교신 저자는 장학금의 제공을 위해 과학 기술 CONACYT의 멕시코 정부의 국가위원회를 인정하고 싶습니다.

참고 : 아래의 지침은 프로토콜 (그림 1)에 대한 것입니다. 프로토콜 B, C 및 D에 대한 수정도 나열되어 있습니다. 1. 알루미늄 바 준비 <ol><li> 도가니에 상업 순도 알루미늄 잉곳 - (1kg 500g) 큰 조각을 놓습니다. </li><li> 용융 될 때까지 약 1 시간 동안 800 ° C에서로에서 도가니를 놓습니다. </li><li> 퍼니스에서 도가니를 취하여 약 ½ mm의 간극을 제공 침윤 (51mm)을 위해 사용되는 챔버의 최종 직경보다 약간 작은 직경 50mm를, 통 형상 주형에 용융 알루미늄을 붓는다. </li><li> 막대가 식을 때까지 1 시간 정도 기다립니다. </li><li> 금형에서 줄을 제거합니다. </li><li> 띠톱를 사용하여, 4- 동일한 크기의 조각으로 잘랐다. </li><li> 모래 각 조각의 가장자리는 침투 형에 잘 맞는을 보장합니다. </li></ol> 2. 전기로 준비 <ol><li> # 740에 도달하는 노 프로그램(176) 적어도 2 시간 동안 C 고원. </li><li> 20 ° C / 분 노의 가열 속도를 설정한다. </li></ol> 3. 프리폼 준비 위한 목적 발포체의 높이에 따라 100g 및 300g 사이 침윤 사용할 염화나트륨의 양을 변화 : 참고. <ol><li> 직경 (1.4 mm와 1.7 mm 사이의 범위 등) 요구되는 기공 크기 범위에 대응하여, NaCl을 사용 침윤을 선택한다. 재료는 고순도 화학 물질 공급자로부터 얻을 수있다, 또는 슈퍼마켓 구입 식염 (예 : 물질은 요오드 및 고결 제와 같은 첨가물을 가질 것이지만, 이러한 상당한 정도로 실제로 영향의 처리를하지 않음) 사용할 수있다. </li><li> 적절한 크기 범위의 체를 선택하고 하단의 작은 구멍 크기의 기본 컨테이너 스택. </li><li> 염화나트륨의 공급 업체 &#39;가방에서 약 500 g을 적층 체에 부어. </li><li> 체를 선동또는 수동으로 1 분 동안 체 진탕을 사용. </li><li> 염화나트륨이 큰 구멍 크기의 체 및 용기 저부에 남아 버린다 염화나트륨 침윤에 사용되는 작은 조리개 체에 남아. </li><li> 획득 침투 염화나트륨의 양을 달아. </li><li> 양이 부족하면, 반복 3.7 3.4 단계를 반복합니다. 참고 : 프로토콜 B, C 또는 D의 경우, 미세 염화나트륨 (&lt;500 μm의) 100 g을 얻었다. 이 프리폼에 공기가 적절하게 실을 탈출하지 않는 경우에 침투 동안 프리폼에 갇힌 공기의 금형에 여분의 공간을 만듭니다. </li></ol> 4. 금형 준비 <ol><li> 모두 위쪽과 아래쪽 가장자리에 대한 특별한 고려를 복용, 사포 및 실험실 용지 롤, 깨끗한 금형 실린더 (그림 2)을 사용하고, 이전 사용에서 눈에 띄는 불순물을 무료로 금형을 유지. </li><li> 얇게 피복을 생성 질화 붕소 에어로졸 스프레이 형 실린더의 내부에 스프레이몰드의 내부. 주 : 몰드의 원래 색상이 스프레이의 백색 층으로 대체 될 때 달성된다; 그것의 특정 농도를 측정 할 필요가 없다. </li><li> (원하는 경우 추가 건조에 적용될 수있다 최대 1 시간 동안 약 100 ° C까지 가열) RT에서 적어도 5 분 동안 주형 실린더 마른하자. </li><li> 미세 사포를 사용하여, 실린더 몰드 몰드베이스 사이의 밀봉을 개선하기 위해, 실린더 몰드의 에지로부터 질화 붕소 중 어느 잔사를 제거한다. 주 : 다음의 3 단계 프로토콜 A와 B위한 것입니다; 프로토콜 C와 D의 뚜껑에 대해 하나의 개스킷 링을 잘라. </li><li> 노동 조합에 대한 다른 1mm 두께의 흑연 시트 2 개스킷 링 (OD = 60mm, ID = 51mm), 금형 실린더의 위쪽 가장자리와 밸브 시스템에 이르기까지의 금형 뚜껑 사이의 노동 조합에 대한 하나를 잘라 몰드 실린더의 하부 에지와베이스 사이에 몰드. </li><li> 몰드베이스 홈에 개스킷 중 하나를 놓습니다. </li><li> 맥주 냉각 및 맥주를 따르는 것용 배치가스켓 홈에 실린더의 금형 OM. </li><li> 베이스 홈에 바닥을 고정 금형 실린더의 상단에 망치로 깬다. 주 : 프로토콜 B, C, 또는 D의 경우, 다음의 단계를 더 추가한다. <ol><li> 금형 실린더에 좋은 염화나트륨 (&lt;500 μm의)의 100g을 붓고 미세 염화나트륨이 높은 밀도로 포장되어 있는지 확인하기 위해 망치로 가볍게의 상단을 눌러 포경 알루미늄 막대 상단을 평평. 참고 : 프로토콜은 다음과 같은 단계를 추가 D의 경우. </li><li> 미세 염화나트륨에 대해을 눌러 포경 알루미늄 바, 망치를 사용, 금형 지름 (51mm)의 크기를 담요와 미세​​ 염화나트륨의 상단에 배치 부드러운 2mm 두께의 세라믹 Kaowool의 2 원을 잘라. </li></ol></li><li> 염화나트륨을 따르는 데 금형 실린더에 침투한다. 참고 : 프로토콜은 다음과 같은 단계를 추가 D의 경우. <ol><li> 기본 홈에서 이동하지 않도록 금형 실린더를 제작, 진동 테이블에 몰드베이스를 연결합니다. 진동0.01 m의 진폭이 50 Hz에서 1 분. </li></ol></li><li> 베이스를 선택하고 곰팡이가 상단에 평평한 표면을 형성하는 내부의 염화나트륨 때까지 가볍게 흔들어 장소에서 실린더의 상단을 들고. </li><li> 염화나트륨 프리폼의 상단에 제조 된 알루미늄 막대를 놓습니다. </li><li> 금형 뚜껑의 홈에 흑연 가스켓을 놓습니다. </li><li> 손으로베이스에 4 스테인레스 스틸 스터드 나사 렌치를 사용하여베이스의 상단에 스테인레스 스틸 너트와 와셔 4 세트로 고정하고 스터드를 통해 금형 실린더의 상단에있는 금형 뚜껑을 배치합니다. </li><li> 토크 렌치 (16) N · m로 설정하면, 4 스레드 봉베이스에 나사와 너트가 제자리에 금형 뚜껑을 잠 조여 뚜껑을 통해 확장에 대한 스틸 너트와 와셔의 4 세트 나사. </li><li> 가스켓, 클램프, 볼트와 나비 너트, 밸브 시스템에 뚜껑의 상단을 연결합니다. </li><li> 시스템의 모든 밸브를 닫습니다. </li><li> t 선도 밸브를 열고그 진공 펌프와 몰드 (밸브 (3)). </li><li> 밸브 시스템의 다이얼 게이지가 가능한 최저 압력을 표시 할 때까지 진공 펌프를 켭니다. </li><li> 진공 펌프의 전원을 끄십시오. </li><li> 진공 시스템에서의 손실이 시일 진공 펌프 종료 후 처음 10 초 동안 50 토르 / 초의 속도보다 낮 으면 충분히 침투 좋다. </li><li> 진공 펌프 밸브 (밸브 1) 주위 압력에서 시스템을 유지하고 닫습니다 뚜껑 밸브 개방 (밸브 3)를 둡니다. </li><li> 밸브 시스템을 분리하지 않고, 예열로에서 금형을 배치하고, 1 시간 동안 기다린다. </li></ol> 5. 침투 <ol><li> 시스템 (그림 3)의 모든 밸브를 닫습니다. </li><li> 아르곤 가스 실린더 (밸브 2)로 이어지는 밸브를 엽니 다. </li><li> 아르곤 가스 탱크 주밸브를 열고 조절 밸브와 침투 압력 설정 (염화나트륨 입경 1.7 mm 1.4 mm의 범위를, 3.5 바의 압력을 사용한다). 참고 : 프로토콜 B의 경우, 3 줄의 침투 압력이 사용된다. 프로토콜 C와 D 1 bar의 압력을 사용하여 </li><li> 신속한 방식으로, 리드 밸브 (밸브 (3))를 연다. </li><li> 1 분 후,로에서 금형을 제거하고 (이 경우, 구리 블록)의 냉각 표면 위에 올려 놓는다. 주 : 냉각 동안, 시스템 내의 압력을 변경한다. 이 프로세스의 제 5 분 동안, 레귤레이터로 나타낸 압력에주의하고 필요한 경우 다시 침투 압력에 조정한다. </li></ol> 6. 샘플 추출 <ol><li> 곰팡이가 빛 내열 장갑으로 처리 할 수​​있을만큼 멋진 30 분, 후, 밸브 시스템을 분리하고 워크 벤치 바이스에 몰드베이스를 배치합니다. 실린더의 상단에서 뚜껑을 풉니 다. </li><li> 뚜껑으로 가볍게베이스 홈에서 금형 실린더를 풀어 바이스의 그립에 수직 방향으로 망치와 금형 실린더의 상단을 누릅니다. </li><l난&gt; 바이스에서 몰드베이스를 제거하고 바이스​​ 그립 형 실린더를 배치합니다. </li><li> 망치로 금형 실린더 밖으로 밀어 샘플의 상단에 남아있는 알루미늄을 누릅니다. </li><li> 띠톱를 사용하여 잉여 알루미늄을 제거 발포체 샘플의 바닥 부분을 잘라. </li><li> 여기서, 소망하는 근접 샘플의 위로, 컷, 발포체의 필요한 높이에 따라. </li><li> 물을 비이커와 염화나트륨 프리폼을 용해 교반 핫 플레이트에 자기 교반 막대에 침투 거품을 놓습니다. </li><li> 60 ℃로 핫 플레이트의 온도를 설정한다. 더 염화나트륨이 거품에 남아 있지 때까지 물마다 10 분을 변경합니다. 참고 : 염화나트륨이 거품에 남아있는이 약 10 배를 물을 변경할 수 없다 보장합니다. 그것은 간단히 건조 단계 이후 샘플 중량의 주기적 검사를하는 것도 가능하다. 이것이 더 침지하여 크게 변화되지 못할 때, 염화나트륨을 완전히 제거되어야한다. </li><li> 마지막으로 전기를 사용하여공기가 건조 거품에 남아있는 모든 물을 제거합니다. 폼 샘플은 준비가되어 있습니다. </li></ol>

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W., Simancik, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+Comprehensive+Response+of+Open-cell+Aluminum+Foams+with+Sub-millimeter+Pores.">Fabrication and Comprehensive Response of Open-cell Aluminum Foams with Sub-millimeter Pores.</a> Euromat99. 5, 34 (1999).</li><li>San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+of+open-cell+aluminium+foam.">Deformation of open-cell aluminium foam.</a> Acta Materialia. 49 (19), 3959-3969 (2001).</li><li>Goodall, R., Despois, J. F., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sintering+of+NaCl+powder:+Mechanisms+and+first+stage+kinetics.">Sintering of NaCl powder: Mechanisms and first stage kinetics.</a> Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 26 (16), 3487-3497 (2006).</li><li>Despois, J. F., Conde, Y., San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tensile+Behaviour+of+Replicated+Aluminium+Foams.">Tensile Behaviour of Replicated Aluminium Foams.</a> Advanced Engineering Materials. 6 (6), 444-447 (2004).</li><li>Zhao, Y. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stochastic+Modelling+of+Removability+of+NaCl+in+Sintering+and+Dissolution+Process+to+Produce+Al+Foams.">Stochastic Modelling of Removability of NaCl in Sintering and Dissolution Process to Produce Al Foams.</a> Journal of Porous Materials. 10 (2), 105-111 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

여기에 설명 된 기본적인 방법은 다른 연구자들에 의해 상이한 형태로 사용되어왔다. 다른 종류의 폼을 생성 할 수 있도록 키 변종 중 일부는 설명합니다. 이들 발포체의 특성에서는이 같은 기공 크기, 표면적이나 두께는, 발포 특성의 완전한 이해를 획득하는 데 필요할 수있는 스트러트 등의 다른 구조적 특성, 신속하고 용이하게 평가하지만 특성화 한, 다공성을 측정하고 다른 응용 프로그램. ?...

A journal reference was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52268">Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity</a>. Reference 21 and 22 were originally merged together as one reference. They have been separated into references 21 and 22 in the article. The reference numbers have been updated in the article to reflect this additional reference citation. It has been updated from:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>
to:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).</li>
<li>Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>

Erratum: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

넓은 예컨대 Banhart 1과 종설 징에 인용 작업하는 큰 몸체 같이 금속 발포체 최근 관심과 연구 노력의 많은 양이 많다 콘드 등. 2 개 이상의 최근 구달 모텐슨 3. 재료의 제조에 사용되는 방법 중, 복제 프로세스는 실험적인 단순성 및 제공 될 수있다 최종 발포체 구조 제어의 정도에 따라 구별된다. 그것은 그들이 가스의 기포에 의해 생성되지 않는 한 문헌에서 이러한 물질은 액체 내에 종종 발포체로서 기술 (및 위치) 되더라도 그들이보다 적절하게 미세 다공성 금속 또는 금속이라는 것을 주목해야한다. 복제 프로세스의 최초보고는 1960 년대 초 4이고, 그것은 에콜 폴리텍 모텐슨에서의 연구 그룹에 의해 현저한 진보와 함께 보낸 후 또 다른 단계에서 개발 된스위스 hnique Federale 드 로잔. 이 프로세스는, 5. 프리폼 냉각수 침출 용매 또는 열분해에 의해 제거 될 수 후 산화를 일으키는 최종 다공성 재료의 형상을 정의하는 입자의 주위 모재 금속의 주조에 의존한다. 이 기술의 사용은 인기 5-10 알루미늄 또는 알루미늄 합금 11-14 발포체를 생성하기 위해 공간 홀더로 염화나트륨을 이용한다. 염화나트륨은 비 독성, 용이하게 액세스 가능하고 물에 용해하여 발포체로부터 제거 될 수있는 바와 같이 여러 가지 이점을 갖는다. 801 ° C의 융점으로,이 값이 가장 일반적으로 알루미늄보다 낮은 융점 금속을 사용할 수 있지만, 실시 예는 또한 혼합을 가습함으로써, 이러한 벌크 금속 유리와 같은 물질로 이용의 존재 액체 팔라듐 계 벌크 금속 유리 합금 및 염화나트륨 15 과립. 높은 융점 물질과 염화나트륨의 교체는 P 허용높은 융점 금속 (16)에서 폼의 roduction. 이는 기타 수용성 물질, 또는 모래를 포함한 다양한 유형의 불용성 것을들 수있다. 이러한 형태의 처리는 더 모래, 고압 워터 제트 (17), (18) 또는 세탁기 (19)의 다른 형태 또는 20이 요구되는 교반을 제거하도록 종래의 사형 주조 같이된다. 필수적인 프로세스의 NaCl 그레인을 취하여 몰드 넣어서 21로 진행 4, 22, 23. 기본적인 방법은 발포 거동 조사 광범위한 알루미늄 및 알루미늄 합금 발포체 24-26을 확인하는 데 사용되어왔다. 추가 단계는 상기 밀도를 제어하고 기공의 상호 연결성을 증가시키기 위해 도입되었다; 이러한 프리폼의 치밀화를 포함한다. 예비 성형체를 치밀화 소결 27 채용되어, 28의 소결 거동과, 13 년 이후 다양한 실험에 사용 된염화나트륨 구달 등. (29)에 의해 설명 온도, 과립의 크기와 밀도에 따라. 이러한 목적으로 사용되는 또 다른 방법은 (CIP) 5, 30 냉간 등방이고; 이 비교 밀도의 큰 스펙트럼을 달성 할 수있는 빠른 기술이다. 절차는 또한 금속 분말 및 염화나트륨 입자와 고체 상태로 수행 될 수 있으며, 그러면 때때로 용해 소결 공정 (31)라고한다. 날짜 및 다른 기술과의 비교에 복제 기술의 사용의 완전한 조사 구달 모텐슨 3에 주어진다. 본 연구에서 우리는 세부 설비에보고하고 복제 방법에 의해 금속 발포체의 처리를 위해 사용되며, 한 실험 프로토콜 연구 실험실 환경에서 구현하기가 비교적 쉽다. 다른 기능은 다른 연구 g에 존재와이 장비의 다른 버전을 인정하는 것이 중요하다roups하고, 여기에 제시된 장비 재료를 처리하는 데 적합하지만,이 전용 ​​버전 또는 작동하도록 만들 수있다 프로토콜이 아님. 어떤 경우에, 임의의 특정 방법의 완전한 이해 실험 성공에 필수적이다. 사용되는 정확한 프로토콜이 아래에 자세히 설명되어있다. 프로토콜의 변화 (A, B, C 및 D)은 주로 제조 발포체의 밀도를 변경하기위한 그들 사이의 약간의 변화가있다. 기공률은 벌크 샘플의 중량, 부피 및 알루미늄의 농도를 측정하여 산출 된 (2.7 g / cm 3). 복제에 의해 알루미늄 발포체 제조에 기술 된 방법을 개발, 시도 방법은 가능한 구현하기 용이하도록, 가능한 한 작은 범위까지 첨단 장비의 양을 감소시키기 위해 이루어지고있다. 다른 단계에서 사용될 수있는 다른 변형은 나중에 논의된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1664">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
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			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Salt</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Hydrosoft</td>
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			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Aluminum</td>
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			<td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-1</td>
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			<td>http://www.elitefurnaces.com/eng/products/furnaces/1200%20Top%20Loading%20Furnaces.php</td>
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			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Bar Mold</td>
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			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Band Saw</td>
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			<td style="width:429px;">Specialist wet &#38; dry sandpaper 501885</td>
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			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Sieves</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Fisherbrand test sieves 200 mm diamater</td>
			<td>http://www.fisher.co.uk/product/brand_listing.php/F/Fisherbrand/Sieve</td>
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			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Precisa</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">XB 6200C</td>
			<td>http://www.precisa.co.uk/precision_balances.php</td>
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			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Boron Nitride</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Kennametal</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">500 ml spray can</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">http://www.kennametal.com/content/dam/kennametal/kennametal/common/Resources/Catalogs-Literature/Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Wear%20Components/B-13-03401_ceramic_powders 
			_brochure_EN.pdf</td>
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		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Infiltration Mold, Base and Lid</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">The University of Sheffield</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td>Stainless Steel 304, 15 cm height, 5.1 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Cylindrical Mold</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">The University of Sheffield</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td>Low carbon steel 1020, 15 cm height, 5 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Graphite Gasket</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Gee Graphite</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Geegraf Stainless Steel Reinforced Graphite 1 mm thick</td>
			<td>http://www.geegraphite.com/steel_reinforced.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Mallet</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Thor Hammer Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Round Solid Super Plastic Mallet</td>
			<td>http://www.thorhammer.com/Mallets/Round/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Wrench</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Kennedy Professional</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">13 mm Ratchet Combination Wrench KEN5822166K</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/KEN5822166K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Nuts</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 Steel hex full nut galvanized</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6400068J</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Washers</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 Form-A steel washer bzp</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6451208H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">SS Nuts</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 A2 st/st hex full nut</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6423008F</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">SS Washers</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 A2 st/st Form-A washer</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6464008H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Stainless Steel Studding</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Cromwell</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 x 1 Mtr A2 Stainless Steel Studding QFT6397080K</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/QFT6397080K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Valves</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">C33205000 SP16K, Nitrile Diaphragm</td>
			<td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=C33205000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Fitting Cross</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">C10512412 NW16 Cross Piece Aluminum</td>
			<td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512412/View.aspx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Fitting T</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">C10512411 NW16 T-Piece Aluminum</td>
			<td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512411/View.aspx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Vacuum Pump</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">A36310940 E2M18 200-230/380-415V,3-ph, 50Hz</td>
			<td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=A36310940</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Dial Gauge</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">D35610000 CG16K, 0-1040mbar</td>
			<td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=D35610000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Argon Gas</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BOC</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Pureshield Argon Gas</td>
			<td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/industrial-gases/inert-gases/pureshield-argon/pureshield-argon.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Stainless Steel Hose</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BOC</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Stainless Steel Hose</td>
			<td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/hoses-and-pigtails/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BOC</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">HP 1500 Series Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/regulators/single-stage-regulators/hp1500-series/hp1500-series.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Copper Block</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">William Rowland</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Copper Ingot 25 kg</td>
			<td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-18</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Vise</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Record</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">T84-34 H/Duty Eng Vice 4 1/2&#34; Jaws REC5658326K</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/REC5658326K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Beaker</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">11567402 - Beaker, squat form, with graduations and spout 800mL</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812 
			D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA 
			5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11567402&#38;resultSet 
			Position=0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Stirring Hot Plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Corning stirring hot plate Model 6798-420d</td>
			<td>http://www.corning.com/lifesciences/us_canada/en/technical_resources/product_guid/shp/shp.aspx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Stir Bar</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">11848862 - PTFE Stir bar + Ring 25x6 mm</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812 
			D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA 
			5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11848862&#38;resultSet 
			Position=0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Air dryer</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">V05</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">V05 Max Air Turbo Dryer DR-120-GB</td>
			<td>http://reviews.boots.com/2111-en_gb/1120627/v05-v05-max-air-turbo-hair-dryer-dr-120-gb-reviews/reviews.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Ceramic Sheet</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Morgan Advance Materials</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Kaowool Blanket 2 mm thick</td>
			<td>http://www.morganthermalceramics.com/downloads/datasheets?f[0]=field_type%3A84</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Vibrating Table</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Pevco</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Pevco Vibrating Table 1.25m x 0.625m x 0.6m</td>
			<td>http://www.peverilmachinery.co.uk/equipment/vibrating-tables</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

casting protocols for the production of open cell aluminum foams by the replication technique and the effect on porosity

금속 폼은 기본적인 이해와보기의 실용적인 응용 지점 모두에서 흥미있는 물질이다. 제안 된 용도는, 많은 경우에 임플란트 본체로서, 높은 표면 영역 열 교환기 또는 전극으로서, 경량 구조 또는 충격 에너지 흡수에 대한 실험적으로 검증, 및 많은되었다. 실력이 그들의 구조 특성 관계를 이해 하였지만, 다른 처리 기법의 다수, 다양한 특징과 구조와 각각의 생성 물질은 구조물의 모든 측면의 개별 효과의 이해가 완료되지 않은 것을 의미한다. 용탕 이동식 프리폼 물질의 입자 사이에 침투 복제 프로세스는, 제어의 높은 정도를 현저하게 할 수 있으며 이러한 관계의 일부를 명료하게 좋은 효과를 위해 사용되어왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 각각의 프로세스는 &quot;노하우&quot;에 의존하는 많은 단계를 갖고,이 논문은 연구 환경에 비교적 쉽게 설정 될 재료 및 장비를 사용하여, 이러한 처리 방법의 일 실시 예의 모든 단계의 상세한 설명을 제공하는 것을 목적으로한다. 이 프로토콜 및 그 변형의 목적은 프로세스 내의 특정 단계를 수정하여 샘플의 결과를 조정할 수있는 가능성을 제공하는, 효과적이고 간단한 방법으로 금속 발포체를 제조하는 것이다. 이 다음으로, 1-2.36 mm 직경과 77 %의 기공율 61 %의 기공 크기를 갖는 개방 셀 알루미늄 발포체를 얻을 수있다.

도 4의 염화나트륨 입자의 형태는 예시적인 목적을 위해, (각도 및 구면)을 알 수있다. 프로토콜 얻은 발포체 모난 형상 입자를 사용하여 제조하고, 나머지는 구형 입자로 이루어졌다. 이것은 다른 형태의 NaCl 입자의 사용은 샘플에서 얻어진 다공성에는 관찰 된 효과가 없었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과에서 우리는 샘플 (프로토콜로 만든) A, B, C의 벌크의 무게와 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity at JoVE.com

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

복제 기술에 의해 오픈 셀 알루미늄 발포체의 생산 및 기공의 효과에 대한 프로토콜 캐스팅

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

casting-protocols-for-production-open-cell-aluminum-foams-replication

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.4K 조회수.  The University of Sheffield. Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

비디오: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

충전 분리 Nanocrystals와 고체를 통해 태양 에너지를 수확

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

연구

공학

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

유기 화합물을 사용하여 실리콘 표면과 나노 와이어의 단층 연락 도핑

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

In the field of fluid mechanics, many dynamical processes not only occur over a very short time interval but also require high spatial resolution for detailed observation, scenarios that make it challenging to observe with conventional imaging systems. One of these is the drop impact of liquids, which usually happens within one tenth of millisecond. To tackle this challenge, a fast imaging technique is introduced that combines a high-speed camera (capable of up to one million frames per second) with a macro lens with long working distance to bring the spatial resolution of the image down to 10 &#181;m/pixel. The imaging technique enables precise measurement of relevant fluid dynamic quantities, such as the flow field, the spreading distance and the splashing speed, from analysis of the recorded video. To demonstrate the capabilities of this visualization system, the impact dynamics when droplets of non-Newtonian fluids impinge on a flat hard surface are characterized. Two situations are considered: for oxidized liquid metal droplets we focus on the spreading behavior, and for densely packed suspensions we determine the onset of splashing. More generally, the combination of high temporal and spatial imaging resolution introduced here offers advantages for studying fast dynamics across a wide range of microscale phenomena.

Drop impact of non-Newtonian fluids is a complex process since different physical parameters influence the dynamics over a very short time (less than one tenth of a millisecond). A fast imaging technique is introduced in order to characterize the impact behaviors of different non-Newtonian fluids.

비 뉴턴 유체의 낙하 충격 역학을 연구하기 위해 빠른 이미징 기술

In the field of fluid mechanics, many dynamical processes not only occur over a very short time interval but also require high spatial resolution for ...

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

삼중 항 - 삼중 종말 최대 변환 시스템을 통합하면 하위 밴드 갭 빛에 염료 감응 형 태양 전지의 응답을 향상시키기 위해

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

탠덤 유기 태양 전지의 이온 정문 탄소 나노 튜브의 공통 음극의 생산을 위해 주위 방법

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ECCI allows for imaging of defects and crystallographic features under specific diffraction conditions, similar to that possible via plan-view transmission electron microscopy (PV-TEM). A particular advantage of the ECCI technique is that it requires little to no sample preparation, and indeed can use large area, as-produced samples, making it a considerably higher throughput characterization method than TEM. Similar to TEM, different diffraction conditions can be obtained with ECCI by tilting and rotating the sample in the SEM. This capability enables the selective imaging of specific defects, such as misfit dislocations at the GaP/Si interface, with high contrast levels, which are determined by the standard invisibility criteria. An example application of this technique is described wherein ECCI imaging is used to determine the critical thickness for dislocation nucleation for GaP-on-Si by imaging a range of samples with various GaP epilayer thicknesses. Examples of ECCI micrographs of additional defect types, including threading dislocations and a stacking fault, are provided as demonstration of its broad, TEM-like applicability. Ultimately, the combination of TEM-like capabilities &#8211; high spatial resolution and richness of microstructural data &#8211; with the convenience and speed of SEM, position ECCI as a powerful tool for the rapid characterization of crystalline materials.

The use of electron channeling contrast imaging in a scanning electron microscope to characterize defects in III-V/Si heteroexpitaxial thin films is described. This method yields similar results to plan-view transmission electron microscopy, but in significantly less time due to lack of required sample preparation.

빠른 III-V 족 이종 특성에 대한 전자 채널링 대비 이미징

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

초음파 윤활에 대한 실험은 압전 이용한 마찰 계 및 광학 프로파일로 사용

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

핵 반응 분석과 깊이 프로파일 링을 통해 표면 및 인터페이스 레이어 및 대량 재료의 수소 농도의 정량화

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Effect of Bending on the Electrical Characteristics of Flexible Organic Single Crystal-based Field-effect Transistors

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling immensely. However, in soft electronics, in which organic semiconductors play a critical role, the devices will be bent or folded repeatedly. The effect of bending on the crystal packing and thus the charge transport is crucial to the performance of the device. In this manuscript, we describe the protocol to bend a single crystal of 5,7,12,16-tetrachloro-6,13-diazapentacene (TCDAP) in the field-effect transistor configuration and to obtain reproducible I-V characteristics upon bending the crystal. The results show that bending a field-effect transistor prepared on a flexible substrate results in nearly reversible yet opposite trends in charge mobility, depending on the bending direction. The mobility increases when the device is bent toward the top gate/dielectric layer (upward, compressive state) and decreases when bent toward the crystal/substrate side (downward, tensile state). The effect of bending curvature was also observed, with greater mobility change resulting from higher bending curvature. It is suggested that the intermolecular &#960;-&#960; distance changes upon bending, thereby influencing the electronic coupling and the subsequent carrier transport ability.

This manuscript describes the bending process of an organic single crystal-based field-effect transistor to maintain a functioning device for electronic property measurement. The results suggest that bending causes changes in the molecular spacing in the crystal and thus in the charge hopping rate, which is important in flexible electronics.

유연한 유기 단결정 기반 전계 효과 트랜지스터의 전기적 특성에 영향 절곡

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling ...

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional component that should have high electrical conductivity, high mechanical properties, and high productivity.
In this regard, a carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite can be an ideal material to replace the conventional graphite bipolar plate, which often leads to the catastrophic failure of the entire system because of its inherent brittleness. Though the carbon/epoxy composite has high mechanical properties and is easy to manufacture, the electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction is poor because of the resin-rich layer that forms on its surface. Therefore, an expanded graphite coating was adopted to solve the electrical conductivity issue. However, the expanded graphite coating not only increases the manufacturing costs but also has poor mechanical properties.
In this study, a method to expose fibers on the composite surface is demonstrated. There are currently many methods that can expose fibers by surface treatment after the fabrication of the composite. This new method, however, does not require surface treatment because the fibers are exposed during the manufacture of the composite. By exposing bare carbon fibers on the surface, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the composite are increased drastically.

A protocol to expose bare fibers on the composite surface by eliminating resin rich area is presented. The fibers are exposed during fabrication of the composites, not by the post surface treatment. The exposed carbon composites exhibit high electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction and high mechanical property.

새로운 복합 제조 방법의 실험적 구현: 소프트 레이어 방법으로 복합 표면에 벌 거 벗은 섬유 노출

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional ...