The authors have no acknowledgements.

윤리 문 : 모든 절차는 시드니 대학의 동물 윤리위원회의 승인을 국민 건강과 호주 가이드 라인의 의학 연구위원회 (Medical Research Council)를 본했다. 절차는 대학 시드니의 보쉬 설치류 시설에서 양육 된 C57 / BL6J 마우스에서 수행되었다. 모든 마우스는 건조 식품과 물에 대한 광고 무제한으로 액세스 할 수있는 개별 환기 케이지에서 0600 시간에 조명 12 시간 명암주기에 21 ° C의 주변 온도에서 단일 적절하게 통풍이 방에 보관되었다. 늦은 임신 여성을 무작위로 표준 또는 환경 풍부한 주거 조건에 할당되었다. 1. 주택 (농축 레벨) : <ol><li> 4 늦은 임신 성인 여성 쥐를 얻습니다. 무작위로 표준 상태에 2를 지정하고 하나의 빨간색 마우스 이글루를 포함하는 깨끗한 표준 마우스 케이지 (전체 크기 391 X 199 X 160mm)로 각각 배치합니다. 농축 된 상태의 경우, REMA를 배치ining 하나의 깨끗한 쥐 크기의 케이지에 2 마우스 (전체 치수 X 404mm 462 X 403). </li><li> 농축 케이지에, 감각과 운동 자극을 증가하도록 설계 객체의 다양한 (예 : 실행 휠, 시각적 자극, 냄새가 좋은면 공, 벨크로 스트립)를 배치합니다. </li><li> 모든 2~3일 새장 안에 대한 이러한 객체를 이동; 파괴 된 그 어떤를 새로 고칩니다. </li><li> 그들이 제기 된 환경 조건과 일치 남녀 분리 하우징 후 21 일 출생, 섹스 동물과 장소에서 이유시. 풍부한 조건은 2 케이지 당 3 10 마우스 및 표준을위한 5 마우스 사이에 있다는 것을 확인합니다. 동물 성인 (나이 12-14 주)에 도달하면 행동 테스트를 개시합니다. </li></ol> 퍼즐 상자 2. 건설 <ol><li> 6 흰색 아크릴 조각 (또는 다른 비 다공성 물질) 확보 : 한 750 X 280mm, 두 280 X 250mm, 두 750 X 250mm, 하나의 150 X 280mm (그림 1 참조). </li><li> 40 X 40mm 광장 개방이 조각의 한면으로 잘라, 검은 색 아크릴의 한 조각 280 X 250mm를 얻습니다 (그림 1 참조). </li><li> 다음과 같이 퍼즐 상자를 조립 : 상자의 바닥과 750 X 280mm 조각을 사용하여 상자의 끝, 그리고 상자의 측면과 750 X 250mm 조각으로 280 X 250mm 조각을 사용합니다. </li><li> 상자의 바닥에 구멍 플러시 (대형 하나 하나의 작은)를 하나의 끝에서 상자에 150mm를 측정하고, 두 개의 구획으로 분할하도록 상자에서 아크릴의 검은 조각을 배치합니다. </li><li> 흰색 아크릴의 150 X 280mm 조각을 가지고 어두운 &quot;목표 상자&quot;챔버를 제공, 확인 완전히이 지역을 커버하고 상자의 작은 구획 위에 놓습니다. 경첩에 의해 주요 상자의 몸에 아크릴이 조각을 부착, 또는 완전히 행동​​ 테스트 중에 제거 할 자유 둡니다. </li><li> 아크릴 (세 4 × 120mm)의 3 개를 가지고 &quot;U-shap를 만들기 위해 가입ED &quot;채널. </li></ol><img alt="그림 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52225/52225fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 그림 1 : 퍼즐 박스 작업의 개략도. 퍼즐 박스는 오픈 필드 영역 (600 × 280mm)와 모두 750 X 280mm를 측정 숨겨 목표 박스 영역 (150 X 280mm)로 구성된 아크릴 상자입니다. 두 영역을 분리하는 파티션 (회색) 내에서 40 X 40mm 개방은 동물 열기 필드에서 덮여 목표 상자 영역에 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 이 구멍은 시험이 진행됨에 따라 제거 점점 더 어려운 장애물로 차단됩니다. 동물들은 각각 세 개의 실험 조건에 대한 네 개의 폐색 상태로 구성된 5 일간 프로토콜을 겪는다. 퍼즐 박스 작업 3. 실행 <ol><li> 철저히 70 % 알코올로 퍼즐 상자를 청소합니다. 각 시험 동물 사이에이 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 목표 상자 아칸소에서 깨끗한 빨간색 마우스 이글루를 배치퍼즐 박스의 개, 그리고 목표 상자의 뚜껑을 교체합니다. </li><li> 테스트되고, 폐색 상태가 발생하면, 목표 박스 내의 출입구 방해를 배치 (도 2 참조). </li><li> 마우스가 목표 상자 지향 퍼즐 박스의 오픈 필드 섹션으로, 테스트 및 목표 상자에서 마지막 인 제되고 놓습니다. </li><li> 퍼즐 상자의 목표 박스 섹션을 입력 동물의 네 발에 걸리는 시간을 기록한다. </li><li> 동물 목표 박스를 입력하지 않으면 설정된 제한 시간 (표 1 참조)에 도달하면, 시험을 종료. </li><li> 시험이 끝나면, 퍼즐 박스에서 동물을 제거하고 다음 재판이 시작될 때까지 별도의 유지 케이지에 넣습니다. 각 동물에 대한 실험 사이에 60-180 초 격차를 유지합니다. </li><li> 각 동물의 경우, 네 개의 장애물 조건과 각 조건의 세 가지 시험으로, 시험의 연속 5 일 동안 하루에 세 가지 시험을 수행합니다. 세 번째 트라이소정의 폐색 상태를 알 항상 후속 일에 투여한다 (표 1 참조). </li></ol><img alt="표 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52225/52225table1.jpg" width="500" /> 표 1 : 퍼즐 박스 작업의 계획. 퍼즐 박스 작업은 5 일 동안 실행, 4 폐쇄 상태로 구성된다. 세 제 나흘 각 시험 및 일째 하나가있다. 각 방해 조건은 세 가지 시험이있다; 언젠가 처음 두, 세 번째 날 직후. 장애물 조건의 첫 번째 재판이 기본 문제 해결 능력을 테스트하는 것을 목표로, 두 번째 시험은 작업 수집 및 강화를 검사, 세 번째 시험은 솔루션 보유 및 리콜에 대한 분석으로 사용됩니다. <img alt="그림 2" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52225/52225fig2highres.jpg" width="600" /> 그림 2 : 방해퍼즐 상자 작업 내에서 이온 상태. 퍼즐 박스 무대와 본 연구에서 사용 방해 조건의 개략도. (A) 조건 0 (C0), 오픈 필드와 목표 박스 영역 사이의 출입구 내 장애물이없는 존재와. (B) 조건 1 (C1 ), 오픈 필드와 목표 박스 영역 사이의 출입구 내에서 &quot;U 모양&quot;채널 선물. (C) 채널이 깨끗한 침구 소재로 가득 조건 2 (C2),. (D) 조건 3 (C3 ), 오픈 필드와 목표 박스 영역 사이의 출입구 내에 존재하는 &quot;조직 플러그&quot;와. (E) 오픈 필드와 목표 상자 사이의 출입구 내에 존재 &quot;폼 플러그&quot;와 조건 4 (C4) 지역. 방법 및 그림 1에 따라 경기장의 크기입니다. 데이터 4. 해석 <ol><li> 시간 중 하나가 COM에 취한 데이터를 표현또는 null 시험의 수 (null의 동물이 지정된 제한 시간 내에 작업을 완료하지 않은 시험 포함) 재판을하는 것이 현명한 방법. </li><li> 간 주제 요인으로 폐쇄 형 / 상태 (C) 및 작업 번호 (T) 내 - 과목 요인과 (농축 대 기준) 농축 수준, 퍼즐 박스 내에서 성능에 주택 조건의 효과를 평가하기 위해 반복 측정 ANOVA를 사용하여 . </li></ol>

The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

제시된 데이터는 퍼즐 상자 효과적으로 사용될 수 EE의 영향을 평가하는 것을 보여준다. 풍부한 환경에서 발생하는 마우스는 지속적으로 표준 실험실 조건에서 제기 동물보다이 행동 분석에서 방해 퍼즐을 해결하는 데 훨씬 더 적은 시간이 걸렸습니다. 또한,이 차이는 EE 태스크가 제시 한 문제에 대한 해결책을 강화하거나 유지하는 능력을 기준으로 동물의 기본 문제 해결 능력에 더 큰 영향력을...

환경 농축 (EE)은 일관 초래, 동물의 행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다 사회적 상호 작용, 운동 활동, 통상 표준 실험실 environment.EE 경험보다 더 감각 자극에 대한 증가 된 기회를 가진 동물을 제공하는 환경으로 정의 될 수있다 이러한 학습과 기억 작업의 스트레스와 불안 관련 활동 8-10의 감소, 성능 향상 등의 변경 8, 11, 모터 조정과 탐구 활동 (11), 중독성 물질에 산모 관리 (8)뿐만 아니라 저항의 변화를 조기에 발병 12 15. 또한, EE는 발병을 지연시키고 헌팅 1-4,16, 파킨슨 (17) 및 알츠하이머 병 (18)의 동물 모델에서 증상의 중증도를 감소, 신경 퇴행성 질환의 효과를 개선하기 위해 보여왔다. 이러한 변화는 고전EE는 뇌 전반에 걸쳐 유도하는 것으로 알려져 해부학 분자 변경에 관한 것이다. 개발의 초기 단계에서 풍부한 환경에서 자란 동물 9,2-22과 시냅스 밀도 23 분기 수지상 증가 뇌 무게와 대뇌 피질의 두께를 포함하는 신경 변경의 무수를 보여준다. EE는 레벨 가속 감각 25,26,28,29 개발, 니모닉 (30)뿐만 아니라, 모터 회로들 (31, 32)에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다 성장 인자 발현 9,24-30, 양쪽의 타이밍을 변경할 수있다. 계정에 개별 연구 9,24,27,30 내에서 사용되는 동물과 환경의 다른 유형을 고려하지 않고, EE의 영향을 조사 할 때 이전 작업은 시간 모순 된 연구 결과에서 밝혀졌다. 현재, 상이한 균주의 다양한 사양 EE 패러다임의 효과를 측정하는 데 사용될 수있는 단순하고 일관된 행동 태스크가 없다동물의 이거 야. 퍼즐 박스 작업은 동물의 기본 문제는 능력 (7)을 해결 결정하는 간단한 테스트로 설계되었다. 오픈 영역에 배치 동물 덮여 지역 / 쉼터를 액세스하기 위해 작은 구멍에 위치하고 물질을 방해 제거해야합니다. 각 피실험자 세 가지인지 적 속성을 평가하기 위해 동일한 장애물 세 실험을 설명한다. 첫 시도는 고유 또는 기본 문제 해결 능력의 기준 표시를 산출한다. 동일한 날에 실행 번째 시험은을 개선하고, 따라서 특정 장애물을 제거하기위한 전략을 강화하는 동물의 능력의 어떤 표시를 제공한다. 다음 날짜에 이루어진 세 번째 시험은 작업에 학습 솔루션을 유지하고 기억하는 주체의 능력에 대한 통찰력을 제공합니다. 동물이 &quot;방해 퍼즐&quot;을 해결하기위한 동기는 잠재적으로 변화 될 수있다들판을 방지하고 주변 환경 6,7 탐험 쉼터뿐만 아니라 고유의 드라이브를 추구하는 타고난 욕망을 불러 일으킨다. 퍼즐 상자를 해결하기 위해 욕망을 기본 잠재적 인 행동 드라이버의 다수는 뇌의 다양한 영역이 작업 성능을 중재에 참여하는 것이 좋습니다. 이전 연구는 정신 분열증의 쥐 모델에서, 전두엽 피질뿐만 아니라 해마가이 작업 (5)의 인수에 참여하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 쥐의 병변 연구는 또한 다양한 시상 핵, 시상 하부, 소뇌, 그리고 변연계 구조를 포함 퍼즐 박스 성능에 관련된 뇌 영역의 큰 숫자를 공개했다. 함께, 이러한 결과는 작업을 해결하는이 문제에 관여하는 것은인지 기능과 관련된 신경 구조의 호스트를 포함 나타냅니다. 퍼즐 상자 m에 의해 전시 된 쥐의 능력을 문제 해결뿐만 아니라인지 적자를 평가하기 위해 성공적으로 사용되어왔다정신 분열증 5-7의 소변 모델. 작업의 성능은 매우 일관성이 있어야하고, 다른인지 행동 검사 (6)의 결과와 상관 관계가 밝혀졌다. 이 연구의 목적은 EE의 유효성을 판정하는 간단하고 신뢰성있는 방법이 될 퍼즐 상자 태스크에 적응하는 것이였다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Acrylic Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>750 x 280 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Acrylic Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>280 x 250 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Acrylic Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>280 x 250 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Acrylic Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>750 x 250 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Acrylic Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>750 x 250 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Acrylic Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>150 x 280 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Acrylic Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>280 x 250 mm with a 40 x 40 mm &#34;door&#34; cut into one side</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Underpass</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 pieces of 40 x 120 mm plexiglass or acrylic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Note: If unable to access acrylic board, plexiglass or similar non-porous material will suffice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Webcam</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>C210</td>
			<td>Fix to roof with electrical tape. Alternatively, use a tripod.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VirtualDub v1.10.4</td>
			<td>VirtualDub</td>
			<td>N/A&#160;</td>
			<td>Software for recording behaviour videos. Input from webcam.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TopScan v 3.0</td>
			<td>CleverSys Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A&#160;</td>
			<td>Software for automated top-view tracking and analysis of mouse behaviour. Captured videos are analysed post-hoc.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of the puzzle box as a means of assessing the efficacy of environmental enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

여기에 설명 된 결과는 다른 새끼로 구성된 여러 동료에서 가져온 데이터, 대표 샘플입니다. 모든 행동 테스트는 코호트 내에서 동물의 무작위 시험 순서로, 0700 및 1100 시간 사이에 실시되었다. (15, 7 여성 8 남성 N = ()를 참조 풍부한 환경에서 자란 동물 (N = 14, 7 여성 7 남성) 표준 환경에서 제기보다 퍼즐 박스 내에서 방해 작업을 해결하기 위해 훨씬 적은 시간이 걸렸습니다 그림 3) (?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment at JoVE.com

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

보충 환경의 효능을 평가하는 수단으로서 퍼즐 상자의 사용

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

the-use-puzzle-box-as-means-assessing-efficacy-environmental

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.5K 조회수.  University of Sydney. Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple “Puzzle Box” method for assessing an animal’s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

비디오: The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

고무 손 환상 패러다임에서 목표 행동 측정을 확보하는 수단으로 Crossmodal 일치 성은 작업

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

연구

행동분석학

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

소설 작업을 사용하여 일방적 경부 SCI​​ 후 앞다리의 기능을 평가 : 사지 스텝 교대, 자세 불안정 및 파스타 처리

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

우울증 같은 행동의 모델로 강제 수영 테스트

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. They observed that individual types of engagement had not been studied in conjunction, and little information was available about interactions or synergy between the dimensions; consequently, more studies would contribute to creating finely tuned teaching interventions. Benefiting from the recent technological advances in neurosciences, this paper presents a recently developed methodology to gather and synchronize data on multidimensional engagement during learning tasks. The technique involves the collection of (a) electroencephalography, (b) electrodermal, (c) eye-tracking, and (d) facial emotion recognition data on four different computers. This led to synchronization issues for data collected from multiple sources. Post synchronization in specialized integration software gives researchers a better understanding of the dynamics between the multiple dimensions of engagement. For curriculum developers, these data could provide informed guidelines for achieving better instruction/learning efficiency. This technique also opens up possibilities in the field of brain-computer interactions, where adaptive learning or assessment environments could be developed.

This paper aims to describe the techniques involved in the collection and synchronization of the multiple dimensions (behavioral, affective and cognitive) of learners&#8217; engagement during a task.

참여의 여러 차원을 평가하는 것은 학습의 특성을 : 신경 생리학 관점

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

충동 식품 선택을 감소시키는 수단으로서 에러

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

환경에서 신호의 결합 효과에 미치는 영향을 시험하는 방법<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

손잡이 Supination 작업: 쥐의 Forelimb 함수를 평가 하기 위한 반 자동화 방법

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

New Zealand White (NZW) laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as well as their ancestors the European Rabbit, are a social species that exhibit numerous benefits to being housed accordingly. Although these rabbits are innately gregarious, certain behaviors can still arise when kept in captivity, which if left unchecked, can confound research results or lead to wounding, which in extreme cases can be severe. To prevent these issues, there must be a well-structured plan for the monitoring and maintenance of paired laboratory rabbits. The purpose of this protocol is to present effective procedures for establishing newly paired NZW rabbits as well as methods for successful maintenance. Multiple methods have been tested for the creation of newly paired female rabbits from the vendor, but the most efficacious technique emphasizes capitalizing on the stress bonding from transport, urine marking, pairing in a neutral cage with no forced sharing of resources and a system of monitoring and intervention. To determine the best method of housing paired rabbits in a standard caging environment, data were collected to generate a behavioral ethogram. Behaviors were then quantified as positive, neutral or negative and were tracked across the lifespan of the pair to determine which behaviors indicated pair success or failure. With the newfound knowledge of socially housed laboratory NZW rabbit behavior, enrichment intervention was applied to alleviate aggression and prevent wounding, thus resulting in a higher percentage of successful pairs. Through several years of trialing different pairing methods, the development of the ethogram and the resulting enrichment interventions, understanding of the highly complex social constructs that dominate pair housed rabbit behavior has dramatically increased and allowed for the provision of more species-specific care and increased standards of welfare.

Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

Though European rabbits are a social species, socially housing them can be challenging. Therefore, there must be a thorough understanding of behaviors and social structures of pair-housed laboratory rabbits. Here we present a protocol to identify pairing methods, species-typical hierarchy establishment behaviors and behaviors that warrant appropriate intervention.

페어링의 방법은 및 쌍의 유지 보수 뉴질랜드 백색 토끼 (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) 모니터링, 행동 Ethogram 통해 개입

New Zealand White (NZW) laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as well as their ancestors the European Rabbit, are a social species that exhibit ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

Assessing the Coherence of Parents&#039; Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

5분 음성 샘플 절차를 사용하여 자녀에 관한 부모의 짧은 이야기의 일관성 평가

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a substantial pressure coming from customers, legislators and other stakeholders, to make management changes to improve the well-being of these animals. Several studies have demonstrated that providing environmental enrichment to pigs allows them to express their natural behavior, such as rooting and exploring, as well as nesting prior to farrowing, and is associated with reduced stress and improved production and welfare. However, many considerations should be taken into account when providing environmental enrichment, such as the type of floor, drainage and sewage systems, the pigs&#39; stage in life, the material, as well as its hanging method, height and location within the pen. The objectives of this paper are (1) to give methodologic information on how to provide a relatively simple and practical meaningful environmental enrichment for pigs which are housed on slatted floors during the different stages of their life, and (2) to demonstrate how to collect saliva samples for the measurement of cortisol concentrations, as a biomarker for acute stress. Protocols include information regarding the use of jute, cotton ropes, straw in racks, as well as chewable silicone sticks devices as environmental enrichment in pens of farrowing and lactation, weaners and finishers. In addition, the use of cotton rope for a non-invasive saliva samples collection for cortisol concentrations analysis is detailed. The protocols provided are relevant for professionals aiming to improve and monitor animal welfare, in both research and industrial swine farming.

This protocol demonstrates how to provide practical meaningful environmental enrichment for pigs which are housed on slatted flooring during the different stages of their lives, and how to collect saliva samples in a non-invasive manner for the measurement of cortisol concentrations, as a biomarker for acute stress.

슬레이트 바닥에 보관된 돼지에서 의미 있는 환경 농축 및 타액 코티솔 측정

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a ...