이 아닌 그린 (ICG)는 성인 체중의 2 ㎎ / kg의 최대 권장량에서 콘트라스트 개선을 위해 사용될 수있는 임상 적으로 승인 광 조영제의 일례이다. </li><li> 미리 소프트웨어의 실행을 유지하는 3.1에서 설명한 파라미터들에 데이터 수집을위한 하드웨어 시작. 부드럽게 관심 구조를 추적하는 묘화 영역의 주위에 탐침을 이동. NOTE는 : 복수의 레이저 파장에서의 이미지를 동시에 획득되는 경우, 휴대용 프로브 모드에서 동작의 속도가 현저하게 감소되어야한다 (바람직하게는 아래 2mm / 초의스펙트럼 섞이지 이미지 모션 관련 아티팩트를 회피하기 위해 50 Hz의 레이저 펄스 반복율) 미국. </li><li> 정지 모드에 대한 데이터 수집. </li><li> 홀더 상으로 묘화 객체 (예., 동물)와 휴대용 프로브를 탑재하고 미리보기 소프트웨어의 실행을 유지하는 3.1에서 설명한 매개 변수 획득을 시작. </li><li> 광 음향 프로브와 관심 영역의 동적 생물학적 이벤트를 시각화하는 실험 동안 동일한 위치에 촬상 부를 유지한다. </li><li> 관심 영역에서의 동적 분배를 추적하기 위해 조영제를 주입한다. NOTE : 마우스 우리의 실험에서는, 인도 사이 아닌 그린 (ICG)는 콘트라스트 개선을 위해 사용되었다. 일반적인 지침, 10 nmol의 0.4 mg의 양으로서 / kg의 ICG는 생체 내에서 멀티 스펙트럼 optoacoustics 검출 가능한 콘트라스트를 생성하기 위하여 마우스 순환 내로 도입되어야한다. 참고 : 조영제가 있어야합니다각각의 기관에 의한 인간 및 / 또는 동물의 사용이 승인. </li></ol> 5. 실험을 마무리 <ol><li> 레이저를 중지합니다. </li><li> 몇 군데 지역에서 광 음향 프로브를 제거합니다. 동물 실험의 경우, 마취 공급을 중지합니다. </li><li> 따뜻한을 유지하고 완전히 마취에서 회복 될 때까지 다른 동물과의 접촉을 방지하기 위해 적외선 히터에서 동물을 배치합니다. 마취에서 회복하는 동안 무인 동물을 방치하지 마십시오. </li></ol> 6. 오프라인 데이터 처리 <ol><li> 데이터 처리에 사용되는 소프트웨어 애플리케이션에서 취득한 광 음향 신호를 포함하는 파일 (들)을로드. </li><li> 각 프레임과 각 파장에 대한 광 흡수의 체적 화상에 대응하는 입체 매트릭스 어레이를 얻기 위해 재구성 알고리즘을 사용한다. 참고 :이 바람직하다 재건의 경우는 heterogene 등의 왜곡 요인에 대한 회계 알고리즘을 사용하는묘화 객체 시달 및 감쇠는, 순서대로 최종 대역폭 및 검출 소자 및 광 조사량 변동의 기하학적 형상의 영향은 흡수 된 에너지의 분포의 양적인 표현을 얻었다. </li><li> 각각의 다중 파장 프레임, 샘플에 존재하는 각 흡수 물질에 대한 광 흡수를 나타내는 입체 매트릭스 어레이들의 새로운 집합에서 수득 unmixing 알고리즘을 사용한다. </li><li> 필요한 경우, 추가의 생물학적 관련 파라미터의 시각화 및 판독을 용이하게하기 위해 광 흡수 분포를 나타내는 행렬 어레이를 처리한다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

작은 동물 연구에서 광 음향 영상 기술이 제공하는 독특한 장점은 예를 들어 구상 진단 및 치료 모니터링 응용 프로그램의 번호와, 임상 적으로 기술 번역에 대한 강한 의욕을 만들었습니다., 유방암, 피부 암, 염증이나 말초 혈관 질환. 그러나, 효과적인 단층 화상 취득 형상을 작성하는 조명 소스 및 검출 소자의 충분한 수에 의해 포위 될 수있는 마우스 또는 작은 동물, 대조적으로, 인체 ?...

기술 1-5에서 제공하는 독특한 장점을 악용 새로운 애플리케이션의 다양성을 포괄하는 출판물의 적 증가에 의해 나타난 바와 같이 광 음향 (음향) 영상은, 생물학 및 의료 연구 지역 사회에서 관심을 성장 끈다. 특히, 지금까지 빛의 확산 제한을 초과하는 깊이에서 높은 시공간 해상도의 이미지 스펙트럼 독특한 사진 흡수 에이전트 용량은 기능 및 분자 영상 6-10에 대한 전례없는 기능을 엽니 다. 실제로 임상에 광 음향 기술의 번역은 진단 및 많은 질병의 치료 모니터링에 유망한와 함께 제공됩니다. 그러나, 광학적으로 산란 광자 흡수 조직 및 광 음향 현상과 관련된 일반적 약한 응답의 제한된 전달은 방법의 적용 깊이를 제한한다. 그 결과, 휴대용 optoa내시경 시스템은 천연 오리피스 (13)를 통해 그것들을 삽입하여 본체 내에서 이미지를 제공하기 위해 사용되는 동안 coustic 프로브 본체 (11, 12)의 외부에서 접근 화상 부분이 시도되어왔다. 이러한 여성의 유방과 같은 인체의 일부 낮은 흡수 부분은, 또한 단층 광 음향 스캐너 (14, 15)에 의해 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 그것은 마찬가지로 초음파에 큰 융통성을 가능로서 특히 관심 휴대용 접근법이다. 여기서, 광 음향 영상에 대한 일반적인 초음파 선형 배열 프로브의 적응은 주로 초음파와 optoacoustics 사이의 단층 영상 요구 사항에 근본적인 차이, 도전 남아있다. 표준 초음파 높은 프레임 레이트가 순차적으로 활성화되지만 kHz의 범위에서 높은 펄스 반복 주파수를 이용하는 방식을 송수신 실시간 삼차원 광 음향 이미징 단일의 int로부터 체적 단층 촬영 데이터의 동시 수집함으로써 달성된다레이저 펄스를 errogating. 따라서, 고품질 광 음향 영상은 이미지화 된 물체에 가장 큰 가능한 고체 각도로부터 3 차원 데이터의 획득을 의미한다. 최근에, 우리는 실시간으로 16에서 3 차원 (부피) 영상에 대한 최초의 휴대용 광 음향 프로브를 소개했다. 시스템은 90 °의 각도를 덮는 구면 (도 1A에서 청색 도트)에 배치 된 압전 소자 (256)의 2 차원 어레이를 기반으로한다. 대략 3 × 3mm (2)의 개별 요소들의 크기뿐만 아니라 방향과 주파수 대역폭 (약 2-6 메가 헤르츠)도에 구의 중심 (검은 큐브 주변 센티미터 규모 볼륨에서 유효 신호 수집을 보장 1A). 촬상 영역의 여기 광은, 어레이의 중앙 원통형 공동에 삽입 관통 섬유 다발이 제공되도록되어 어떤 파장 susc섬유 다발을 통해 전송되는 eptible 이미징에 사용될 수있다. 광섬유 다발과 함께 트랜스 듀서 어레이의 실제 사진은도 1b에 도시된다. 레이저의 펄스 반복 주파수에 의해 결정된 프레임 율 실시간 이미징 상기 그래픽이 활성화 될 수 있도록 효율적으로 여기 및 신호를 동시에 검출은, 단발 여기 (하나의 레이저 펄스)와 깊은 조직 이미징을 허용 프로세싱 유닛 (GPU) 재건 절차 (17)의 구현입니다. 투명 폴리에틸렌 막 (도 1c)와 원통형 케이싱은 음향 투과 액 매체 (물)를 둘러싸도록 트랜스 듀서 어레이에 부착된다. 멤브레인은 또한 탄성 겔 의해 조직에 결합된다. 휴대용 동작 모드에서 사용되는 것과 프로브의 광 음향 영상은도 1d에 도시되어있다. 입증 THR임상 진단 및 잠재적 인 응용 프로그램의 수에 대한 중요한 장점과 함께 제공되는 실시간 기능 이미징 능력과 결합 EE 차원 휴대용 광 음향 이미징, 말초 혈관 질환 등의 다양한 표시, 림프계 장애, 유방암, 피부 병변에 대한 구상하고 있습니다 염증이나 관절염 (18). 더욱이, 고속 촬상 용량은 고정 된 위치에 배치 된 프로브와 동적 생물학적 이벤트의 시각화를 가능하게한다. 빠른 파장 동조 광 파라 메트릭 발진 (OPO) 레이저 기술과 결합하여,이 방식은 광 흡수제의 생체 분포를 실시간 이미징을 허용한다. 이에 따라, 새로운 가능성이 동등하게 예를 들면, 작은 동물 이미징 애플리케이션에 등장 할 수있다. 조직의 혈류 역학 연구에서, 생체 내 세포 추적, 약물 동력학, 장기 관류의 시각화, 종양 및 심장 혈관 시스템, 또는 신경 영상의 분자 영상을 대상으로.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Optical parametric oscillator (OPO)-based laser</td><td>Innolas Laser GmbH, Krailling (Germany)</td><td>custom-made</td><td>The laser provides laser pulses with a duration around 10 nsec and an energy up to 80 mJ.&lt;br/&gt; The wavelength is tunable between 680-950 nm.</td></tr><tr><td>Spherical array of piezocomposite detectors</td><td>Imasonic SaS, Voray (France)</td><td>custom-made</td><td>The array consists of 256 piezoelectric sensors distributed on a spherical surface.&lt;br/&gt; Each element has dimensions 3 x 3 mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, a central frequency of 4 MHz and a bandwidth of 100%.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition system (DAQ)</td><td>Falkenstein Mikrosysteme GmbH, Taufkirchen (Germany)</td><td>custom-made</td><td>The DAQ simultaneously acquires 256 signals at 40 megasamples per second and 2,030 samples.&lt;br/&gt; The input impedance is 1 MW.</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber bundle</td><td>CeramOptec GmbH, Bonn (Germany)</td><td>custom-made</td><td>The bundle consists of 480 individual fibers randomly distributed in the input and output.&lt;br/&gt; The numerical aperture of each individual fiber is 0.22.</td></tr><tr><td>Athymic nude mouse</td><td>Harlan Laboratories (The Netherlands)</td><td>Athymic nude - Foxn1&lt;sup&gt;nu&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>The mouse was 8 weeks old (adult) at the time of the experiment.&lt;br/&gt; The ethical protocol was approved by the Bavarian goverment (number 55.2.1.54-2632-102-11)</td></tr><tr><td>Bepanthen cream</td><td>Bayer AG (Germany)</td><td></td><td>Vet ointment to protect the eyes during anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Data processing software</td><td>Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA)</td><td>custom-made</td><td>The data processing software was devoped at our institute.&lt;br/&gt; It allows reconstruction at each wavelength and multi-wavelength unmixing, as well as further data processing.</td></tr><tr><td>Water-enclosing part</td><td></td><td>custom-made</td><td>This part contains the water that acts as an acoustic coupling medium between skin and transducer elements</td></tr><tr><td>Indocyanine green (ICG)</td><td>PULSION Medical Systems SE</td><td></td><td>ICG-PULSION (active ingredient: indocyanine green dye) is a drug used in cardiac, circulatory and micro-circulatory diagnostics, liver function diagnostics and ophthalmic angiography diagnostics.</td></tr></tbody></table>

universal hand-held three-dimensional optoacoustic imaging probe for deep tissue human angiography and functional preclinical studies in real time

The exclusive combination of high optical contrast and excellent spatial resolution makes optoacoustics (photoacoustics) ideal for simultaneously attaining anatomical, functional and molecular contrast in deep optically opaque tissues. While enormous potential has been recently demonstrated in the application of optoacoustics for small animal research, vast efforts have also been undertaken in translating this imaging technology into clinical practice. We present here a newly developed optoacoustic tomography approach capable of delivering high resolution and spectrally enriched volumetric images of tissue morphology and function in real time. A detailed description of the experimental protocol for operating with the imaging system in both hand-held and stationary modes is provided and showcased for different potential scenarios involving functional and molecular studies in murine models and humans. The possibility for real time visualization in three dimensions along with the versatile handheld design of the imaging probe make the newly developed approach unique among the pantheon of imaging modalities used in today&#8217;s preclinical research and clinical practice.

설명 체적 휴대용 광 음향 프로브의 기능을 보여주는 대표적인 결과는,이 섹션에 전시된다. 모든 경우에, 피부 표면에 광 조사량 20 mJ을 / cm 2 (19)의 안전 노출 한계 이하로 유지 하였다. 주변 인간 혈관 추적 실시간 프로브의 성능을도 2에 전시된다.이 실험의 과정에서, 프로브는 서서히 레이저 동작 800 nm의 단파장 건강한 인간 지원자의 손을 따라 스캔 한...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time at JoVE.com

Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time

We provide herein a detailed description of the experimental protocol for imaging with a newly developed hand-held optoacoustic (photoacoustic) system for three-dimensional functional and molecular imaging in real time. The demonstrated powerful performance and versatility may define new application areas of the optoacoustic technology in preclinical research and clinical practice.

범용 실시간으로 깊은 조직 인간의 혈관 조영술과 기능 전임상 연구를위한 3 차원 광 음향 이미징 프로브를 손 개최

The exclusive combination of high optical contrast and excellent spatial resolution makes optoacoustics (photoacoustics) ideal for simultaneously ...

universal-hand-held-three-dimensional-optoacoustic-imaging-probe-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

10.7K 조회수.  Helmholtz Zentrum München. We provide herein a detailed description of the experimental protocol for imaging with a newly developed hand-held optoacoustic (photoacoustic) system for three-dimensional functional and molecular imaging in real time. The demonstrated powerful performance and versatility may define new application areas of the optoacoustic technology in preclinical research and clinical practice.

비디오: Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Optical microscopy, providing valuable insights at the cellular and organelle levels, has been widely recognized as an enabling biomedical technology. As the mainstays of in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) optical microscopy, single-/multi-photon fluorescence microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have demonstrated their extraordinary sensitivities to fluorescence and optical scattering contrasts, respectively. However, the optical absorption contrast of biological tissues, which encodes essential physiological/pathological information, has not yet been assessable. 
The emergence of biomedical photoacoustics has led to a new branch of optical microscopy optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM)1, where the optical irradiation is focused to the diffraction limit to achieve cellular1 or even subcellular2 level lateral resolution. As a valuable complement to existing optical microscopy technologies, OR-PAM brings in at least two novelties. First and most importantly, OR-PAM detects optical absorption contrasts with extraordinary sensitivity (i.e., 100%). Combining OR-PAM with fluorescence microscopy3 or with optical-scattering-based OCT4 (or with both) provides comprehensive optical properties of biological tissues. Second, OR-PAM encodes optical absorption into acoustic waves, in contrast to the pure optical processes in fluorescence microscopy and OCT, and provides background-free detection. The acoustic detection in OR-PAM mitigates the impacts of optical scattering on signal degradation and naturally eliminates possible interferences (i.e., crosstalks) between excitation and detection, which is a common problem in fluorescence microscopy due to the overlap between the excitation and fluorescence spectra. 
Unique for optical absorption imaging, OR-PAM has demonstrated broad biomedical applications since its invention, including, but not limited to, neurology5, 6, ophthalmology7, 8, vascular biology9, and dermatology10. In this video, we teach the system configuration and alignment of OR-PAM as well as the experimental procedures for in vivo functional microvascular imaging.

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is an emerging technology capable of imaging optical absorption contrasts in vivo with cellular resolution and sensitivity. Here, we provide a visualized instruction on the experimental protocols of OR-PAM, including system configuration, system alignment, typical in vivo experimental procedures, and functional imaging schemes.

입체 광학 해상도 Photoacoustic 현미경

Optical microscopy, providing valuable insights at the cellular and organelle levels, has been widely recognized as an enabling biomedical technology. As ...

연구

생체공학

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

3 차원 초음파 바늘 팁 광섬유 초음파 수신기와 함께 추적

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...

공학

Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

생성 및 마우스의 동맥 병변의 3 차원 정량 광학 프로젝션 단층 촬영을 사용하여

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

의학

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central nervous system of small animals. However, transdermal and transcranial neuroimaging is frequently affected by low sensitivity, image aberrations and loss of space resolution, requiring scalp or even skull removal before imaging. To overcome this challenge, a new protocol is presented to gain significant insights in brain hemodynamics by photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasounds imaging with the animal skin and skull intact. The procedure relies on the passage of ultrasound (US) waves and laser directly through the fissures that are naturally present on the animal cranium. By juxtaposing the imaging transducer device exactly in correspondence to these selected areas where the skull has a reduced thickness or is totally absent, one can acquire high quality deep images and explore internal brain regions that are usually difficult to anatomically or functionally describe without an invasive approach. By applying this experimental procedure, significant data can be collected in both sonic and optoacoustic modalities, enabling to image the parenchymal and the vascular anatomy far below the head surface. Deep brain features such as parenchymal convolutions and fissures separating the lobes were clearly visible. Moreover, the configuration of large and small blood vessels was imaged at several millimeters of depth, and precise information were collected about blood fluxes, vascular stream velocities and the hemoglobin chemical state. This repertoire of data could be crucial in several research contests, ranging from brain vascular disease studies to experimental techniques involving the systemic administration of exogenous chemicals or other objects endowed with imaging contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, thanks to the presented protocol, the US and PA techniques become an attractive noninvasive performance-competitive means for cortical and internal brain imaging, retaining a significant potential in many neurologic fields.

The present work describes a new protocol to perform non-invasive high-frequency ultrasound and photoacoustic based imaging on rat brain, to efficiently visualize deep subcortical regions and their vascular patterns by directing signals on skull foramina naturally present on animal cranium.

비 침습적 실질, 혈관 및 대사 고주파 초음파 및 광 음향 쥐 뇌 심부 이미징

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

신경과학

An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ultrasound (US) probes. Particularly, a more realistic analysis with application-specific imaging targets can be extremely valuable to assess the expected performance of US probes in their potential clinical field of application.
The experimental protocol presented in this work was purposely designed to provide an application-specific assessment procedure for newly-developed US probe prototypes based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) technology in relation to brain imaging.
The protocol combines the use of a bovine brain fixed in formalin as the imaging target, which ensures both realism and repeatability of the described procedures, and of neuronavigation techniques borrowed from neurosurgery. The US probe is in fact connected to a motion tracking system which acquires position data and enables the superposition of US images to reference Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of the brain. This provides a means for human experts to perform a visual qualitative assessment of the US probe imaging performance and to compare acquisitions made with different probes. Moreover, the protocol relies on the use of a complete and open research and development system for US image acquisition, i.e. the Ultrasound Advanced Open Platform (ULA-OP) scanner.
The manuscript describes in detail the instruments and procedures involved in the protocol, in particular for&#160;the calibration, image acquisition and registration of US and MR images. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the overall protocol presented, which is entirely open (within the limits of the instrumentation involved), repeatable, and covers the entire set of acquisition and processing activities for US images.

The development of new ultrasound (US) probes based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) technology requires an early realistic assessment of imaging capabilities. We describe a repeatable experimental protocol for US image acquisition and comparison with magnetic resonance images, using an ex vivo bovine brain as an imaging target.

뇌 이미징 응용 프로그램에서 CMUT 기술에 기반 하는 새로운 초음파 프로브의 성능을 평가 하기 위한 실험 프로토콜

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ...

Switchable Acoustic and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for In Vivo Small-animal Blood Vasculature Imaging

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a fast-growing invivo imaging modality that combines both optics and ultrasound, providing penetration beyond the optical mean free path (~1 mm in skin) with high resolution. By combining optical absorption contrast with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound in a single modality, this technique can penetrate deep tissues. Photoacoustic microscopy systems can have either a low acoustic resolution and probe deeply or a high optical resolution and probe shallowly. It is challenging to achieve high spatial resolution and large depth penetration with a single system. This work presents an AR-OR-PAM system capable of both high-resolution imaging at shallow depths and low-resolution deep-tissue imaging of the same sample in vivo. A lateral resolution of 4 &#181;m with 1.4 mm imaging depth using optical focusing and a lateral resolution of 45 &#181;m with 7.8 mm imaging depth using acoustic focusing were successfully demonstrated using the combined system. Here,&#160;in vivo&#160;small-animal blood vasculature imaging is performed to demonstrate its biological imaging capability.

Switchable Acoustic and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for In Vivo Small-animal Blood Vasculature Imaging

Here a switchable acoustic resolution (AR) and optical resolution (OR) photoacoustic microscopy (AR-OR-PAM) system capable of both high resolution imaging at shallow depth and low resolution deep tissue imaging on the same sample in vivo is demonstrated.

전환 가능한 음향 및 광학 해상도 Photoacoustic Microscopy for<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 소 동물 혈관 조영술

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a fast-growing invivo imaging modality that combines both optics and ultrasound, providing penetration beyond the ...

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

In vivo small-animal imaging has an important role to play in preclinical studies. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality that shows great potential for both preclinical and clinical applications. Conventional optical parametric oscillator-based PAT (OPO-PAT) systems are bulky and expensive and cannot provide high-speed imaging. Recently, pulsed-laser diodes (PLDs) have been successfully demonstrated as an alternative excitation source for PAT. Pulsed-laser diode PAT (PLD-PAT) has been successfully demonstrated for high-speed imaging on photoacoustic phantoms and biological tissues. This work provides a visualized experimental protocol for in vivo brain imaging using PLD-PAT. The protocol includes the compact PLD-PAT system configuration and its description, animal preparation for brain imaging, and a typical experimental procedure for 2D cross-sectional rat brain imaging. The PLD-PAT system is compact and cost-effective and can provide high-speed, high-quality imaging. Brain images collected in vivo at various scan speeds are presented.

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

A compact pulsed-laser diode-based photoacoustic tomography (PLD-PAT) system for high-speed in vivo brain imaging in small animals is demonstrated.

다음을위한 고성능 컴팩트 광 음향 단층 촬영 시스템<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 소형 동물 뇌 영상

In vivo small-animal imaging has an important role to play in preclinical studies. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality ...

Hand-held Clinical Photoacoustic Imaging System for Real-time Non-invasive Small Animal Imaging

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, we report a combined photoacoustic and clinical ultrasound imaging system by integrating an ultrasound probe with light delivery for small animal imaging. We demonstrate this by showing sentinel lymph node imaging in small animals along with minimally invasive real-time needle guidance. A clinical ultrasound platform with access to raw channel data allows the integration of photoacoustic imaging leading to a handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging system. Methylene blue was used for sentinel lymph node imaging at 675 nm wavelength. Additionally, needle guidance with dual modal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging was shown using the imaging system. Depth imaging of up to 1.5 cm was demonstrated with a 10 Hz laser at a photoacoustic imaging frame rate of 5 frames per second.

A clinical handheld photoacoustic imaging system will be demonstrated for real-time non-invasive small animal imaging.

휴대용 임상 Photoacoustic 실시간 비-침략 적 작은 동물 이미징을 위한 이미징 시스템

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, ...

Dual Raster-Scanning Photoacoustic Small-Animal Imager for Vascular Visualization

Imaging of vascular networks on small animals has played an important role in basic biomedical research. Photoacoustic imaging technology has great potential for application in the imageology of small animals. The wide-field photoacoustic imaging of small animals can provide images with high spatiotemporal resolution, deep penetration, and multiple contrasts. Also, the real-time photoacoustic imaging system is desirable to observe the hemodynamic activities of small-animal vasculature, which can be used to research the dynamic monitoring of small-animal physiological features. Here, a dual-raster-scanning photoacoustic imager is presented, featuring a switchable double-mode imaging function. The wide-field imaging is driven by a two-dimensional motorized translation stage, while the real-time imaging is realized with galvanometers. By setting different parameters and imaging modes, in vivo visualization of small-animal vascular network can be performed. The real-time imaging can be used to observe pulse change and blood flow change of drug-induced, etc. The wide-field imaging can be used to track the growth change of tumor vasculature. These are easy to be adopted in various areas of basic biomedicine research.

A dual raster-scanning photoacoustic imager was designed, which integrated wide-field imaging and real-time imaging.

혈관 시각화를 위한 이중 래스터 스캐닝 광음향 소형 동물 이미지

Imaging of vascular networks on small animals has played an important role in basic biomedical research. Photoacoustic imaging technology has great ...

Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography for Functional Imaging in Vascular Research

Microcirculatory impairment has been recognized in various disease processes, underlying this growing theme within vascular research. In recent years, the development of live imaging systems has set the (analytical) pace in both basic and clinical research, with the objective of creating new instruments capable of providing real-time, quantifiable endpoints with clinical interest and application. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are available, among other techniques, but cost, image resolution, and reduced contrast are recognized as common challenges. Optoacoustic tomography (OT) offers a new perspective on vascular functional imaging, combining state-of-the-art optical absorption and spatial resolution capacities (from micrometer optical to millimeter acoustic resolution) with tissue depth. In this study, we tested the applicability of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) for functional imaging. The system uses a tunable optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by an Nd: YAG laser, providing excitation pulses sensed by a 3D probe at wavelengths from 680 nm to 980 nm. Images obtained from the human forearm were reconstructed through a specific algorithm (supplied within the manufacturer&#39;s software) based on the response of specific chromophores. Maximal Oxygenated Hemoglobin (Max HbO2) and Deoxygenated Hemoglobin (Max Hb), Total Hemoglobin (HbT), and mean Oxygen Saturation (mSO2) to vascular density (&#181;Vu), inter-unit average distances (&#950;Ad), and capillary blood volume (mm3) may be measured using this system. The applicability potential found with this OT system is relevant. Ongoing software developments will surely improve the utility of this imaging system.

The present protocol describes the acquisition of multispectral optoacoustic images of in vivo human skin vasculature. These include the quantification of hemoglobin and melanin, regarded as chromophores of interest for functional analysis.

혈관 연구의 기능적 이미징을 위한 다중 스펙트럼 광음향 단층 촬영

Microcirculatory impairment has been recognized in various disease processes, underlying this growing theme within vascular research. In recent years, the ...

범용 실시간으로 깊은 조직 인간의 혈관 조영술과 기능 전임상 연구를위한 3 차원 광 음향 이미징 프로브를 손 개최

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