이 작품은 (LH하는 DK093625 및 DK069909 및 DK047757 JHL에) NIH에서 지원하고, VA (우수상 JHL에 I01BX000820). 우리는 필수적인 지원을 제공하기 위해 펜실베니아 Zebrafish의 핵심 대학에서 박사 마이클 팩 박사 지에 그에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

참고 : 윤리 선언문 : 모든 제브라 피쉬 실험 동부 버지니아 의과 대학 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1. 모르 폴리 노 준비 <ol><li> (그림 1A) 제조업체의 지침에 따라 관심의 유전자에 대한 설계 및 합성 번역 차단 ((behavior)을 증대) 및 스플 라이스 억제 (Splice-) 안티센스 모르 폴리 노 (MO) 올리고 뉴클레오티드. 표 1에서 제조업체의 정보를 참조하십시오. 참고 : 수법의 살인은 유리 병에 동결 건조 된 주식으로 제공됩니다. </li><li> 25 ㎍ / μL의 최종 농도 수법의 살인을 다시 중단 유리 병에 고급 멸균 물을 추가합니다. 올리고 뉴클레오티드가 완전히 용해되어 있는지 확인합니다. 일부 고체 남아있는 경우, 5 짧게 분 소용돌이 (10)에 65 ° C에서 주식 올리고 뉴클레오티드 솔루션을 포함하는 유리 병을 가열한다. </li><li> RT에서 MO 주식 솔루션을 저장합니다. 4 ° C 또는 -20 ℃에서 보관하지 마십시오; C 낮은 온도는 MO 올리고 뉴클레오티드가 용기 벽에 바인딩하는 원인이 될 수 있기 때문이다. 분광 광도계를 사용하여 원액의 농도를 측정 새로운 MO의 원액 때마다 (표 1 참조). </li><li> 원하는 용량에 높은 수준의 멸균 수와 원액을 희석하여 주입 당일 MO 작업 솔루션을 준비합니다. 0.05 %의 농도에 도달하기 위해 0.5 % 페놀 레드를 추가한다. 예를 들어, 15 NG / 거리 nL의 농도와 5 μL 작업 솔루션을 만들기 위해, 3 μL MO 원액 0.5 μL 0.5 % 페놀 - 빨간 물 1.5 μL를 추가. 참고 :이 작업 농도, 주입의 각 드롭 (500 PL)는 MO의 7.5 NG를 포함하고 두 방울 MO의 15 NG가 포함되어 있습니다. </li></ol> 사출 장치의 제조 2 <ol><li> 구매 유리 (자세한 내용은 표 1 참조) 바늘을 미리 뽑아. 대안 적으로, 유리 주사 바늘 WI 당겨바늘 풀러를 토륨. </li><li> 공기 압축기의 전원을 켜고 50 PSI에 압력 설정을 조정합니다. 해부 현미경 광원과 피코 마이크로 분사 펌프를 켜고 다음과 같이 설정을 조정 : 압력 20 psi의를 개최, 압력 10​​ psi의 게이팅, 2.5 100 마이크로 초 범위의 기간 값을 꺼냅니다. </li><li> 주입 액 5 μL와 유리에게 미리 뽑아 바늘을 넣고 끝이 아래로 가리키는 수직으로 바늘을 배치합니다. 모든 솔루션은 눈에 보이는 공기 방울 바늘 끝을 도달 할 때까지 기다립니다. 현미경 옆에 적절한 위치에 바늘 홀더를 놓고 홀더에 유리 바늘을 삽입합니다. 45도까지 분사 각도를 조정합니다. </li><li> 높은 단계 떨어져, 현미경으로보기에 바늘 끝을 가지고, 그리고 팁의 얇은 지역에 초점을 맞추고있다. 좋은 점 핀셋으로 바늘 끝을 끊다. </li><li> 통치자와 현미경 측 0.15 mm 측의 내경 모세관을 배치;액주 있도록 모세관 튜브의 일단에 용액을 주입. 1mm 길이 액체 열 당 각 17 방울에 도달하는 배출 시간을 조정 한 후 한 방울의 부피는 1 NL 액주의 = π X 반경 2 × 길이 (드롭 볼륨 () 방울 / 수 ()입니다. 주 : 0.1 mm의 직경을 갖는 약 500 드롭 (PL)의 주입량 (방울 부피 = 4/3 X X π 반경 3) 준다. </li></ol> Morpholinos 3. 수정란 제브라 피쉬 배아의 준비 및 주입 <ol><li> 표준 제브라 피쉬 사육 및 유지 보수에 대해 게시 된 프로토콜에 따라 형질 전환 제브라 피쉬의 번식 쌍 : Tg는 (GFP wt1b)를 설정합니다. 자연 산란 후 배아를 수집하고, E3의 물이 가득 10cm 페트리 접시 (5mM의 염화나트륨, 0.17의 KCl, 0.33 mM의 염화칼슘 (2), 0.33 mM의 황산)에 보관하십시오. 바로 13 MO 주입을 시작합니다. 현미경으로 배아 형태를 모니터링하고 있는지 확인 MO 주입은 원 -에있다세포 단계 또는 4 셀 단계 이하 버전 이상이 필요합니다. <ol><li> 와 10cm 페트리 접시에 배아를 전송 골짜기 한천 쐐기 모양. 여분의 E3 물을 대기음 부드럽게 골짜기로 배아를 누릅니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경 1 세포 단계의 배아를 시각화하기 위해 마이크로 피펫으로 배아를 조작 할 수 있습니다. 노른자 (1 방울 = 500 PL)에 MO 중 하나 또는 두 방울을 주입 할 수있는 융모막 노른자를 침투. E3 물 10cm 페트리 접시에 주입 된 배아를 전송하고 28.5 ° C에서 배양한다. </li></ol></li><li> 주사 후, 죽은 배아를 제거하고 주입 된 배아의 수를 기록한다. 접시마다 24 ~ 48 시간의 E3 물을 교체합니다. </li></ol> 4. 표현형 구조 실험 <ol><li> 구출 용 MO에 내성 때문에, 다른 기본 염기쌍 구조 (일반적으로 3-7 염기쌍 불일치)을 가지고 있으며, 또 다른 종으로부터 orthologue을 선택. 예를 들어,이 실험에서, 우리는 선택한마우스 Wnt5a 마우스의 mRNA 서열은 서열 지브라 피쉬 다르기 때문에. </li><li> 정방향 프라이머가 번역 사이트와 mRNA의 코딩 영역의 끝 가까이에있는 역 프라이머로 시작하는 프라이머 세트를 디자인합니다. 정방향 프라이머 서열의 5&#39;- 말단에 T7 프로모터 서열을 추가한다. 이 실험에서는 다음의 프라이머를 사용하여 서열; 앞으로 : 5&#39;-TAA 전술 GAC TCA CTA 태그 GGA CTA TGA TGC TGC TGA AGC TGA A-3 &#39;및 역방향 : 5&#39;-TCA CTT GCA GAC GTA CTG gtc- 3&#39;. </li><li> 상기 설계된 프라이머 세트 (각 프라이머의 0.5 μM)과 다음 PCR 프로그램 마우스 Wnt5a cDNA 서열 함유 0.1 μg의 주형 DNA와 50 μL 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 (PCR)을 수행 : 5 분 동안 95 ° C에서 1 사이클; 95 ° C (30 초), 58.5 ° C (30 초), 72 ° C (1 분)의 35주기; 최종 확장 단계 7 분 72 ° C에서. </li><li> t을 마친 후그는주기, 밴드가 적당한 크기인지 확인하기 위해 1 % 아가로 오스 겔에 PCR 제품의 2 μl를 실행합니다. 제조업체의 지시에 따라 PCR 정제 키트와 PCR 생성물을 정제 하였다. 분광 광도계로 DNA 농도를 확인합니다. -20 ℃에서 정제 된 PCR 생성물을 저장하거나, 다음 단계에서 직접 캡핑 RNA 전사에 사용한다. </li><li> 제조업체의 지시에 따라 캡핑 RNA 합성 키트와 함께 캡핑 된 mRNA를 in vitro에서 합성한다. 20 μL의 RNase없는 물에 희석시키고 mRNA의 농도를 결정한다. -80 ° C에서 RNA 및 저장 나누어지는. </li><li> 주사 당일의 RNase없는 멸균 수와 mRNA를 작동 용액을 제조 하였다. 40 페이지가 RNA의 비특이적 독성 효과가 발생하지 않는 가장 높은 R​​NA 량은 일반적으로합니다. 얼음에 작업 솔루션을 유지합니다. MO와 배아 다음 구조의 mRNA를 주입하거나 함께 모두 공동 주입. 예를 들면, mRNA의 농도 위해 준비각 주입 단계 4.5 ED는 0.08 ㎍ / μL의 최종 농도를 만들기 위해의 RNase 무료 물 4.33 μL로의 mRNA (0.4 μg의)의 0.67 μl를 추가, 0.6 ㎍ / μL이고, 다음 한 방울 (500 PL)은 40 페이지를 포함 의 mRNA. 3 단계에 설명 된대로 MO를 준비합니다. </li></ol> 형광 이미징 주입 된 배아 5. 준비 <ol><li> 28.5 °에서 배양 후 CO / N은, 형광 현미경을 이용 pronephros 구조의 관찰을 melanization 영향을 방지하기 위해 E3 물 0.003 % N-페닐 티오 (PTU)를 추가한다. 그것은 초기 배아 발달에 영향을주기 때문에 그러나, 낭 배기 전에 PTU를 추가하지 않습니다. </li><li> 48 HPF에서 수동으로 미세 핀셋으로 배아를 d​​echorionate. 빛 해부 현미경으로 48, 72 HPF 배아의 이미지를 가져 가라. 참고 :이 사진을 마취없이 촬영할 수 있습니다. </li><li> , 형광 현미경 이미징에 넣어서 배아를 마취 약 10 분 전에160 ㎍ / ㎖의 버퍼 Tricaine을 포함 10cm 페트리 접시. 5 ~ 10 분 동안 기다린 후 가볍게 움직이지 않게 때문에 마취가 작동하는지 확인하기 위해 제브라 피쉬를 터치합니다. </li><li> 배아가 마취 후 (표 1 참조) 3 % ​​메틸 셀룰로오스를 장착하고는 해부 현미경 하에서 발생하기 쉬운 위치에 방향. </li><li> 형광 현미경 pronephros 구조를 관찰한다 (표 1 참조) 및 다른 배율 (10 배 및 20 배)에서 사진을 찍을. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

다낭성 신장 질환 (PKD)는 인간에서 말기 신장 질환의 주된 원인 중 하나이며, 프로그레시브 낭종 형성, 신장 확대 및 비정상적인 세관 (14)에 의해 발전을 특징으로한다. 상 염색체 우성 PKD (ADPKD)은 유전 질환 인 중 하나 PKD1의 돌연변이, polycystin-1 (PC1), 또는 PKD2를 인코딩 polycystin-2 (PC2)를 인코딩, 다낭성 신장의 결과. 다른 많은 유전자, 차 섬모에있는 단백질을 코딩 특히는, 신장 낭종의 개발...

제브라 피쉬 (다니오 레 리오 (rerio)) 배아 신장 널리 개발 다낭성 신장 질환을 연구 모델로서 이용되어왔다. 가지 동물 모델로서 지브라 피쉬를 사용하는 많은 장점 : 유전 결합 연구의 타당성은, 단백질 녹다운 대한 안티센스 morpholinos (MO)를 사용하는 능력은, 기회 신속 배아 다수를 분석하는, 그리고 오르간 표현형을 쉽게 볼 애벌레 한 생활. pronephros는 척추 동물에서 개발 한 최초의 신장과 애벌레 제브라 피쉬 2에서 작동합니다. pronephros 지브라 피쉬의 구조는 포유류 metanephros 비교적 간단한 비교되고, 마지막 세 번째 신장 포유류 개발. 네프론 어려운 네프론 단일 구조를 관찰 할 수있어 네프론 500,000-1,000,000 3,4- 약 13,000 네프론 (5)를 각각 갖는 마우스 신장 사이 각각 함유 인간 신장과 신장의 작업 단위 In은 인간 또는 마우스 신장. 제브라 피쉬는 두 개의 네프론을 가지고 있으며, 각각의 제브라 피쉬 네프론은 사구체와 생쥐와 인간 (6)와 유사한 전문 신장 세포 유형의 세관에있는 모든 주요 구성 요소가 포함되어 있습니다. 이 닫힌 시스템 (7)을 가지고 있기 때문에 이러한 제노 같은 다른 척추 동물 모델에 비해, 제브라 피쉬 네프론보다 자세히 포유류 네프론을 닮았다. 최근, 제브라 피쉬 게놈 유전자 툴, 광범위한 돌연변이 자원, 제브라 피쉬 모델에서 트랜스 제닉 리포터 라인 모음 넓은 도입을 허용 서열화되었다. 12-72 시간 포스트 수정 (HPF) 간의 제브라 피쉬의 pronephros 양식은 투명 배아에서 쉽게 시각화 할 수 있습니다. Wilm의 종양 단백질 WT1 신장 개발을위한 필수적인 요소이다. wt1b 프로모터의 Tg의 통제하에 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP)를 발현하는 형질 전환 제브라 피쉬의 선 (wt1b : GFP) GFP의 expre을 보여ssion는 특히 17 HPF (8)에서 시작, 제브라 피쉬 배아에서 pronephric 지역에 위치하고 있습니다. Nephronophthisis (NPHP), 상 염색체 열성 낭성 신장 질환, NPHP 유전자 (9)의 돌연변이에 의해 발생합니다. (wt1b : GFP) 모르 폴리 노에 의해 넉다운 NPHP4은의 Tg 낭종 형성 원인이되었다. 물고기를 10 따라서,이 형질 전환 어류 신장 개발하는 동안 신장의 구조와 낭종 형성을 관찰에 적합한 모델입니다. 중요한 것은, 개발 신장의 조절제의 영향은 시간 및 노동 효율적인 방법으로이 균주를 사용하여 조사 할 수있다. 유전자 변조 후 신장 낭종 형성을 시각화하는 모델로 물고기 : 우리의 종이는 Tg가 (GFP wt1b)의 사용에 대해 설명합니다. 우리는 제브라 피쉬의 wnt5a 유전자를 허물고 시작 - 및 스플 라이스 - 사이트 안티센스 수법의 살인을 사용했다. Wnt5a 각종 장기 및 세포 생후의 개발에 중요한 역할이 Wnt 계열의 비정규 분비 된 당 단백질기능 11. Wnt5a은 신 세뇨관 신장 동안 지향 세포 분열에 중요한 역할을하는 것으로 확인되었습니다 평면 셀 극성 (PCP) 경로를 포함하여 비정규의 Wnt 경로를 통해 작동합니다. Wnt5a 더함으로써 Vangl2 안정성 12을 촉진 VANGL 평면 셀 극성 단백질 2 (Vangl2)와 복합체를 형성함으로써 Wnt5a 시그널링을 transduces 티로신 키나제와 같은 수용체 (RYK)과 복합체를 형성함으로써이 Wnt / PCP 경로를 조절한다. PCP 경로의 결함은 임의의 세포 분열을 초래할 신장 낭종 형성의 원인이 될 수 있습니다. wnt5a 최저 다음 신장 낭종 형성을 관찰하는 제브라 피쉬 라인 : 우리는 Tg가 (GFP wt1b)을 사용했다. Tg는 (wt1b : GFP) 제브라 피쉬 모델은 라이브 이미징 및 신장 구조의 적시 관찰 할 수 있습니다. wnt5a 최저 후, 신장 낭종 형성은 24 HPF에서 시작 발견되었다; 72 HPF에서 낭종은 사구체 근위 세뇨관에서 볼 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 또한 (S)에 사용될 수있다신장 낭종 형성 발생할 수 있습니다 creen 다른 유전자.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1135">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">0.5% Phenol-Red</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">P0290</td>
			<td style="width:491px;">Color indicator for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Morpholino</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Genn Tools, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">(customized)</td>
			<td>Customized designed to the gene of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Pre-pulled needle</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Tritech Research</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MINJ-PP</td>
			<td style="width:491px;">If large amount of needle is required, you can also purchase a needle puller and prepare the needle in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">T7 mMessage Kit</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1344</td>
			<td>For in vitro transcription to make capped mRNA for rescue experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">N-Phenylthiourea</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">P7629</td>
			<td>For prevention of melanization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tricaine</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">A5040</td>
			<td>Also called ethyl 3-aminobenzoate, for zebrafish anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Methyl Cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">M-0387</td>
			<td>For position of zebrafish&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">28104</td>
			<td>For purification of PCR product for cap RNA synthesis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">dNTP mix</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">U1511</td>
			<td>For PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tag DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">10342-053</td>
			<td>For PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;"></td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;"></td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">NanoDrop sepctrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td>For measure morpholino and RNA concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Air Compressor</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Werther International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Panther Compact 106</td>
			<td>Air source for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Pico micro-injection pump</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">PV830 Pnematic PicoPump</td>
			<td>Other types of microinjection system can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Micro-manuplator</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MMJR</td>
			<td>Right-handed (MMJL for left handed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">5430-ALL</td>
			<td>To hold needle for micromanipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Dumont Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Fine Surgical Tools</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">11253-20</td>
			<td>For breaking off the needle tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica M205C&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td>For observing and imaging zebrafish embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Fluorscence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss Axio Obserer D1m &#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td>For imaging zebrafish pronephros</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Capillary tube (I.D 0.15 mm)</td>
			<td>VitroCom</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">CV1525Q-100</td>
			<td>For measure the volume of each injected drop</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease: knockdown of wnt5a causes cysts in zebrafish kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to &#8220;off-target&#8221; effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.

Wnt5a 노크 번역 MO 차단을 도입하여 달성되었다 (AUG-MO) 또는 하나의 셀 단계에서 제브라 피쉬 배아에 엑손 / 인트론 경계 스플 라이스 MO (스플 라이스-MO). 월 - MO 따라서, 두 모자 접합체 wnt5a 메시지를 억제, 개시 코돈을 대상으로합니다. MO-접합부는 제 스플 라이스 공여 부위를 표적으로 wnt5a (도 1A)만을 전사 접합체를 억제한다. (behavior)을 증대하고 splice- morphants 곱슬 꼬리?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys at JoVE.com

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish.

다낭성 신장 질환의 가능한 제브라 피쉬 모델 :의 넉다운<em&gt; wnt5a</em&gt; Zebrafish의 신장의 낭종 원인

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

11.0K 조회수.  Eastern Virginia Medical School. We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish. 

비디오: A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Adult Zebrafish Using Cryoinjury

The mammalian heart is incapable of significant regeneration following an acute injury such as myocardial infarction1. By contrast, urodele amphibians and teleost fish retain a remarkable capacity for cardiac regeneration with little or no scarring throughout life2,3. It is not known why only some non-mammalian vertebrates can recreate a complete organ from remnant tissues4,5. To understand the molecular and cellular differences between regenerative responses in different species, we need to use similar approaches for inducing acute injuries.
In mammals, the most frequently used model to study cardiac repair has been acute ischemia after a ligation of the coronary artery or tissue destruction after cryoinjury6,7. The cardiac regeneration in newts and zebrafish has been predominantly studied after a partial resection of the ventricular apex2,3. Recently, several groups have established the cryoinjury technique in adult zebrafish8-10. This method has a great potential because it allows a comparative discussion of the results obtained from the mammalian and non-mammalian species.
Here, we present a method to induce a reproducible disc-shaped infarct of the zebrafish ventricle by cryoinjury. This injury model is based on rapid freezing-thawing tissue, which results in massive cell death of about 20% of cardiomyocytes of the ventricular wall. First, a small incision was made through the chest with iridectomy scissors to access the heart. The ventricular wall was directly frozen by applying for 23-25 seconds a stainless steel cryoprobe precooled in liquid nitrogen. To stop the freezing of the heart, fish water at room temperature was dropped on the tip of the cryoprobe. The procedure is well tolerated by animals, with a survival rate of 95%.
To characterize the regenerative process, the hearts were collected and fixed at different days after cryoinjury. Subsequently, the specimen were embedded for cryosectioning. The slides with sections were processed for histological analysis, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. This undertaking enhances our understanding of the factors that are required for the regenerative plasticity in the zebrafish, and provide new insights into the machinery of cardiac regeneration. A conceptual and molecular understanding of heart regeneration in zebrafish will impact both developmental biology and regenerative medicine.

Zebrafish represents a valuable model to study the mechanisms of heart regeneration in vertebrates. Here, we present a protocol for induction of a heart infarct in adult zebrafish using cryoinjury. This method results in massive cell death within 20% of the ventricular wall, similar to that observed in mammalian infarcts.

성인 Zebrafish에서 심근 경색의 유도는 Cryoinjury 사용

The mammalian heart is incapable of significant regeneration following an acute injury such as myocardial infarction1. By contrast, urodele amphibians and ...

연구

의학

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

태아 알코올 노출의 Zebrafish 모델에서 Teratogenic 변경 사항 평가

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

Polycystic 신장 질환과 함께 인간과 마우스의 염색체 이상을 공부하는 스펙트럼 Karyotyping

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

Zebrafish Autochthonous 종양 모델을 사용하여 흑종 조절을위한 검사

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory and large scale clinical trials has revealed that diabetic complications progress unimpeded via the phenomenon of metabolic memory even when glycemic control is pharmaceutically achieved. Gene expression can be stably altered through epigenetic changes which not only allow cells and organisms to quickly respond to changing environmental stimuli but also confer the ability of the cell to "memorize" these encounters once the stimulus is removed. As such, the roles that these mechanisms play in the metabolic memory phenomenon are currently being examined.
We have recently reported the development of a zebrafish model of type I diabetes mellitus and characterized this model to show that diabetic zebrafish not only display the known secondary complications including the changes associated with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and impaired wound healing but also exhibit impaired caudal fin regeneration. This model is unique in that the zebrafish is capable to regenerate its damaged pancreas and restore a euglycemic state similar to what would be expected in post-transplant human patients. Moreover, multiple rounds of caudal fin amputation allow for the separation and study of pure epigenetic effects in an in vivo system without potential complicating factors from the previous diabetic state. Although euglycemia is achieved following pancreatic regeneration, the diabetic secondary complication of fin regeneration and skin wound healing persists indefinitely. In the case of impaired fin regeneration, this pathology is retained even after multiple rounds of fin regeneration in the daughter fin tissues. These observations point to an underlying epigenetic process existing in the metabolic memory state. Here we present the methods needed to successfully generate the diabetic and metabolic memory groups of fish and discuss the advantages of this model.

Metabolic memory is the phenomenon by which diabetic complications persist and progress unimpeded even after euglycemia is achieved pharmaceutically. Here we describe a diabetes mellitus zebrafish model which is unique in that it allows for the examination of the mitotically transmissible epigenetic components of metabolic memory in vivo.

당뇨병과 신진 대사 메모리의 Zebrafish 모델

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

만성 신장 질환 환자에서 혈관 기능의 평가

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease, and are very convenient for rapid drug screening and testing of promising therapies. A limiting factor in these studies is often the lack of efficient non-invasive methods for sequentially analyzing the anatomical and functional changes in the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current gold standard imaging technique to follow autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients, providing excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail and allowing Total Kidney Volume (TKV) measurements.A major advantage of MRI in rodent models of PKD is the possibility for in vivo imaging allowing for longitudinal studies that use the same animal and therefore reducing the total number of animals required. In this manuscript, we will focus on using Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI to non-invasively acquire in vivo images of rodent models for PKD. The main goal of this work is to introduce the use of MRI as a tool for in vivo phenotypical characterization and drug monitoring in rodent models for PKD.

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

대한 다낭성 신장 질환의 작은 설치류 모델에서 매우 높은 필드 MRI의 사용<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 표현형 의약품 모니터링

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Because of its convenience and amenability to high throughput genetic manipulations, the generation of acquired cardiomyopathy models, such as the doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) model in adult zebrafish, is opening the doors to new research avenues, including discovering cardiomyopathy modifiers via forward genetic screening. Different from the embryonic zebrafish DIC model, both initial acute and later chronic phases of cardiomyopathy can be determined in the adult zebrafish DIC model, enabling the study of stage-dependent signaling mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. However, variable results can be obtained with the current model, even in the hands of experienced investigators. To facilitate future implementation of the DIC model, we present a detailed protocol on how to generate this DIC model in adult zebrafish and describe two alternative ways of intraperitoneal (IP) injection. We further discuss options on how to reduce variations to obtain reliable results and provide suggestions on how to appropriately interpret the results.

A method to generate a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) is described here. Two alternative ways of intraperitoneal injection are presented and conditions to reduce variations among different experimental groups are discussed.

성인 제 브라에서 독 소 루비 유발 심근 모델

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

신장 기능 사 질병 마우스 모델에서의 평가

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...