우리는 전기 화학적 실험 및 계측 (LSC와 j 번째)의 지원을 위해 화학 버지니아 군사 연구소 (VMI) 부서를 인정합니다. 학부의 학장의 VMI 사무실 조브 간행물과 관련된 생산 비용을 지원했다. 우리는 UNC EFRC 인정 : 태양 연료 센터, 화합물 합성 및 재료 특성의 지원을 위해 에너지, 과학의 사무실, 수상 번호 DE-SC0001011에서 기본 에너지 과학의 사무실, 미 교육부의 재정 지원 에너지 프론티어 연구 센터 (DPH ).

1.를 합성 한 에있어서 : - (도 4; 5,5&#39;- dvbpy가 비 피리딘 -2,2&#39;- 디 비닐 -5,5&#39;- 인 터 피리딘, 2 &#39;&#39; &#39;6&#39;은 PhTpy 4&#39;- 페닐 -2,2-이다)를 합성 한 절차 이전에 설명했다. (18) 2. 전해액 (1)의 1.3 mM의 모노머 용액을 조제 <ol><li> 아세토 니트릴, 테트라의 MeCN을 N 개의 -butylammonium 헥사 플루오로 포스페이트의 0.1 M 스톡 전해액 TBAPF 6을 준비한다. <ol><li> 3 분 자체, 또는 K 2 CO 3 활성화를 통해 외래 H 2 O를 제거하기 위해 24 시간 동안, MeCN을 배치 </li><li> 부피 플라스크를 건조 25.00 ml의 불꽃 TBAPF 6 (0.969 g, 2.50 밀리몰)을 놓습니다. </li><li> 3 미립자 건조를 MeCN에서 분 자체 또는 K 2 CO 필터 및 TBAPF을 포함하는 25.00 ml의 부피 플라스크를 가져 <su볼륨 B&gt; 6. </li></ol></li><li> 1 (0.0049 g, 5.2 × 10 -6 몰) 및 건조 4 DRAM 유리 병 또는 10 ml의 둥근 바닥 플라스크를 놓고 MeCN 중 0.1 M TBAPF 6의 원액 4.00를 가하여. </li><li> 매체의 다공성 유리 분말로 분리 각 구획으로 구획 3 셀의 중앙에 하나의 구획 등색 전해액 3.5-4.0 ml의 전송. </li><li> 신속 외측 구획에 누설을 방지하기에 MeCN 중 0.1 M 나머지 건조 TBAPF (6)의 일부와, 중앙 구획 원액으로 동일한 높이로 3 구획 셀의 외측 구획을 채운다. 주의 : 다른 구획 해법 천천히 혼합 용매 높이가 동일하지 않으면 현저히 주요 구획의 농도를 변경할 수 있기 때문에 시간이 중요한 요소이다. </li></ol> 3 mm 직경의 유리 3. Electropolymerize 1Y 전극 또는 탄소 1.0 cm 2 FTO 전극 <ol><li> 질소 / 아르곤 가스 제거 튜브 및 전극에 대한 격막을 준비합니다. <ol><li> 슬릿을 통해 얇은 폴리 테트라 플루오로 에틸렌, P​​TFE, 튜브 3 고무 격막의 각각에 슬릿을 잘라 안내합니다. </li><li> , 격막 중 하나를 통해 자세 / AGNO 3 기준 전극을 밀어 외부 구획 중 하나의 기준 전극 / PTFE 튜브 / 격막을 놓고 중격하는 부분을 밀봉. </li><li> 외측 구획 중 하나 다른 격벽 뒤져 백금선 / PTFE 튜브 / 격막 백금선 / 거즈 대극 가이드, 및 격막 밀봉 구획. 슬릿 와이어를 굽힘 방지하기에 충분히 뻣뻣 충분히 큰 또는 와이어가 아닌 경우, 격막 통해 백금 와이어 대향 전극을 안내하기 위해 넓은 보아 바늘을 사용한다. </li><li> 나머지 격벽을 통해 연마 갓 3mm 유리상 탄소 전극을 안내 및 그러한 전극이 배치되어 suspended FTO 슬라이드에 대한 솔루션이나,에, 격막을 통해 악어 클립에 연결된 와이어를 안내 한 후 악어 클립 FTO 슬라이드 클램프 및 침수시 슬라이드의 도전 측이 상대 전극에 수직 있는지 확인 . <ol><li> 유리 탄소 전극 삽입하기 전에 : 패드에 수직 전극을 누른 상태에서 유체가 접촉되는 연마 패드에 알루미나 (0.5 μm의)를 배치하여 폴란드어 유리 탄소를, 다음, 8 자형 움직임에 대한 30 초에 전극을 이동 - 폴란드어로 전극의 모든면 고르게 -과를 MeCN 물총 병 린스 H 2 O 물 물총 병에 남아있는 알루미나를 씻어 낸다. </li><li> FTO 슬라이드 클램핑하기에 앞서 : 상기 슬라이드의 10 × 10mm의 부분이 노출되도록 30 X 10mm의 FTO 슬라이드의 중앙부 주위에 비 도통 캡톤 여러 층의 랩. </li><li> 멋 부리다에서 FTO 슬라이드 / 배치 잡고 FTO 슬라이드의 UV-마주 스펙트럼을 수집일관성을 확보하기 위해 소정의 한 분광계의 빔 경로에 이온. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 3 구획 전기 화학 셀의 솔루션을 이용하므로 디 에어레이션. <ol><li> 질소 / 아르곤 공급에 타이곤 튜브의 한쪽 끝을 연결하고를 MeCN를 포함하는 가스 세탁기에 다른 쪽 끝을 연결합니다. </li><li> , 타이곤 튜브의 또 다른 조각을 잘라 MeCN을 질소 / 아르곤 세척 유출되는 한쪽 끝을 연결하고 4 방법 스플리터에 다른 쪽 끝을 연결합니다. </li><li> 4 방법 스플리터의 3 나머지 연결에 PTFE 튜브를 연결합니다. </li><li> 구획의 각 솔루션에 PTFE 튜브 잠수함 및 솔루션의 빠른 버블이 시작 질소 / 아르곤의 흐름을 켭니다. </li><li> 이어서, 막 용액의 표면 위에 PTFE 튜브를 당겨 시스템 및 용액을 방지하기 위해 불활성 기체의 양압을 유지하기 위해 / 아르곤에 질소의 흐름을 떠나, 5-10 분 동안 용액을 포기, 드 계속 Convection 버블 링에 의해 발생. </li></ol></li><li> 전기 화학적 실험을 수행합니다. <ol><li> 3 구획 셀의 적절한 전극 텐쇼에서 전극을 연결합니다. </li><li> 순환 전압 전류 법을 수행하여, CV, 다음 매개 변수를 사용하여 실험 : 전환 전위 = 0 V와 -1.81 V; 스캔 / 소인 속도 = 100 MV / 초; 사이클 = 5 수. </li><li> CV 실험이 완료되면, 중합 용액으로부터 작업 (유리상 탄소 또는 FTO)의 전극을 제거하고 부드럽게 피펫 또는 남아있는 단량체 용액을 제거 물총 병에서의 MeCN과 전극의 표면을 헹군다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 표면 범위 결정 <ol><li> 대향 전극과 기준 전극 (electropolymerizatio에서 사용 바람직 같은 기준 전극을 포함하는 전기 화학 전지에 0.1 M TBAPF 6 /의 MeCN 용액에 갓 준비한 세정 작업 전극을 배치N). </li><li> 순환 전압 전류 법을 수행하여, CV, 다음 매개 변수를 사용하여 실험 : 전환 전위 = 0, +1.5 V; 스캔 / 소인 속도 = 100 MV / 초; 횟수는 =​​ 15. </li><li> , 흡착 electropolymer의 Ru (III / II) 커플의 양극과 음극 봉우리 요금을 통합 양극과 음극 피크에서 요금을 평균하고, 식 (1) 표면의 범위를 결정하는 사​​용. </li><li> FTO 슬라이드의 경우 : 장소 / 빔 경로가 컬러 필름을 통과하도록 UV-마주 샘플 홀더의 전면에 소정의 위치에있는 FTO 슬라이드를 개최합니다. FTO 슬라이드 습식 또는 건식 수 있지만, 빈 스펙트럼 하에서 수집 하였다과 같은 조건으로 비교할 수있다. </li><li> 특정 슬라이드 수거 FTO 스펙트럼 얻은 스펙트럼 빼기 전에 막 자체에 대한 흡수 스펙트럼을 생성하기 위해, 필름상의 FTO의 스펙트럼으로부터 전기 중합한다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polypyrrole+films+containing+metal+complexes:+syntheses+and+applications.">Polypyrrole films containing metal complexes: syntheses and applications.</a> Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 147, 339-371 (1996).</li><li>Sabouraud, G., Sadki, S., Brodie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanisms+of+pyrrole+electropolymerization.">The mechanisms of pyrrole electropolymerization.</a> Chemical Society Review. 29, 283-293 (2000).</li><li>Denisevich, P., Abru&#241;a, H. D., Leidner, C. R., Meyer, T. J., Murray, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electropolymerization+of+vinylpyridine+and+vinylbipyridine+complexes+of+iron+and+ruthenium:+homopolymers,+copolymers,+reactive+polymers.">Electropolymerization of vinylpyridine and vinylbipyridine complexes of iron and ruthenium: homopolymers, copolymers, reactive polymers.</a> Inorganic Chemistry. 21, 2153-2161 (1982).</li><li>Younathan, J. N., Wood, K. S., Meyer, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrocatalytic+reduction+of+nitrite+and+nitrosyl+by+iron(III)+protoporphyrin+IX+dimethyl+ester+immobilized+in+an+electropolymerized+film.">Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite and nitrosyl by iron(III) protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester immobilized in an electropolymerized film.</a> Inorganic Chemistry. 31, 3280-3285 (1992).</li><li>Ikeda, T., Schmehl, R., Denisevich, P., Willman, K., Murray, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeation+of+electroactive+solutes+through+ultrathin+polymeric+films+on+electrode+surfaces.">Permeation of electroactive solutes through ultrathin polymeric films on electrode surfaces.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104, 2683-2691 (1982).</li><li>Concepcion, J. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilization+of+a+Ruthenium(II)+Polypyridyl+Dye+on+Nanocrystalline+TiO2+by+an+Electropolymerized+Overlayer.">Stabilization of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Dye on Nanocrystalline TiO2 by an Electropolymerized Overlayer.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135, 15450-15458 (2013).</li><li>Paulson, S. C., Sapp, S. A., Elliott, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+and+Spectroelectrochemical+Investigations+into+the+Nature+of+Charge-Trapping+in+Electrochemically-Generated+Homopolymer+Films+of+Tris(4-vinyl-4&#8216;-methyl-2,2&#8216;-bipyridine)ruthenium(II).">Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Investigations into the Nature of Charge-Trapping in Electrochemically-Generated Homopolymer Films of Tris(4-vinyl-4&#8216;-methyl-2,2&#8216;-bipyridine)ruthenium(II).</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 105, 8718-8724 (2001).</li><li>Laviron, E., Roullier, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+expression+of+the+linear+potential+sweep+voltammogram+for+a+surface+redox+reaction+with+interactions+between+the+adsorbed+molecules:+Applications+to+modified+electrodes.">General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram for a surface redox reaction with interactions between the adsorbed molecules: Applications to modified electrodes.</a> J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 115, 65-74 (1980).</li><li>Laviron, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+expression+of+the+linear+potential+sweep+voltammogram+in+the+case+of+diffusionless+electrochemical+systems.">General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless electrochemical systems.</a> J. Electroanal. Chem. 101, 19-28 (1979).</li><li>Ratcliff, E. L., Jenkins, J. L., Nebesny, K., Armstrong, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrodeposited,+&#34;Textured&#34;+Poly(3-hexyl-thiophene)+(e-P3HT)+Films+for+Photovoltaic+Applications.">Electrodeposited, &#34;Textured&#34; Poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) (e-P3HT) Films for Photovoltaic Applications.</a> Chemistry of Materials. 20, 5796-5806 (2008).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

전기 중합은 다른 기술에 공통없는 제어 변수의 큰 범위를 제공합니다. 등 시약 (단량체) 농도, 온도, 용매, 반응 같은 표준 변수 이외에, 전기 중합 추가적으로 전기 화학적 방법에 공통 전기 화학적 실험 매개 변수에 의해 제어 될 수있다. CV 스캔 속도, 스위칭 잠재력 및 횟수는 electropolymers의 증착에 영향을 미칩니다. 예를 들면, 리간드의 환원 전파를 통해 사이클의 수가 증가함에 따라, 또...

전기 중합 직접 전극 표면에서 단량체 성 전구 물질의 중합을 개시하기 위해인가 된 전위를 이용하고 Electrocatalysis 화학적 얇은 전기 및 / 또는 전극과 반도체 표면에 활성 폴리 피리 필름. 1-4을 생성 시키는데 이용 된 중합 기법 전자 전달 5-10, 11, 12 광화학, 통전 변색 성 13-16, 17 및 18은 배위 화학 electropolymerized 필름에서 조사되었다. 이 기술이 처음 비닐 3, 5, 7, 8, 11 ~ 15, 19, 20 및 피롤 6, 9의 전기 중합을위한 마이어 - 머레이 협력 노스 캐롤라이나 대학에서 개발 된, 21 ~ 24 절 유도기판을 행하는 각종 착체에 탈. 1 금속 착체에 배위하면, electropolymers를 생산 공통 딜 리간드 계의 번호를 표시도. 피롤 관능 리간드, 전기 중합은 (그림 2) 산화 적 전기 중합 결과, 피롤 잔기의 산화에 의해 개시되는 동안 환원 전기 중합에서 비닐 함유 화합물의 전기 중합은 비닐 기 접합 딜 리간드의 감소에 따라 발생한다. 전기 중합 기술은 직접 전극에 거의 모든 전이 금속 착물을 부착하기위한 일반화 된 방법을 제공하기위한 목적으로 개발되었다. 이 방법의 다양성은 electropolymer 수정 전극의 수많은 조사에 문을 엽니 다. 전극에 직접 접합을 포함하는 다른 접속 전략, 대조적으로, 전기 중합은 ADV을 구비전극면 수정 전 없어도 사용할 ANTAGE. . 따라서 상관없이 표면 형태 또는 조성물 (4), 10, 25, 전도성 기판의 임의의 수에 적용 할 수있는, 범용성이 26 중합체 길이가 성장함에 따라 물성 변화의 결과이고; 모노머는 전해액에 가용성이지만, 중합이 발생하고, 가교는 전극 표면이 발생 필름, 침전 및 물리적 흡착 (도 3) rigidifies. 27 일반적으로 태양 전지 연료 연구에 사용되는 고가의 pH의,에 불안정한 산화물 물 표면, 또는 포스 포 네이트 유도체 화 착체에 불안정한 산화물 표면 - 결합 된 카르 복실 레이트에 비해, 이들 계면 전극 중합체 필름 구조는 안정성의 이점도 제공 넓은 pH 범위 (0-14)을 통해 유기 용매 및 물을 포함하여 다양한 미디어.28-30 전기 중합은 서브 단층에서 카르 복실 레이트 또는 포스 - 유도 단지 인터페이스 구조가 단층 표면 적용 범위가 제한되는 반면 수십 또는 동등 단일 층의 수백에 명백한 표면 커버리지의 큰 범위와 필름을 증착 할 수 있습니다. 비닐 피롤 함유 딜과 폴리 피리 임의의 여러 화합물이 중합 할 수 있지만, [Ru로 II (PhTpy)는 (5,5&#39;- dvbpy ()을 MeCN) (PF 6) 2 (1; PhTpy 4&#39;- 페닐이며 -2,2- &#39;6&#39;, 2 &#39;&#39;- 터 피리딘, 5,5&#39;- dvbpy는 디 비닐 -2,2&#39;- 5,5&#39;- 비 피리딘; 그림 4) 환원 전기 중합을 입증하는 모델 단지로 활용 될 것입니다 유리상 탄소와 불소 도핑 된 산화 주석에서, FTO,이 보고서의 전극. 1 인해 금속 - 대 Li, 전위에 전기 응용 례를 가지고 현대 electropolymer 전구체의 예이고GAND 충전 전송, MLCT은 빛 스펙트럼의 가시 영역에 누워 흡수 스펙트럼은, UV-마주 광. 18, 30 일에 대한 여기에 제시된 어떤 결과가 이미 약간 수정 된 형태로 발표되었다주의하시기 바랍니다. (18)을 조사 할 수있다

<table><tbody><tr><td>Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate for electrochemical analysis, &amp;ge;99.0%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>86879-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile&amp;nbsp;(Optima LC/MS), Fisher Chemical</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A955-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 mm dia. Glassy Carbon Working Electrode</td><td>CH Instruments</td><td>CH104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-Aqueous Ag/Ag&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Reference Electrode w/ porous Teflon Tip</td><td>CH Instruments</td><td>CHI112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum&amp;nbsp;gauze</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>AA10282FF&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode Polishing Kit</td><td>CH Instruments</td><td>CHI120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cole-Parmer KAPTON TAPE 1/2&amp;nbsp;IN x 36&amp;nbsp;YD</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC0099200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Polypropylene Tubing 4-Way Connectors</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>15-315-32B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 ml Bottle, Gas Washing, Tall Form, Coarse Frit</td><td>Chemglass</td><td>CG-1114-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-compartment H-Cell for electrochemistry</td><td>Custom made H-cell with 3 compartments</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

reductive electropolymerization of a vinyl-containing poly-pyridyl complex on glassy carbon and fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes

제어 전극 표면 개질이 필드, 태양 연료 애플리케이션 특히 사람들의 수가 중요하다. 전기 중합은 헬름홀츠 층 기판의 중합을 개시하기 위해인가 된 전위를 이용하여, 전극의 표면에 폴리머 필름을 electrodeposits 한 표면 개질 기술이다. 이 유용한 기술은 먼저 1980 년대 초 채플 힐 노스 캐롤라이나 대학의 머레이 - 마이어의 협력에 의해 설립 단량체 기판 등의 무기 복합체를 포함하는 필름의 다양한 물리적 현상을 연구하기 위해 사용 하였다. 여기서는 유리상 탄소와 불소 도핑 된 산화 주석 코팅 된 전극 상에 함유 된 폴리 비닐 피리 딜 착체의 환원 전기 중합을 수행함으로써 무기 복합체로 피복 전극 용 절차를 강조. 전기 화학 전지의 구성 및 문제 해결 절차에 대한 권장 사항이 포함되어 있습니다. 하지 전자 있지만xplicitly 여기에 설명, 피롤 함유 화합물의 산화 전기 중합은 비닐 계 환원 전기 중합 유사한 절차를 따르지만 훨씬 덜 민감한 산소와 물이다.

규정 CV 실험 (프로토콜 텍스트 STEP 3.3.2)의 진행을 관찰 할 때 Electropolymer 성장은 가장 쉽게 인식된다. (5) 0.071 cm 2 (3 mm 직경)에 electropolymer 성장 1 유리 탄소 전극을 예시 그림. 실험의 첫 번째 사이클은 전압 전류가 대략 1 차 및 2 차 리간드를 중심으로 감소 전파를 통해 연속적인 사이클에 따라 유사한 농도 (그림 5, 블랙 추...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes at JoVE.com

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

A procedure for performing reductive electropolymerization of vinyl-containing compounds onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin-oxide coated electrodes is presented. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization.

유리 탄소와 불소 도핑 된 주석 산화물 전극에 비닐 함유 폴리 피리 딜 단지의 환원 적 전기 중합

Controllable electrode surface modification is important in a number of fields, especially those with solar fuels applications. Electropolymerization is ...

reductive-electropolymerization-vinyl-containing-poly-pyridyl-complex

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

11.8K 조회수.  Virginia Military Institute. A procedure for performing reductive electropolymerization of vinyl-containing compounds onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin-oxide coated electrodes is presented. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization. 

비디오: Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes

The ability to exercise precise spatial and temporal control over cell-surface interactions is an important prerequisite to the assembly of multi-cellular constructs serving as in vitro mimics of native tissues.  In this study, photolithography and wet etching techniques were used to fabricate individually addressable indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes on glass substrates.  The glass substrates containing ITO microelectrodes were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) silane to make them protein and cell resistive.  Presence of insulating PEG molecules on the electrode surface was verified by cyclic voltammetry employing potassium ferricyanide as a redox reporter molecule.  Importantly, the application of reductive potential caused desorption of the PEG layer, resulting in regeneration of the conductive electrode surface and appearance of typical ferricyanide redox peaks.    Application of reductive potential also corresponded to switching of ITO electrode properties from cell non-adhesive to cell-adhesive. Electrochemical stripping of PEG-silane layer from ITO microelectrodes allowed for cell adhesion to take place in a spatially defined fashion, with cellular patterns corresponding closely to electrode patterns.  Micropatterning of several cell types was demonstrated on these substrates.   In the future, the control of the biointerfacial properties afforded by this method will allow to engineer cellular microenvironments through the assembly of three or more cell types into a precise geometric configuration on an optically transparent substrate.

Non-fouling PEG silane monolayer was desorbed from individually addressable ITO electrodes on glass by application of a reductive potential. Electrochemical stripping of PEG-silane layer from ITO microelectrodes allowed for cell adhesion to take place in a spatially defined fashion, with cellular patterns corresponding closely to electrode patterns.

광학 투명 인듐 틴 산화물 전극에 Patterning 셀

The ability to exercise precise spatial and temporal control over cell-surface interactions is an important prerequisite to the assembly of multi-cellular ...

연구

생물학

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

전기 활성 고분자 나노 입자 출전 광열 등록

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

공학

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

완전 해결 가공 된 무기 나노 결정 태양 광 발전 장치의 제작

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Sensing of Barrier Tissue Disruption with an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

The gastrointestinal tract is an example of barrier tissue that provides a physical barrier against entry of pathogens and toxins, while allowing the passage of necessary ions and molecules. A breach in this barrier can be caused by a reduction in the extracellular calcium concentration. This reduction in calcium concentration causes a conformational change in proteins involved in the sealing of the barrier, leading to an increase of the paracellular flux. To mimic this effect the calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetra acetic acid (EGTA) was used on a monolayer of cells known to be representative of the gastrointestinal tract. Different methods to detect the disruption of the barrier tissue already exist, such as immunofluorescence and&#160;permeability assays. However, these methods are time-consuming and costly and not suited to dynamic or high-throughput measurements. Electronic methods for measuring barrier tissue integrity also exist for measurement of the transepithelial resistance (TER), however these are often costly and complex. The development of rapid, cheap, and sensitive methods is urgently needed as the integrity of barrier tissue is a key parameter in drug discovery and pathogen/toxin diagnostics. The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) integrated with barrier tissue forming cells has been shown as a new device capable of dynamically monitoring barrier tissue integrity. The device is able to measure minute variations in ionic flux with unprecedented temporal resolution and sensitivity, in real time, as an indicator of barrier tissue integrity. This new method is based on a simple device that can be compatible with high throughput screening applications and fabricated at low cost.

The Organic Electrochemical Transistor is integrated with live cells and used to monitor ion flux across the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. In this study, an increase in ion flux, related to disruption of tight junctions, induced by the presence of the calcium chelator EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra acetic acid), is measured.

유기 전기 트랜지스터와 장벽 조직 혼란의 감지

The gastrointestinal tract is an example of barrier tissue that provides a physical barrier against entry of pathogens and toxins, while allowing the ...

생체공학

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

We demonstrate a method of conformally coating conjugated polymers on arbitrary substrates using a custom-designed, low-pressure reaction chamber. Conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT), and a semiconducting polymer, poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PTT), were deposited on unconventional highly-disordered and textured substrates with high surface areas, such as paper, towels and fabrics. This reported deposition chamber is an improvement of previous vapor reactors because our system can accommodate both volatile and nonvolatile monomers, such as 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. Utilization of both solid and liquid oxidants are also demonstrated. One limitation of this method is that it lacks sophisticated in situ thickness monitors. Polymer coatings made by the commonly used solution-based coating methods, such as spin-coating and surface grafting, are often not uniform or susceptible to mechanical degradation. This reported vapor phase deposition method overcomes those drawbacks and is a strong alternative to common solution-based coating methods. Notably, polymer films coated by the reported method are uniform and conformal on rough surfaces, even at a micrometer scale. This feature allows for future application of vapor deposited polymers in electronics devices on flexible and highly textured substrates.

This paper presents a protocol for reactive vapor deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), and poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) films on glass slides and rough substrates, such as textiles and paper.

임의 기판에 활용 된 고분자 필름의 반응성 증 착

We demonstrate a method of conformally coating conjugated polymers on arbitrary substrates using a custom-designed, low-pressure reaction chamber. ...

화학

Solution-Processed "Silver-Bismuth-Iodine" Ternary Thin Films for Lead-Free Photovoltaic Absorbers

Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are regarded as promising photo-active semiconductors for environment-friendly and air-stable solar cell applications. However, poor surface morphologies and relatively high bandgap energies have limited their potential. Silver-bismuth-iodine (Ag-Bi-I) is a promising semiconductor for optoelectronic devices. Therefore, we demonstrate the fabrication of Ag-Bi-I ternary thin films using material solution processing. The resulting thin films exhibit controlled surface morphologies and optical bandgaps according to their thermal annealing temperatures. In addition, it has been reported that Ag-Bi-I ternary systems crystallize to AgBi2I7, Ag2BiI5, etc. according to the ratio of the precursor chemicals. The solution-processed AgBi2I7 thin films exhibit a cubic-phase crystal structure, dense, pinhole-free surface morphologies with grains ranging in size from 200 to 800 nm, and an indirect bandgap of 1.87 eV. The resultant AgBi2I7 thin films show good air stability and energy band diagrams, as well as surface morphologies and optical bandgaps suitable for lead-free and air-stable single-junction solar cells. Very recently, a solar cell with 4.3% power conversion efficiency was obtained by optimizing the Ag-Bi-I crystal compositions and solar cell device architectures.

Herein, we present detailed protocols for solution-processed silver-bismuth-iodine (Ag-Bi-I) ternary semiconductor thin films fabricated on TiO2-coated transparent electrodes and their potential application as air-stable and lead-free optoelectronic devices.

솔루션 처리 "실버-비스무트-요오드" 삼항 박막 리드 무료 태양광 흡수에 대 한

Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are regarded as promising photo-active semiconductors for environment-friendly and air-stable solar cell applications. ...

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The cholesteric LC is composed of a nematic LC 4&#39;-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (5OCB), redox-responsive chiral dopant (FcD), and a supporting electrolyte 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIm-OTf). The most important component is FcD. This molecule changes its helical twisting power (HTP) value in response to redox reactions. Therefore, in situ electrochemical redox reactions in the LC mixture allow for the device to change its reflection color in response to electrical stimuli. The LC mixture was introduced, by a capillary action, into a sandwich-type ITO glass cell comprising two glass slides with patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, one of which was coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) doped with perchlorate (PEDOT+). Upon application of +1.5 V, the reflection color of the device changed from blue (467 nm) to green (485 nm) in 0.4 s. Subsequent application of 0 V made the device recover the original blue color in 2.7 s. This device is characterized by its fastest electrical response and lowest operating voltage among any previously reported cholesteric LC device. This device could pave the way for the development of next generation reflective displays with low energy consumption rates.

A protocol for the fabrication of a reflective cholesteric liquid crystalline display device containing a redox-responsive chiral dopant allowing quick and low-voltage operation is presented.

전기 화학 Cholesteric 액체 결정 장치를 신속 하 고 낮은 전압 색깔 변조에 대 한

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The ...

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

Two different methods for the synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on gold electrodes are described, using electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer in an aqueous and an organic solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used in the synthesis of PEDOT thin layers. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was used as a dopant in both aqueous (aqueous/acetonitrile (ACN)) and organic (propylene carbonate (PC)) solvent systems. After the PEDOT layer was created in the organic system, the electrode surface was acclimatized by successive cycling in an aqueous solution for use as a sensor for aqueous samples. 
The use of an aqueous-based electropolymerization method has the potential benefit of removing the acclimatization step to have a shorter sensor preparation time. Although the aqueous method is more economical and environmentally friendly than the organic solvent method, superior PEDOT formation is obtained in the organic solution. The resulting PEDOT electrode surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed the constant growth of PEDOT during electropolymerization from the organic PC solution, with rapid fractal-type growth on gold (Au) microelectrodes.

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

We describe aqueous and organic solvent systems for the electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to create thin layers on the surface of gold microelectrodes, which are used for sensing low molecular weight analytes.

요산 감지 응용 분야를 위한 금 미세전극 위에 폴리(3,4-에틸렌디옥시티오펜) 층의 전기화학적 제조

Two different methods for the synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on gold electrodes are described, using electropolymerization of ...

Development of Efficient OLEDs from Solution Deposition

The use of highly efficient organic emitters based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) concept is interesting due to their 100% internal quantum efficiency. Presented here is a solution deposition method for the fabrication of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on a TADF emitter in a simple device structure. This fast, low-cost, and efficient process can be used for all OLED emissive layers that follow the host-guest concept. The fundamental steps are described along with necessary information for further reproduction. The goal to establish a general protocol that can be easily adapted for principal organic emitters currently under study and development.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of efficient, simple, solution-deposited organic light-emitting diodes with low roll-off.

용액 증착을 통한 효율적인 OLED 개발

The use of highly efficient organic emitters based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) concept is interesting due to their 100% ...

Vapor Phase Deposition of Electroactive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto Electrospun Commodity Polymer Nanofibers

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for applications in water purification, electrocatalysis, and biomedicine. The uniformly white PAN nanofiber mats were cut into 2 cm x 2 cm coupons to ensure consistency. After electrospinning, these nanofibers were coated with an electroactive polymer (EAP) using chemical vapor deposition, with iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) serving as an oxidant for polymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The study examined the impact of different FeCl3 concentrations on PEDOT deposition on the PAN coupons. PEDOT deposition led to an increase in coupon weight. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed increases in the diameter of the nanofibers treated with increasing FeCl3 oxidant concentration, although higher FeCl3&#160;concentrations caused inter-fiber bridging, implying a concomitant decrease in inter-fiber spacing. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm the presence of Fe, Cl, and S in the nanofibers, with sulfur content rising with FeCl3&#160;concentration used, suggesting increased PEDOT deposition efficiency with increasing oxidant concentration. Mechanical testing showed that PEDOT-coated PAN fibers had improved tensile strength and toughness in the hydrated state compared to pure PAN nanofibers. These results highlight the crucial role of FeCl3&#160;concentration in influencing the morphology and properties of PAN-PEDOT composites, enhancing their suitability for applications such as water purification, tissue engineering, biosensing, catalysis, and energy storage.

This paper describes a simple technique for coating electrospun PAN nanofibers with electroactive polymers using vapor deposition. The effects of the oxidant FeCl&#8323; on the deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coatings on PAN were investigated to understand and optimize polymer growth, fiber diameter, and overall mechanical strength of the nanofiber mats.

전기 방사 상품 고분자 나노 섬유에 전기 활성 폴리 (3,4- 에틸렌 디옥시 티오펜)의 기상 증착

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for ...